political issues

The study focused on a very important problem, as one of the main factors in the
low structural performance of the Iraqi economy, and the increasing role of nonproductive
activities, which contributed to deepening the sector imbalance in
production and services under waste and the depletion of funds significantly without
achieving the required development goals.
The vital impact on the life and standard of living of Iraqi society through the
class gap between rich and poor at the expense of the middle class, which is limited to
government jobs and government sectors that were not immune to financial and
administrative corruption. The reasons for the decline in economic performance in all
sectors except the energy sector (oil and natural gas) because it is the only sector on
which the government depends to complete its annual budget to manage other
activities and feed inputs into GDP ... The result was a decline in the relative
importance of sectors other than oil, Resulting in a decline in the overall performance
of the national economy.

For every human being, the right to a nationality is one of the fundamental rights
that were enshrined at the level of international humanitarian law and international human
rights law agreements, as well as stipulating the child’s right to a nationality given the
importance of providing him with protection from falling in the event of statelessness leading
to negative consequences for his life, And the degree to which they enjoy the other necessary
rights for their survival, growth and normalcy. However, it is noted that there is a link
between the increase in the incidence of statelessness on the one hand, which was expressed
by the philosopher Hanna Arendt by saying: (abstraction from "citizenship / nationality" is the
abstraction from living in the world, it is more like returning to the wild like cave dwellers
and savages. ....... It is for a person to live and die without leaving any trace) and the increase
in armed conflicts on the other hand, despite the clear and stated desire on the part of the
United Nations Organization of the need to eliminate statelessness in the world.

In all cases, the pericaria has received very little attention and academic
study, although the nature of its political affiliations and electoral behavior in
general has been having a tangible impact since the beginning of the 21st century.
According to this perspective, the problem of the study is embodied in a series of
syndrome questions which can be summarized as follows: What are the reasons
for crystallization? Have these reasons helped her to possess class privacy and
independent social identity and how? What are their common characteristics at
the social, political and economic levels? Why is it that the pericaria is in a state
of widening and increasing social interaction unlike other traditional social
classes, such as the proletariat, and why

The Governance is a single with a clear impact on the history of political thought,
as long as it was the cause of conflict and difference between doctrines and Islamic
and non-Islamic currents. The Governance still plays a prominent in tell actual and
political role because of the meaning it carries ,which many believe is a direct
revelation of power by the Creator on the basis that “God is the only ruler and
monopoly in Godhead and the rest of the creatures only have obedience and
submission without any discussion. The absolute tendency of the ruler (God) has
created a struggle between two trends in contemporary Islamic thought, a (hard-line)
movement that believes that God is the ruler and the one who is divine, and that the
group or the person has no ability to represent this self or rule in the name of the nation
or the people as a source of authority. Another (moderate) movement believes in
creating a center for a person or nation as a primary source of authority.

The thesis deals with educational curricula and its role in promoting
national identity and consolidating democratic political behavior in Iraqpost-
2003. Despite of the slight modernization of some curricula, it was not
ambitious because it does not enhance the reality of democratic transition, since
the majority ofcurricula are old and not fit the Zeitgeist, in addition to the tools
used and laboratory fields, and most importantly the traditional methods that are
still practiced in the management of the educational process, which is reflected
negatively on strengthening of the national identity and consolidating the
Democratic behavior.

The Central Asia region is a major theater of energy struggle in the world, in light of the
convergence of complementary projects such as the Eurasian Economic Union and the "Silk
Road" economic belt, after China and Russia signed a statement of joint cooperation to
establish the Eurasian Economic Union, offset by an unbridled American desire to establish a
new silk road, according to The American perspective, free trade rules, and a political agenda
aimed mainly at penetration to undermine and contain the escalating Russian-Chinese
influence and control one of the most important sources of energy.
Therefore, the conflict between Washington and Moscow has taken several patterns, including
the positive pattern that is represented in each of them trying to consolidate and consolidate
their relations with the countries of the region, up to an attempt to establish influence in them,
and the negative pattern that revolves around diminishing the influence and influence of the
other party, up to an attempt to exclude him from the region's interactions as much Possible.

Ukraine has an important position to Russia as Historical &
geographical extension & United states of America - Europe to restriction
of Russian influence .So both of them has a role in the Ukrainian internal
dispute to achieve their aims , for this reason Ukraine be divided to western
section follow United states of America & Eastern section follow Russia &
Western efforts to settle this dispute ….

Identity is one of the important issues that build on or shape the image of society in all its
implications. Therefore, identity represents the individual's sense of himself and individuality
and preserving his integrity, values, behaviors and ideas in different situations, as well as
representing the reality of the thing or distinguish the person from others. The question of
identity, which has been transformed in Arabic writings into a narcissistic wound or
obsession, needs to be guided by various openings in the analysis of discourse, philosophy,
and criticism in order to put the question of identity and difference within its theoretical and
intellectual framework to work on solutions to what it calls (crisis). Identity) and T was
formed according to political systems and air convulsive suffered by various countries who
lived under regimes that might have helped to create an identity crisis.
The subject of identity is accessible to many thinkers and philosophers, as the intellectual and
philosophical discourse was the result of integration and duplication that is formed for any
individual, especially that the subsequent eras that followed the era of modernity and
enlightenment became dependent on the individual, but became the individual preoccupation
for any issue raised, including the issue of identity.

Many facts of international politics indicate that psychological warfare, even if it is an old
phenomenon, unless its images are renewed in a way that reflects the times and environments
in which they are active, according to the size and strength of the flowing variables, has a
great effect and profound impact on the perceptions of the political decision-maker, and he
intends to formulate a crystallized decision Later in the form of purposeful political behavior
towards international units, each within its orbit and overall context, in a systematic and
interactive framework.
Accordingly, the political decision-making process for international unity is considered one of
the most important issues in inter-state relations, because it arranges results with a direct
impact on those relations, the extent of their permanence and continuity, as well as the
variables associated with them, all of these things are taken into consideration in studying any
subject of concern Relevance, especially since the matter here is based on the analytical
method, which requires evoking deep tools to realize the size and depth of the reciprocal
relationship between the international units interacting in the contemporary international
political system.

The study of human resources falls within the distinguished academic fields, where that the
human element is the universal mind for the development of science and knowledge, and we
specifically mention and to the extent that it relates to this research variable economic. As the work is
of fundamental importance in achieving production and the building of development , also this
element is hot absent from its role in developing the economy through the means of creativity,
knowledge and employment in accordance with the correct path that includes all the capabilities of
moral and material support from governments aimed at building a distinct structural base of economic
elements Which collectively contribute to building the national economy system, as well as
consolidating the productive base through achieving economic and social welfare for the whole
society.
From this introduction, the importance of the subject takes a great deal of care and accuracy in
managing human resources, promising and conscious management, on the basis of methodology and
application to achieve the desired goal, in addition to the importance of human and intellectual
resource being a creative and knowledge resource renewed towards developing the style and methods
of career and specialized work in various sectors the state and society, specifically the economic
sector.
From this perspective, this research can include four axes, in addition to t introductory axis (and
briefly as basic axes from a research), and each of them represents an input from human resource
development in order to reach an sophisticated stage of intellectual advancement and scientific for
various economic sectors and by activating programs development for development and training of the
human resource as a supportive basis for the comprehensive development process of the national
economy and in all functional and specialized, fields as an approach and application

Women are essential for achieving comprehensive human development. Therefore, the
issue of women has been the focus of attention of the international community, which has led
to the internationalization of women's human rights and the empowerment of all their rights.
Through the activation of the partnership between them and men on the basis of the principle
of real equality between them as a prerequisite for achieving the optimal participation of
women in all areas, especially political ones. As a result of increasing foreign pressure on
women's participation in political life, The country Tunisia, have made double efforts since
independence by integrating women's rights into legal texts and bringing them into political
life due to (woman's quota) quotas , Despite these efforts, there is a weakness in the role of
Tunisia women in the decision-making centers and their attendance is still substandard. Their
presence in the parliaments of the three country was weak and their role in the governments of
these countries is weak and late, In Tunisia, women only represented or got government's
position in 1982This is not the case for local councils, where their presence is generally weak.
There is also a failure by most Tunisia parties to integrate women into their ranks. In addition,
there is a large gap between legal texts and women's political practice.
The political participation.women tunisia

The study of public policies is represented in that they represent the performance side of the
government and the political act, and are related to all aspects of the political system and are
not limited to the role of the government, which made them not only the task of the political
system, but also to highlight the influence of society in the process of designing and
implementing public policies and monitoring government performance. Public policy is a
subfield in political science and public administration, in that it is a practical field by studying
general problems and providing in-depth ideas about several options that help achieve some
degree of control in the future.

This research is an attempt to study electoral knowledge and its impact on emerging democracies because of the
important results that contribute to the sustainability of democratic transformation and increasing levels. The
higher the level of electoral knowledge among candidates and voters, the higher the chances of success of
electoral experiments, which is a key measure of the existence of democracy in any country Or not. The research
focused on the concept of knowledge and its association with power to arrive at the outcome of the impact of
electoral knowledge in the newly born democracies, which are in the process of crystallization. Since electoral
knowledge represents every known subject that is subjected to sensitivity and experimentation and the mind has
been adopted to reach the facts related to the electoral process, whether this knowledge is public or hidden, this
knowledge can be a key to measure the development of electoral experiences in Iraq based on one of its models,
the legislative elections that took place. In 2018, which saw a clear convergence in its results and the lack of any
coalition to obtain a number of seats to bring it closer to the parliamentary majority, things that opened the door
for consensus again, And ruled out the hope of forming a majority government, followed by the emergence of
sudden alliances between forces were not convergent before the elections and here the role of electoral
knowledge is clear because what was exceeded all expectations and far from all the traditional electoral
calculations that deal with the election process in numbers only, although politics is the art of the possible,
meaning everything is expected.

The problem of Iraqi cybersecurity between cyber threats and
restrictive codification of freedoms
Cyberspace is a contemporary problem for the Iraqi national security, with
many threats and dangers. In order to keep the Iraqi cyberspace safe from threats and
threats, there must be a regulatory and legislative incubator. The first is to clarify the
concept of cybersecurity, the second is to clarify the threats and dangers that surround
the Iraqi cyberspace, and the third is to clarify the dimensions of the proposed crime
law Iraqi Information

After the occupation of Iraq in 2003, and changing the political structure of the Iraqi political system by adopting
democracy, multiparty and the constitutional system as the starting points for the new political action. The thinking of the
political parties dominated the idea of weakening the central government for fear of the return of the dictatorship again. This
idea was rooted in the situation of political and administrative actors In the decision-making centers of Iraq, motivated by
fear of the other, which led to the growing tendency of acquisition, as a result of the nature of partisan interests narrow. So
this led to a kind of hidden and declared conflict to control wealth and power. And with the weakness of the control authority
within state institutions Political parties tended to build their power as factional parties rather than as actors in the state, thus
neglecting the process of state-building and pushing it towards success.
These narrow sectarian trends of the Iraqi political parties coincided with regional and international interventions in the Iraqi
internal affairs according to the interests , which led to compound the deterioration of the general political situation in all its
dimensions and reflected negatively on the Iraqi citizen and weakened the fundamentals of his economic and social status.
The process of reforming the political system According to these data became more difficult than before. As a result of the
consolidation of various negative political and cultural trends in society and the state alike. So that the real reform process
begins to adopt the ruling political parties to national trends and policies enable them to establish the principle of Citizenship
comprehensive concept as the basis for dealing between the ruler and the ruled, and infinite the orientations of political
parties to achieve the interests of the people, solve problems, and availability requirements of material and moral needs.

The media is an essential pillar in building the mental and cultural capabilities of the various peoples
of the world because it is a double-edged sword and can be dangerous through the roles played by it,
as those means, whether satellite channels or newspapers, magazines or social networking sites
through the Internet In this way, some of them were employed to implement international agendas or
in the field of the dissemination of foreign ideas and cultures. Number of satellite channels for more
than 150 channels with hundreds of newspapers and magazines, not to mention the Internet and social
networking sites, which there is a close relationship between the media and public opinion every one
of which is complementary to the other and moving them both of which affect the making of public
policy through exciting media on the problems of society and deprivation they suffer It disseminates
the suffering of people and their demands and communicates them to those responsible for public
policy-making. At the same time, these means stimulate people's emotions and arouse their emotions
about a particular issue or problem. There are some issues that attract the attention of the media. The
public through the media pressure on the legislative and executive authorities and expose their flaws to
the public opinion and resort to the method of enlightenment and awareness of the rights of each
authority in the exercise of their authority towards the community, and looking through them to
excitement or news filled with their means, which helps them The speed of delivery to the (agenda of
the House of Representatives.

The end of the Cold War is a turning point in international relations as a result
of the international regime's need to have economic power, which is one of the most
important factors for the emergence of the state as a power in the international arena.
China is one of those countries that seek to acquire economic power and emerge as a
world power. The economic perspective on the African continent.
Therefore, the global policy has recently witnessed the theme of China-China
strategy towards Africa from the perspective of economic relations and trade in
accordance with the objectives and determinants in Africa as well as the means to
achieve the objectives. The continent of Africa is of great strategic importance to
possess the economic fundamentals, In the direction of global policies towards it,
China is one of those forces that make oil as its main target. Therefore, we try to
analyze the nature and dimensions of the Chinese strategy in Africa in general, in
addition to the growing Chinese influence in Africa and the opportunities available
to him in return for the challenges facing the African continent

The purpose of the thesis is highlight the impact of social media on
political development to university students , through field study focus on
students of Babylon University for the academic year 2018-2019. Since the
social media play vital role in formulation of political consciousness to
university students, given that its contribute In transform the political
culture from the traditional to participation culture, and that is the core of
political development process. This importance lies in that the social media
represent an important source of political information to university student,
as well as it provide the students with skills which enable them to deals with
this information, evaluate and analyzing, and therefore take a position
toward it.