Regional Studies Journal

The idea of research is focused on studying Turkish-Pakistani relations (2002-2020) in political and security fields and aims to clarify the level of development witnessed by these relations in the political and military fields between the two countries during the era of the Justice and Development Party government. The importance of the research lies in shedding light on the strategic relations between the two countries and their impact on the regional environment. The research included a preface dealing with the historical roots of relations between the two countries until 2002, as well as two sections and a conclusion. The first one dealt with political and diplomatic relations, while the second section studied military and security relations, and ended with the most important conclusions. One of the most important results of the research is that the two countries, despite all the circumstances and challenges they faced during the above period, were able to gradually develop their relations in various fields and develop their bilateral cooperation to record levels to serve their common strategic interests.9

The research aims to identify the aspects of the life of Iranian women and the most prominent changes that they witnessed during the Pahlavi rule and the repercussions of the measures taken by Reza Pahlavi after him his son Mohammad Reza, on the status of women in Iran. The importance of the research lies in the attempt to provide a new addition to the field of studies that are concerned with the social history of Iran, including the conditions of Iranian women and the extent of change that they witnessed during the time period of the research. The research was divided into three sections, the first one included the conditions of Iranian women at the end of the Qajar era, while the second section dealt with the development of the conditions of Iranian women during the reign of Shah Reza Pahlavi . The third section was devoted to the development of the conditions of Iranian women during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. As for the most prominent findings of the research, it can be said that the attempts of Shah Reza Pahlavi, and after him his son Mohammad Reza, to change the situation of women in Iran did not contribute to developing their condition in the way that Iranian women aspired to, despite the laws and legislation that were enacted in this aspect, as well as the use of the issue of changing the status of Iranian women as a tool to seize the authority of religious scholars and to get closer to Western countries and gain their respect. From this point of view, the reforms that Iran witnessed, especially in the field of modernization and westernization of society, including the conditions of women, were formal, despite the relative benefit achieved by Iranian women.

The research aims to prepare an evaluation study on the dissertations, theses, and research published in AL-Ustath Journal (1989 - 2020) in relation to studies of contemporary Turkish history. It aims to show the strengths in contemporary Turkish history studies carried out in the history department and in AL-Ustath Journal , as well as identify weaknesses. The importance of the research lies in knowing the foundations and trends of the Iraqi researcher to deal with the topics of contemporary Turkish history and employing them according to social, political, economic data and international relations. Given the lack of evaluative studies in the field of history, the idea of employing the statistical method in contemporary historical studies came. The research was divided into an introduction and three axes. The first one is the presentation and analysis of the statistical tables of the achievement of studies of contemporary Turkish history by the College of Ibn Rushd (1989 - 2020). The second is the analysis of the outputs of the statistical tables of academic studies in contemporary Turkish history. The third axis is a summary of the evaluation of the academic study of Contemporary Turkish History Studies. The research concluded that most of the studies included in the content of the research were descriptive narratives and were far from defining the problem and focusing on the political trends that made up the highest percentage.

The Egyptian Left Current, with its parties and organizations, has played a prominent role on the Egyptian political scene since its beginning in 1921. It was one of the influential political currents, but after receiving a blow following the dissolution of political parties in 1954 and the arrest of its leaders, its position on the policy of President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954-1970) fluctuated between opposition and support according to the internal or external political situation. The research aims to trace the course of the positions of the left forces in their diversity towards the internal and external policy events that Egypt experienced during the period 1955-1957 and the reflection of those positions on the relationship between the authority and the opposition and to analyze the reflection of the external political influence on the Egyptian internal policy. The importance of the research is that it is an attempt to shed light on the path and positions of the Egyptian left forces on internal and external policy during the years 1955-1957 and the influence of the external actor on the Egyptian internal policy and the relationship of the authority with the forces of the left, and the impact of the Egyptian orientation towards the socialist camp and the communist parties and the change in their positions on the government of the revolution and its support for it in conjunction with the political system in Egypt being challenged by the 1956 tripartite aggression, the construction of the High Dam, and the rejection of the projects of Western military alliances, which prompted many left-wing forces to integrate into the Egyptian political system represented by the National Union.

The idea of the research is that aid represents one of the means adopted by international actors to support the reconstruction of countries in the post-conflict phase, and a means to achieve their goals in the recipient countries, especially countries rich in natural and oil resources; The aid policy is an integral part of the foreign orientations of the donor countries in international politics. The research aims to demonstrate the impact of international aid on reconstruction and to highlight the impact of the policy of local actors in not benefiting from international aid. The importance of the study lies in explaining the role of international aid in rebuilding Nineveh Governorate perfectly, which requires the existence of internal policies from the recipient country that can be invested in the post-conflict stage, and foreign policies from the donor country to be employed in the framework of achieving the interests of the recipient country and promoting economic development and not employing it in achieving special interests. The research came out with a number of results, the most important of which is that aid in its various forms plays a role in strengthening international relations, but political corruption and political instability have a role in the failure of aid programs in rebuilding and not exploiting them in an optimal manner.

The idea of the research is that the administration takes the electronic reality as a safe and easy haven to perform its required activity and to achieve a kind of communication between it and the individuals. The importance of the research is highlighted by considering the electronic reality as a new home for business and administrative legal actions. The administration was keen to deal with this reality in order to achieve its desire to innovate and keep up with everything new within its activity, so the idea of the electronic announcement of the administrative decision appeared in order for the stakeholders to know about it, which contributed to transferring most of its work to the electronic reality, and according to that, the goal of the research is centered around the electronic advertisement of the administrative decision And the administrative decision is issued and published electronically, to determine the time of knowledge of it and to enable individuals to challenge it before the administrative court. It can be concluded from this research that electronic advertisement is a computerized technical process that is the responsibility of the administration through the use of its electronic means of communication to inform the stakeholders of the administrative decision. What is new in this study also includes a discussion of the mechanisms of the electronic announcement of the administrative decision and the extent of its impact on determining the enforcement of the administrative decision and its effect on individuals.

Border disputes are among the most critical international disputes. These disputes have developed with the development of relations and the increasing number of countries. Due to their importance, they must be resolved by peaceful means It concerns neighboring countries with historical relations, and any failure to resolve it will lead to the use of force between the two parties, and this cannot be accepted under international law. The research sheds light on international arbitration, as one of the peaceful means and its role in resolving border disputes that arise between persons of international law, and its development in a way that makes it an effective means by judges chosen for this purpose, and based on rules that must be respected and applied under the rules of the general international law.

The study aimed to research the impact of monetary and financial policies on monetary inflation that emerged as a result of the wars and successive political and security crises on Iraq, as this prompted the Iraqi government and the Central Bank of Iraq to adopt financial and monetary policies to reduce the value of inflation, and these policies emerged clearly through decisions issued by the Central Bank after the end of the American war on Iraq that would have devoted the role of the Central Bank in managing its monetary and fiscal policy independent like reducing the rates of money supply, and transferring purchasing power from the hands of individuals to the government. These monetary and financial policies contributed to curbing economic inflation in Iraq and reducing it through monetary expansion to match the Iraqi economy's need for foreign exchange and the Iraqi currency. The study concluded that the Iraqi measures succeeded in reducing economic inflation, and the main factor in this was the successful and studied monetary policy. It confirmed the role of tax revenues as a tool of fiscal policy, a remarkable role in reducing the rate of economic inflation in Iraq, and thus the financial and monetary policy tools played a major role In reducing the phenomenon of economic inflation by influencing the axes of supply and demand.

Seniority is one of the employee’s moral rights according to which the employee’s entitlement is stipulated by the law. It is presented for the annual bonus or promotion for a specified period. The Seniority is given to the public employee under Iraqi law as a public asset if he is thanked and appreciated, if he obtains a university degree with specialization or passes a training course, or if he gets a university degree with a specialty. The objective of the study is to indicate the legal system of seniority and the impact that this entails because it affects the rights of the public servant and this is of great importance in practice that makes this study important of two dimensions: one of them is theoretical and the other practical. The study included two main themes in the statement of what seniority is granted to the public official and then study the reasons and purposes of granting seniority. One of the most important findings is that the Iraqi legislator confused the increase and the annual bonus. So we recommend that the text of the article (8) of the Law on Discipline of State employees and the public sector should be amended by abolishing the term (increase (and limiting it to (promotion) only to remove conflict and resolve the controversy.

This paper addresses the problem of re-establishing an international airport in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, five years after liberation from the domination of the terrorist regime, ISIS. It aims to "assess the economic, technical and financial feasibility of establishing Al-Sahhaji International Airport, west of Mosul, Nineveh Capital". The work assumes that the problem of not making an investment decision is a political one, more than economic obstacles, despite the availability of possibilities for its implementation." The problem of the study is the lack of seriousness of the relevant authorities, such as the Civil Aviation Authority in Iraq, the local authority of Nineveh Governorate, and other parties that do not wish to establish the airport. The paper analyzes the dimensions of the airport problem in the economic reconstruction of the governorate. It estimates the economic, technical, and social indices within three sections. The first one deals with the nature, specificity the importance of the project. The second topic estimates six criteria for economic and financial feasibility. The third analyses the implications of the technical feasibility of the airport and its social returns. The study found many positive justifications for the project, with complementary projects that support the investment opportunity with direct financial returns and important returns in the long term. The work is intended for the indirect returns that the airport achieves for the various economic sectors, it serves.

The research aims to identify the impact of the quality of electronic banking services on customer satisfaction in the Saudi National Bank. A random sample of (166) workers was selected. The researcher used the questionnaire as a tool for collecting the necessary data for the research; due to its relevance to achieving the objectives of the research and answering its questions. The data, after analyzing it, showed that the degree of quality of electronic banking services for the clients of the National Bank, and the degree of satisfaction of the bank’s customers with the quality of those services in the Asir region is very high. The results showed a statistically significant effect at the level of significance (0.05 ≤ α) for the dimensions of the quality of electronic banking services (ease of use, time-saving, confidentiality, safety) on the satisfaction of the Saudi National Bank customers in the Asir region. In light of these results, it is recommended to pay attention to customer satisfaction and focus on evaluating the institutional performance of the bank, as well as updating the electronic services provided by the bank on an ongoing basis in line with the requirements and opinions of customers.

The research aims to demonstrate the role of artificial intelligence in its various dimensions represented by (expert systems, knowledge representation, and inference, automatic learning) in improving the quality of the audit process and highlighting the most important aspects of artificial intelligence techniques that affect the quality of audit work to support internal audit operations in Iraqi banks. The importance of research lies in achieving confidence in financial statements, preventing fraud and manipulation, and reducing risks, which required the existence of an artificially intelligent system that helps the internal auditor provide high-quality audit services. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach by relying on the questionnaire form and analyzing it using the statistical analysis program (SPSS). Through the results reached by the researcher, he recommended the need to enhance the auditors’ awareness in Iraqi banks of the importance of using artificial intelligence techniques to provide internal audit services in an electronic way and to move away from traditional means to achieve quality in providing these services.

This research deals with the types of verbs in Turkish and Arabic and the conjugation of these verbs. The research aims to bridge the gap in Arabic and Turkish libraries, as there are few studies titled equivalents of Arabic and Turkish verbs. The importance of the research lies in knowing the times in the Arabic and Turkish languages. The Arabic verbs have been discussed for five types of verbs in the Turkish language. As we can see in these verbs, what corresponds to the visible past tense and the invisible past tense in Turkish is the past tense in Arabic. The present tense and the future is the present tense in the Arabic language. The imperative verb counts as an auxiliary verb in Turkish. Besides, there are two basic types of imperative verbs in Arabic. These verbs are the present and the absent. In this study, the conjugation of verbs and the differences between them were compared. The times in Turkish and Arabic were also compared. Initially, the tenses were dealt with in Turkish in order. The equivalent of these tenses was given in Arabic. While the tenses appear in the Arabic language with three types of verbs, it was found that there are nine tenses in the Turkish language. If we do not count the verb of the command expressing the request, then the past and present verbs form the order of tenses in the Arabic language.