Regional Studies Journal

The research aims to provide a full explanation and a true picture of the nature of the Iranian-Sudanese relations during the period of study, to know the aspects of those relations and the most important and distinguished content of them, and to get the reasons that contributed to their tension and then cut them off in 2016. The importance of the research lies in identifying the nature of relations between Iran and Sudan during the period 2005-2016, and their repercussions on the Sudanese-Arab Gulf relations, especially with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and to benefit from their problematic aspects to have sound Arab relations with Iran according to the perspective of Arab interests in general away from the political axes and conflicts. The research was divided into an introduction and five sections. The introduction included the Iranian-Sudanese relations from 1979 until 2005. While the first section tackled the political relations between the two countries for the period 2005-2016, the second section was devoted to economic relations during the same period, and the third one covered the issue of military relations, While the fourth section dealt with the cultural relations, and the fifth one was concerned with issues affecting the relations of the two countries during the research period. The conclusion that the research came out with is that the Sudanese-Iranian relations, despite the improvement, stability, and cooperation they witnessed for more than two decades in a way that raised the concern of many Arab countries, especially the Gulf ones, which viewed these relations as a direct threat to them, these relations did not reach the alliance level or strategic partnership, and they did not depart from the framework of the Arab-Iranian relations, whose long history is characterized by instability, tension, political estrangement, and even conflict, and that they were according to immediate and temporary circumstances that required such situations.

The issue of prisons and what is related to them is a useful topic in view of the great development that has taken place in the field of human rights. Rarely do we find research that includes the matter of prisons in the history of the Ottoman State compared to Arab and Islamic history. The research aims to shed light on the prison conditions in the Sanjak of Mosul in the Late Ottoman State, especially during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II 1876-1909. The importance of the research lies in the fact that the subject of the history of prisons in the Ottoman State is one of the few studies, While the study of the same subject in the provinces of the Ottoman State away from the center is one of the very rare studies. The Ottoman history has a close touch with the Arab present because the Arab countries were under Ottoman control for more than four centuries, which left an impact on all tracks in all Arab countries. This study came according to what was presented by documents and sources related to the subject, which contributed to clarifying the situation of prison conditions in a clear way during that period.

The research aims to monitor and analyze the US foreign policy towards one of the most important and influential countries in the region, and one of Washington's most considerable allies, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It attempts to clarify the most important foundations on which the relationship between the two sides was based and how it affected the American foreign policy towards the Kingdom during the period under study which is one of the periods that witnessed major changes in American foreign policy in general. The research then moves to monitor the impact of these changes on the relations between the two sides in various affairs and issues, whether those related to the two sides or other matters, developments, and regional events. The research involved four main axes. The study came out with some results, including that the Arab Gulf region enjoys special significance in US foreign policy due to many considerations the most important of which are the geographical location, oil wealth, and the conditions of the Middle East region. Historical events have proven that this region will remain at the top of Washington’s priorities regardless of the administration of the White House.

This study is an attempt to understand Turkish politics and its tools in dealing with the growing competition in the eastern Mediterranean as this region is of great strategic importance since it represents the link and meeting point of the maritime transport routes between the East and the West. However, this region has witnessed international competition and conflict for decades, represented by the Turkish-Greek dispute over the demarcation of the maritime borders of the two countries. In the last decade, the significance of the eastern Mediterranean has increased after the discovery of natural gas deposits in its waters. Turkey is considered one of the most prominent competing parties in the region. It has the longest coastline in the eastern Mediterranean. It also represents a regional power that has influential weight on the international scene، especially after it adopted theories based on making Turkey a central and active country in its surroundings in addition to its need to own the energy resources it lacks and needs steadily. So Turkey has had its political and economic orientations towards the international competition in the Eastern Mediterranean.

The soft law reflects the ability of the international community to develop mechanisms for the production of legal rules. This law constitutes one of the fundamental issues in which there have been great variations and differences at the level of doctrinal trends to try to identify aspects related to its concept, elements, characteristics, and applications, and an attempt to get the most critical obstacles and challenges that still exist in the face of recognition. The international judiciary has taken to acknowledging it in many cases and recognizing its effects on the issues it deals with, then international organizations started dealing with it as an existing law. The importance of this research is that it attempts to present an unprecedented jurisprudential study within the framework of contemporary international law research for the term “Soft Law” and extracts all the data related to its legal structure. This research was divided into two sections, the first one included the conceptual crisis of the term. The second section covered the basic problems arising from the existence and recognition of soft law. We concluded that soft law is a set of rules of conduct of an international character that has its obligatory state that is consistent with its nature. It is an entry point for the development of international law and an element for enriching theories of international commitment.

Security media is one of the basic components of the stability of political systems because of its importance in the process of consolidating democratic foundations and being a tool for changing and shaping public opinion towards the political system. The research is an attempt to reveal the importance of security and practices that threaten societal security in Iraq. Then the connection of revealing this significance to the work and effectiveness of the media and its prominence for the Iraqi individual to spread the culture of security of society. The research aims to show the role of the security media in changing the negative trends of the Iraqi individual by highlighting the security role of state agencies in investing guiding information to identify the most critical risks that threaten society and to identify the role of security media instruments in achieving political stability, and thus we come to the conclusion that the security media bases its success in accomplishing political stability on achieving societal security, and the latter depends on the awareness of security men and members of society in accepting the other and coexisting with him. The second section involved the reality of political stability and security media in Iraq after 2003. The third and final one covered the role of the security media in implementing political stability in Iraq in terms of policies and strategies.

The idea of the study involves that the success of e-learning depends on the development and selection of appropriate e-learning which meets the requirements of the general policy for education. The study aims to update the education policies in force to continue the entire process. The importance of e-learning, imposed by the Corona pandemic has emerged because its characteristics make it the most appropriate alternative to avoid its risks and impact on education and the educational process Here, an important question arises: "How does e-learning affect the development of public policies for education?" Therefore, the study sheds light on the concept of e-learning, its significance and objectives, the challenges facing e-learning in Iraq, and the strategies it follows in developing the reality of e-learning. The study concluded with a set of results and recommendations to strengthen and enhance the foundations of information technology culture in the educational process, and thus contribute to establishing a knowledge society. Iraq is one of the countries in which the educational institution aims to implement measures to address the Corona pandemic, the problems, and consequences of e-learning systems by using the mechanisms and techniques of e-learning in light of the weak and limited capabilities and employing them to improve the educational process and improve its qualitative aspects.

The idea of our research focuses on the role of the Security Council in combating terrorist crimes in Iraq since 2014, specifically Security Council Resolution No. 2379 of 2017, and its impact on Iraqi national security; That the Council is concerned with maintaining international peace and security and confronting the danger that might affect them. The importance of the research is to shed light on Security Council Resolution No. 2379 of 2017, which is one of the most prominent resolutions issued by it towards Iraq. The research aims to clarify the stages, motives, and content of the issuance of the above decision, and its results in the field of collecting, preserving, and storing evidence that condemns the terrorist organization (ISIS) for the crimes it committed in Iraq, which leads to combating terrorism and extremism and eliminating them to establish security and stability in Iraq. The research was divided into three main sections, in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first section comprised the definition of the Security Council resolution, while the second one studied statics of the implementation of the resolution and its impact on Iraqi national security. The third section tackled the dynamics in the application of the resolution and its effect on Iraqi national security. The research concluded that the Security Council's support and assistance to Iraq in the fight against terrorism through its resolutions are necessary and require continuous coordination and fruitful cooperation between the Iraqi government and the Council to preserve the security and stability of Iraq and the safety of its territory against terrorist attacks.

The process of institutional modernization reflects a kind of continuous interaction with traditional structures to achieve justice and equality and giving the political system the ability to reach integration, stability, and reform of the political system to change the patterns of power based on traditional loyalties with a modern rational system coupled with a democratic national government by encouraging awareness of the integrative framework of the homeland by expanding the political and official participation granted by the Iraqi state to the traditional structures, and integrating and dismantling them. Therefore, every modernization process of state institutions is not without obstacles that pose challenges that must be developed and addressed through mechanisms to get institutional modernization. The study aims to identify the necessary ways to contain and dismantle traditional structures, reformulate and reconstruct them, and pay attention to supporting their national role in achieving stability. The importance of the research lies in that it attempts to shed light on a topic that has not taken enough study and investigation. Despite the importance of the traditional structures in Iraq and their great role in influencing the overall situation in the country, the research that were written about them are relatively few. Therefore, this research came to fill the deficiency. The research included three sections. The first one is the theoretical framework for the two concepts of traditional structures. The second section is to clarify the obstacles to integrating traditional structures into the process of institutional modernization. The third section dealt with the mechanisms necessary to integrate traditional structures into the process of institutional modernization.

Many variables affect the course of China's future role, including what is internally related to China's internal problems, both at the level of the political system represented by the Chinese Communist Party, and at the level of the Chinese people and their ethnic and national divisions; There are regional variables represented by the regional powers surrounding China, such as Japan, India and the two Koreas; and the international variables, which are embodied in the role of the United States of America and the Russian Federation, which are among the most prominent competitors to the rise of China. The importance of research lies in revealing the variables that affect the international role of China since it has many ingredients that make it able to exercise this role; however, it faces many problems and difficulties in achieving this.