Journal of the College of Languages

Appearance of the Kurdish press in the Kurdish literature was affected by as set of both external and internal factors. The former was realized in the spreading of press and publications especially at the neighboring countries in the second half of the 19th century. The latter factors, external ones ,were concerned the political situations undergone by the Kurdish people who severely suffered injustice practiced by the Othman authority .All these reasons had driven the educated to migrate to search for more safe places to practice their cultural actions with absolute freedom. Consequently, the first newspaper was issued on 22/4/1898 in Cairo which pointed the birth of the Kurdish press inside and outside Kurdistan region which undertook major tasks in developing both language and literature.
Based on the above, the present researcher has tempted to conduct a study entitled \"Appearance of the Kurdish press and it Role in Developing Language and Literature\" .At the scope of the language, the Kurdish press had begun to use the Arabic letters along with parsing sings in writing, and later on it began to use the Kurdish letters which are currently used. It also began to reduce using foreign words.
Regarding literature, the Kurdish press had undergone the responsibility of modernizing literature through involving new literary types, especially in essay writing, story, and novel and other types.
The researcher has adopted three models of press publications for the sake of identifying changes in each period of time since 1898 up to 1930:
- Kurdistan Newspaper \"1898\"
- Roj Kurd journal \"1913\"
- Zyan Newspaper \"1930\"

Hedging is a linguistic phenomenon used to convey interpersonal messages in spoken interaction. It is a communicative strategy which enables speakers to soften the force of utterances or moderate the assertive force of utterances. It is resulted from different features such as uncertainty, doubt, tentativeness, ambiguity, neutrality, mitigation, and subjectivity. Hedging is used widely in TV debates to make utterances more acceptable to the interlocutors. Hedges are expressions used to communicate the speaker's weak commitment to information conveyed. The utterances in debates are often hedged because in an unhedged form might sound threatening to the addressees, and, therefore, be likely to be rejected.

Melody in Translation of a Selection of Persian Poetry
HUSAM ABDULHASAN ABED
Translation of poetry into poetry is a matter that some regarded it as being impossible, others sees it a preferable thing. The researcher follows the second stand of view. He set out from a basis he established for his research which he termed; (what has a preferable melody must be preferable for hearing), without deep diving into meters and measures of poetry.
What the researcher presented in this research may be regarded pure intellectual output, as he has adopted a distinctive form of unified rhyme in his translation like that of the doubled Arabic form, and the Persian duals, because this form has the musicality and tune that delight the audience, stir their joy, cheerfulness and shake their feelings.

The researcher has translated the true feelings Wisdom and Gnostic verses which had sprang from a pure being. He lived and loved them, therefore, he translated them with a melody and rhythm that stir joy in their hearers hearts, because of the beauty of their tune and their near to the source verse, then, he declared his translation method regarding them, such as:
Abdul-Rahman Al-Jammi, the Persian poet (c 793 A. H.), had wrote this line:

هر درختى كه نبارش ورع است رسته از دانه حرص وطمع است
Her der ke nebarish wara'a ist resteiz dane hirs watama'a ist

The researcher translated it into this melody;

وشجرةٌ لا الورعُ حملها حرصُ وطمعُ جُذورها
Washajaratun lalwara'au hamluha hirsun watama'aun juthouruha

Then, he explained his translation methodology in it saying:
The Persian words (رسته از دانه) in the source text means (has grown from a seed), the translator has presented equivalent words for these, (جُذورها), for root is impossible without a seed.

The methodology adopted by the researcher in his research has been established on dividing the research into several categories that correspond to the verses he has at hand, where he declared his translation method. These categories are: ( Translation of quotations and implications from the Glorious Quran and Holy Tradition, translation of metonymies and metaphors, translation of wisdom and preach verses (although all are wisdom and preaches), translation of Mystic verses and other verses. He, first, presented the poet's name or his nickname, his death date, his verse, then, set down his verse, then his translation below it, then the analysis. The researcher presented three translations for some verses in order to provide more flexibility for the translation of them. He set down some footnotes and references for some verses.

Honorifics are linguistic expressions which maintain social as well as religious respect to other people. They are linguistic techniques which express politeness to other interlocutors. Semantically speaking, honorifics are of two types: al-Laqab (title) and al-Kuniya (teknonyms) following a specific word order. They form part of the Arab recognitions and are mold into their social and communicative competence.
The study focuses upon religious and regional honorifics which convey deference and respect. It assumes that religious and cultural recognitions play vital roles in formulating and embedding the sense of honorifics. It is hypothesized that Arab people express respect to religious personalities by using honorific titles. Also, religious honorifics involve collocations of a special kind which co-occur only with religious persons and places

This paper aims at presenting a comparison between objective and subjective tests . This paper attemptsto shed light on these two aspects of tests and make do a compression by using suitable techniques for objective and subjective tests .
The paper compares between the two techniques used by the objective and subjective tests respectively, the time and efforts required by each type, the extent to which each type can be reliable, and the skills each type is suitable to measure.
The paper shows that objective tests, on the contrary of the subjective ones, encourages guess> Objective tests are used to test specific areas of language; subjective tests give an overall evaluation of the student's mastery of language.
The research investigates, in brief, the multiple- choice item being one of the widely used type of items in the objective tests: "answer these questions" being one of the widely used type of items in the subjective tests.

And after; Art is the word winged can not be caught or identified and is ready to break out of any discussion of trying to compare the land from which, or the work that bears her name, like any subject scrubs forget that it's all an introvert in the folds of the final shape of the thing, and that this is the form of the formulation of this workmanship, let alone if the subject was a novel and created distinct from the other, has been granted all the possibilities of which are not creative shops.
Emerged from studies of fascination severe this novel I've read several times, and I liked the study and discover all aspects of creativity in the this world created by novelist AhlamMosteghanemi, began from the text Gaii which led me to learn the secrets of the center Semantic speech novelist within the Kingdom of the characters, and then exposed to the elements of the narrative beginner element personal; novel because the novel characters and an introduction by the viewpoint of the characters, especially the developing and the main characters figure (halo adequate), which is the novelist herself Mrs. dreams Almottagnah behind (halo adequate) and of course to her character (Talal).
And soon to touch on other elements had an important presence in the MetnGaii, namely the element of the event and its relationship to time and how it was built internally, and component location vast, which is the successor or the theater, which is the display acts personalities, and make their roles as well as other techniques technique of dialogue and description the language novelist who did well in the display during the course of the events of the novel.

The dictionary meaning of the word is a linguistic category of the thing in a specific way . it is also a brief description of it .The main function of the concept lies in the total scientific reflection of the things where as the main function of the meaning is a brief reference to a certain content (extralinguistic ) which shows human knowledge . The meaning is (a storage unit ) of knowledge of the world ,but this does not give the extra linguistic meaning which the old words have . Hence, additional cultural ,ethnic,communicative
and genetic information is needed.

All the old words which are brought into use are divided into two groups:
The first involves the words that indicate all the phenomena and things which are brought into use again. Some of which are concerned with resent economic life and others are concerned with some aspects of life before the October Bolshevic Revolution .
The second group contains all the phenomena and the old things which are used in the modern Russian language and have similarity with the old facts .

The main subject of this poem is a chance meeting between Baudelaire and unknown beautiful lady. Her presence represents the far-fetched, magnificent beauty. This beauty forms an aspect of idealism that takes its real existence and disappears immediately.

This emotional poem deals with the continuous despair that dates back to the Romantic age where it was a key topic; the passing woman embodies destiny. All this comes from constant experience and mad love through the poet’s view to a woman paving the way toward the unknown. Baudelaire, however, noticed this unknown through a passer-by that reflected the real and magical image of this unknown.

In addition, the poem’s content describing this emotional meeting was fuzzy and mysterious: The presence of the passing woman was disappointing for the poet because it was incidental, surprising and destined to fail before it happens. This woman stood for the attractive and destructive image at the same time, so it expressed a huge contradiction. Thus, Baudelaire invested his failure to create a beautiful poetic painting that expresses the solitude of human condition.

The writings of famous French novelist Antoine de Saint- Exupery being describes his life and his career as a pilot. That's where aviation and modern means of transport at the beginning of the twentieth century. It is also through his writings that tainted documentary chronicled the history of occupied France by the Germans in World War II. Has contributed to the publication of documents and real events and attended by military missions. However, before he died, wrote us a novel immortal "The Little Prince ", which is quite different from previous writings in terms of dependence entirely on the imagination. And are almost close to science fiction to fact that the hero falls to the ground in a vague, of a small asteroid. We are trying to figure out the reason of this change in the writings of this documentary writer to write a novel -like stories of the kids. The controversy still exists around whether the novel for children or for adults . , And why in this particular period . The documentary presents the researcher side in the novels of Saint Exupery and the extent of the inherent and directories of the many that prove the author 's insistence on the details of the transfer of the profession Airmail which was pioneered and subjected him and his colleagues from the incidents and adventures . The writer was concerned with a note of the outer side of the physical life. Then displays the researcher 's novel "The Little Prince " , and their fictional aspects represent the invisible side with respect to such sensations and ideas . The study concludes that the novel represented the last piece of the complete panel distinguished writer who is so intake side or the outer and inner side of the tangible and intangible and knock the whole philosophy and vision to face his man and how he lives.

This paper deals with the restrictive/nonrestrictive relative clauses in German and Arabic. I will, first of all, be concerned with some theories that have been provided to define the restrictive and the nonrestrictive relative clauses, particularly with the phonetic hypothesis. It will be, then, shown that the phonetic aspect is unable to give clear answers in this respect. The best way to determine restrictivity in both languages is, I think, by implementing of semantic indicators.

It is axiomatical that the narrative prospective is profoundly significant to the writer who intends to commence his sketch of projected novel. It is the pillar of comprehensive absorbing as the writer should commit himself to circular his own concepts to the reader of his narrative characters.
The dilemma of plot-perception is a twofold aspect; partly offers the question: what is the authors stand in regard to his characters? And: what is the aim of this theme? These correlative questions are inseparable since the reader who wishes to perceive the concept is governed by his intentions. When the author hides behind the third person this refers to the sort of implied and explicit relationships between the narrator and the reader out of one aspect and the narrator and receiver out of another.
If the process of self-awareness is cloudy to some extent this reflects the key fact that the narrator is restricted to narrow horizons of the self; man as a dominator and being dominated, a doer and being done may not underestimate himself, so that in order not to lose the purity of objective prospective and to present narrative characters as required by them or in fact as they are in core; therefore establishing the third person is eminent by being prosperous therapy to maintain the objectivity away from individual impartiality.

The theatrical text is a literary genre is written to be represented on a stage. Present difficulties in translation because include elements paralinguistic, historical, social, cultural, etc. The drama contains dialect, slang, and jargon elements. Here the translator must decide in favor of a re-creation of such elements with dialects, slang, and jargon in the receiving.
The main objective of this study presents a descriptive about the translation for the theater and the main problems in translation theatrical texts. Try to reach some conclusions about the following questions: What requires theatrical translation? and What is the perfect formation of the translator of theater texts?. The first part is an introduction to theatrical translation and the second part present the problems of translation of these texts, also the characteristics of the ideal translator of theatrical texts. In the second part of this study we have translated some phrases extracted from the drama "Three hats" of dramaturge spanish Miguel Mihura to translate into Arabic in order to explain the problems facing the translator theatrical.

Comparative literature is one of the important research topics in finding new relations and results that other types of studies do not allow.
The present research is a comparative study between two contemporary poets : Al-Sayyab and Prévert. The reason for accomplishing this research is Al-Sayyab’s reading for the western literature. Moreover, the study sheds a light on translational criticism.
It tackles the lives of the two writers and their points of similarities and differences. Prévert and Al-Sayyab’s are two modern poets. The first employed his daily routines to express reality, specially the events of the two world wars. The second’s pain, on the other hand, was the starting point to express others’ suffering. As far as their themes are concerned, rain has a distinct role in their writing that showed bitterness of life as well as hope for a brighter future.
This study finds a new relation that connects the two writers. It is translation. Although Al-Sayyab is famous of his modern poetry, he is unknown to readers as a translator. He translated poems for many writers. Jacques Prévert was one of them. He translated hispoem, which is entitled “Forenoon Sleep”.
Since only poets can translate poetry, Al-Sayyab’s translation for Prévert’spoem met the content not the form. It had no relation with the French text because Al-Sayyab substituted even the title with a new one that relates to the content. The translation was like the modern Arabic poetry and it had the poetic style peculiar to Al-Sayyab.
It is true that translation is a rewriting for the original text, keeping its sense. Translation for Al-Sayyab, however, is more like a creation than mere transferring from the origin.
This study concludes that Prévert and Al-Sayyab are two poles of modern poetry. The first participated in the emergence of Surrealism while the second was a pioneer of modern blank verse in Iraq and Arabic world. As both witnessed the wars and crisis of the twentieth century, they had a revolutionary thought rejecting injustice and looking for freedom and independence. If Prévert is known for his simplicity in writing, Al-Sayyab’s poetry is distinguished by rigorous language and long- feet poems.

The power of advertising is immense. Producers of commercial goods and services routinely pour vast sums into promoting their wares through the advertising media, knowing that a successful campaign can win them vital market share , and that failure to advertise effectively can have devastating results . The function of advertising is promotional ; to draw our attention. In order to achieve this function it must reach its target audience , then capture that audience with a message that is both attractive and memorable.
From a linguistic point of view, the language of advertising must be informative, instructive , distinctive and persuasive . It must employ a style of language that will help in attracting people`s attention and at the same time passing the information across . One of the linguistic devices used in advertising is the use of idioms. Idioms are used in advertisements because they are familiar to most potential customers in a society , where an element of an idiom is slightly changed or replaced by another word to create a pun and consequently a connection with a product.
Idioms are frequently used in commercial advertisements as a rhetorical device to promote a given product by creating humor, attracting the reader`s attention and adding persuasive force to the message . They also reflect the cultural preferences and traditions of the country, therefore they can be fruitfully used for pedagogic purposes to raise awareness of the specific linguistic and cultural features of the foreign language.
The research discusses the use of idioms in advertisements by analyzing examples chosen randomly from the advertisements websites.It also discusses the concept of advertisements , the language of advertising and the use if idioms in advertisements.

The rhetorical significance of history and the presentation of events through ages allow us to understand the mental changes and to investigate the evolution of the ideology of literary philosophy.
The beginning of the twentieth century was known as an age of optimism that dominated the war threats. The period that was known (The Bright Age) started, it was an open period for France which experienced an ecstasy of rise in industry, travel, and political change. These changes were considered as a key for the development in all fields.
During the years that preceded war society classes tried hard for urbanization and search for social progress in luminous pictures, especially this age was characterized by multitude of happy occasions. Most of the classes of society knew the recreational places in the tourist cities, music halls, and cinema. Artists as well became interested in the radiant art of the time.

This article studies phenomena such as metaphor, metonymy, polysemy, homonymy in Arabic and Spanish, according to cognitive theory, based on linguistic thought and practice. This theory attempts to investigate the relationship between human language, mind and experience. In fact, the phenomena we study lexical and syntactic ambiguity created both Arabic and Spanish. Furthermore, these concepts have their own characteristics, specifications
and forms in each language.