The Medical Journal of Tikrit University

Background: Male infertility presents a challenge, for couples around the globe and is also a prevalent concern in Iraq specifically. Various factors can contribute to infertility ranging from imbalances to physical irregularities in the reproductive system. Ultrasound scans play a role in diagnosing male infertility issues with scrotal and transrectal ultrasound being particularly useful in identifying conditions like varicoceles and abnormalities, in the testicles and prostate.
Objectives: This research seeks to explore how ultrasound can help diagnose infertility in men by examining 1,000 cases to pinpoint reasons and assess the diagnostic potential of ultrasound technology.
Methods: A detailed cross-sectional study turned into finished on 1000 men who have been dealing with infertility and have been, in the age variety of 25 to 55 years old. This examination spanned over a period of three hundred and 65 days from January 1st, 2023 to February 30th, 2024. Each character underwent examination concerning ultrasound scans of the scrotum and the location around the rectum. The findings have been then classified primarily based on reasons for infertility like varicocele, testicular shrinkage, abnormalities within the epididymis and other related issues.
Results: Ultrasound findings indicated that varicocele changed into the most common abnormality (X%), followed by way of testicular atrophy (Y%) and epididymal cysts (Z%). Additionally, ultrasound detected several instances of prostate enlargement and seminal vesicle abnormalities contributing to infertility. Ultrasound examinations confirmed that 60% of members had regular findings, even as 25% provided with varicocele, 10% had testicular atrophy, and 5% exhibited epididymal cysts. A full-size fine correlation changed into found between testosterone tiers and sperm motility (r = 0.67, p < 0.01), indicating that higher testosterone tiers are associated with progressed sperm motility. Testosterone tiers also correlated definitely with sperm awareness (r = 0.55, p < 0.01) and normal morphology (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), suggesting that hormonal stages have an effect on semen excellent.
Conclusions: The look at highlights the considerable relationships among hormonal profiles, semen quality, and ultrasound findings in male infertility. Ultrasound proved to be a valuable diagnostic tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting conditions like varicocele and testicular atrophy. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating hormonal opinions and imaging techniques inside the management and evaluation of male infertility, imparting insights which could guide in addition studies and medical exercise on this discipline

Background: After compared to other human joints, the
temporomandibular joint, a synovial joint with complex biaxial
movements and has the largest range of motion. It is also identified as a
ginglimoartrodial joint. When the jaw is moved the condylar process
travels along articular eminence, part of temporal bone. Individual
differences occur via the inclination of articular eminence, which controls
the direction of condylar movement and the grade of disc rotation over
the condyle.
Aims of the study: Radiographical assessment of inclination of eminence
and eminence height conferring to gender and location via cone beam
computed tomography in Diyala.
Materials and methods: The study samples collected of seventy
individuals (140 joints) twenty-two male and forty-eight female with age
range from (20-55) years old. Inclination of eminence and eminence
height were measured in study via cone beam computed tomography.
Statistical Analysis, the System-SAS (2018) program was employed to
determine how different study parameters affected the various groups.
Results: The results show articular eminence inclination and height in
sides right and left, males have verified higher mean value than females.
The results show inclination of eminence and eminence height in right
side have recorded higher mean value than left side with a statistically
non-significant relationship.
Conclusions: Males have a steeper eminence than females. Height of
eminence in male are higher than female. .

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a rapid, easy, and
noninvasive technique that allows dentists to assess the anatomical
characteristics of a specific tooth efficiently.
CBCT images of 42 patients of two genders, aged between 20 and 40
years old in Salah Al-Din Governorate were selected. These cases were
gathered from September 2023 to April 2024.
The results of this study revealed that tooth length, crown length, and root
length measurements were longer in males than females and those above
30 longer than those below 30. Bucco-palatal diameter and bucco-palatal
diameter at the cervix length were longer in males than females but those
above 30 were shorter than those below 30. The mesiodistal and
mesiodistal diameters at the cervix were longer in those below 30 than
above 30.
In conclusion, the mean of TL, CL, and RL measurements were
significantly longer in males than females and those above 30 longer than
those below 30. The mean of BP and BPC diameters were longer in males
than females but those above 30 were shorter than those below 30. Still,
the mean of MD and MDC diameters were longer in those below 30 than
above 30.

Introduction: When someone is immunocompromised, such as a patient
receiving hemodialysis for renal failure, the hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the
most prolific viral pathogen. In addition to the fecal-oral route of
transmission, blood-borne HEV infection has also been documented in
recent times. We looked into the true state of HEV infection in individuals
receiving routine hemodialysis based on these findings.
Aim of study: To investigate the seroprevalence of HEV among
individuals receiving hemodialysis (HD).
Patients & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data were collected
from a total of ninety patients on maintenance haemodialysis (HD)
attending the HD dialysis centres of Al-Kadhimiya Educational Hospital,
Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and Al-Shu'ala General Hospital between
November 2023 and March 2024. The presence of anti-HEV IgG
antibodies in serum samples was determined using an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.
Results: HEV-IgG seropositive results were found in 22 (36.67%) of 60
haemodialysis patients. 11 (18.33%) patients were males and 11 (18.33%)
were females with an insignificant difference, but the result was negative
in each control group. In addition. The 20 (33.33%) patients infected with
HEV were from Karakh city and 2 (3.33%) were from Rasafa city with
significant difference (p≤0.05).

Background: Proteus mirabilis exists in human digestive tracts and induce UTI in
immunocompromised individuals. Antimicrobial resistance in P. mirabilis hinders
clinical therapy, including proven resistance to colistin, nitrofurans, tigecycline,
tetracycline, and β-lactams. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was isolation
of P. mirabilis from urinary tract infections (UTI), and study antibiotic
susceptibility to 14 type of antibiotics. Also, study the effect of cardamom
extract on 14 isolated of P. mirabilis that were antibiotic resistance. Materials
and methods: From November 2023 to February 2024, 230 patient's urine
samples were collected. In Baghdad Governorate, pregnant women with urinary
tract infections visited Al-Mada'in General Hospital. Negative bacteria were
characteristic by Gram stain and lactose fermentation on MacConkey agar,
hemolysis on blood agar, oxidase and indole tests and confirmation by VITEK-
2 compact system. Result: P. mirabilis isolates susceptible to Amikacin were
71.4%, Gentamicin 85.7%, Imipenem 28.5%, Piperacillin 42.8%, Rifampicin
21.4%, and Tobramycin 35.7%, while P. mirabilis isolates were resistant to
Aztreonam in 78.5 %, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid 85.7%, Cefepime 50%,
Ceftazidime 57.1%, and Ticarcillin 57.1%. At 1000 mg/ml, the Cardamom seed
alcoholic extract inhibited P. mirabilis bacteria best (18.67 mm). Low values
(500, 250) were 14.89 and 10.6 mg/ml. Conclusion: This study confirm that
the ethanol extracts of cardamom seeds possess strong inhibitory action against
the tested pathogenic microorganisms. Based on this information, the utilization
of cardamom as both an antibiotic and a dietary ingredient may have beneficial
effects

Background:The goal of the study was to assess the effectiveness of
two screening procedures for the detection of anti-HCV in hemodialysis
patients: the enzyme-linked immunoassay method (ELISA) and the
chemiluminescencemicroparticle immunoassay (CMIA).
Materials and Methods:The sera from 80 patients with renal failure
(RF) were isolated for the qualitative determination of IgG HCV-
antibody. Each serum was tested by ELISA and CMIA.
Results:The positive anti-HCV Abs were from (57.5%) males, and
(42.5%) females aged>25 years. Hypertension was the most common
cause (34/80) of RF, followed by kidney agenesis (12/80). Four systemic
diseases were found to be closely related to RF, including hypertension,
hyperglycemia, large doses of analgesia, and rheumatoid arthritis. The
gender differences revealed the contribution of all causes among males,
while four causes were not recorded in females: rheumatoid arthritis,
nephrotic syndrome, and IgA nephropathy. Complications were more
prevalent in males (90%) as hypertension alone (52.5%) or hypertension
and diabetes mellitus (31.25%). There were no statistically significant
differences between the two techniques, and only two samples were
false-positive by ELISA.
Conclusion:Improving the screening method for HCV infection by
using at least two serological tests is exceedingly suggested to restrict the
spread of such viral infection among patients on hemodialysis and to
prevent improper treatment or enhance the treatment for early diagnosis

Background: To enhance our knowledge concerning acute leukaemia
investigation profile and try to have a useful application in disease management.
Objective: To find the associations between acute leukaemia phenotypes, a
cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, and complete blood cell count .
Subjects and methods: A retrospective study was conducted in the period 2021
to 2022 in Baghdad medical city in the oncology centre, included 72 acute
leukaemic newly diagnosed patients, diagnosis of the cases was based on history,
physical examination, complete blood picture, bone marrow aspirate and biopsy
examination, flow cytometric profile was done, all our cases were new cases
without previous treatment and the flow cytometric reports were conducted
before treatment.
The differences in groups for this study were evaluated by t-test, an association
test were used, and a P value < 0.05 is considered significant.
Results: Cases with aberrancy have higher mean white blood cells count, which
may indicate an inferior prognosis. Cases with aberrancy have higher mean
platelets distribution width, there is an inverse correlation between platelets
count and platelets distribution width, this may suggest in our opinion a higher
susceptibility to coagulation system activation and hence disseminated
intravascular coagulopathy in those patients. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
(ALL), cytoplasmic CD79a ( a B lymphocyte cell marker used in the diagnosis
of B- ALL) negative cases and in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) CD 117( a
myeloblast marker in AML) negative both have higher mean absolute white
blood cells count.
Conclusion: Acute leukemia with aberrant phenotypes cases is suspected to be
more prone to have coagulopathy, an inferior prognosis.

Malnutrition is a condition in which an individual’s diet does not provide
the nutrients required for healthy functioning. It encompasses both
undernutrition and overnutrition. This study evaluates the demographic
characteristics of mothers with malnourished children under five years old
in Tikrit City, Iraq. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on
651 mothers, with data collected from January to May 2024. The study
assessed the impact of various sociodemographic factors, including
maternal education, socioeconomic status, marital status, occupation, and
residential area on the nutritional status of children. Results revealed that
malnutrition rates were higher among children whose mothers had lower
education levels, were from low socioeconomic backgrounds, or lived in
rural areas. Anthropometric measurements, including weight-for-age,
height-for-age, and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), were used to
classify malnutrition according to the Waterlow and WHO criteria. The
findings concluded significant associations between maternal education,
socioeconomic status, and occupation with child malnutrition. Addressing
these disparities through targeted interventions is essential to improve
child health outcomes in the region.

Introduction: Dental anatomy involves the study of the morphology, growth, identity,
and function of each tooth in human dentition. This study evaluates the descriptive
anatomy, histology, and geometry of the human first premolars in both jaws to enhance
dental care quality. Various techniques, including in vivo and in vitro methods, have been
employed to study root and root canal morphology.
Methodology:A total of 51 sound teeth were collected from Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital
for Surgical Specialties and Al-Amiria Specialized Dental Center. These teeth, extracted
due to orthodontic procedures, belonged to individuals aged 20-40 years and were
collected from November 2023 to April 2024.
Results:The study found that double-rooted teeth were predominantly present in the
maxillary first premolars, while single-rooted teeth were more common in the mandibular
first premolars. In the histological analysis, acellular cementum was observed at the
cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and the coronal one-third of the root, whereas more
cellular cementum was present in the apical two-thirds of the tooth. The radicular dentin
adjacent to the cementodentinal junction exhibited Tomes’ Granular Layer. Dentinal
tubules were present throughout the dentin thickness. The pulp showed four zones:
odontogenic, cell-free, cell-rich, and pulp.
Conclusion:There was a morphometric variation between upper and lower first
premolars, with no differences observed in histological sectioning

Background: CXCL9, a chemokine stimulated by gamma interferon, is crucial in
immunological responses by promoting leukocyte recruitment. Aim: This study
investigates the correlation between blood CXCL9 levels and liver function tests in
patients with particular respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, considering potential
confounding variables. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in Salah AL-
Din governorate, Iraq, from December 15, 2023, to July 25, 2024. 320 isolates were
obtained from patients diagnosed with asthma, COPD, pneumonia, bronchitis,
inflammatory bowel disease, and gastroenteritis disease, ranging in age from 20 to 70
years at the Tikrit Teaching Hospital, the Public Health Laboratory and the Respiratory
Chest and Respiratory Diseases consulting clinics. An investigation was conducted on
the concentrations of CXCL9 in correlation with many liver enzymes, including alkaline
phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glutamic oxaloacetic
transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and total serum bilirubin
(TSB). Results: The research identified a statistically significant correlation between
CXCL9 levels and GGT, particularly in those with respiratory dysfunction. GGT levels
exhibited considerable variation between males and females, with a statistically
significant disparity between the two groups. The results indicate that elevated levels of
CXCL9 may be associated with liver dysfunction, particularly in those with respiratory
conditions. This study highlights the potential of CXCL9 as a biomarker for hepatic
health and its role in inflammatory processes affecting liver function. Future studies
should elucidate how CXCL9 affects liver function and explore its therapeutic potential.
Body Mass Index (BMI) data could assist in minimising bias in the findings, enhancing
our knowledge of the biology of liver illness and facilitating the development of targeted
treatments for liver-related problems in afflicted patients.

Introduction: Pain management is an important aspect of healthcare
workers daily life, those who treat pain on everyday basis. Spotting pain
should be a part of a regular practice, and this has led the American Pain
Society (APS) to classify pain as the “fifth vital sign”. ignorance of how
to deal with special groups of patients such as children led to insufficnet
or even zero treatment of pain in such cases. ignored pain among
hospitalized children is everywhere happening which addressed by
researchers for decades as a cause of suffering and low quality of life.
The aim of this study was to determine children healthcare workers'
level in knowledge and attitudes towards pediatric pain management in
Salahhalddin general hospital.
Methods: A cross sectional study conducted at Salahalddin general
hospital , Tikrit , the center city of Salahaldin province ,IRAQ to the
duration from February 6th 2022 till April 6th 2022.The tool used to
achieve the study objectives was a questionnaire developed by the
researcher after reviewing relevant literature and consulting specialist
doctors with sufficient Knowledge of the subject. Data analysis was done
using descriptive statistics and Chi square test. Data entry and analysis
was done using SPSS software version 20.alfa level was set at 0.05.
Results: sample size was 55 .The majority of the studied sample were
females(83%) and having children (78%) and with previous training in
neonatal ward(78%) , more than half of them were married, Having
university degree was the most common finding among them. (89%) that
most of the participant passed the knowledge test with acceptable score.
Conclusion : Nursing staff knowledge toward pediatric pain scored
below satisfaction level for a professional health workers

Methods: This study assesses the effectiveness of lifestyle changes
through dietary habits and properties as well exercises in managing
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) among women going to Tikrit
Teaching hospital.
Methods: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) using 150 women with
PCOS, was conducted during the period from 2023 to 2024. Participants
were split to diet only (n=50), exercise alone 7(n=5) and a coupled
workout- eating program group; n=[(]). The primary outcome measures
were changes in BMI, and the secondary outcome measures included
measurements ofwaist circumference (WC), lipid profiles,state blood
glucoselevels(state fasting insulin levelsstate[W.A.J.R21] ), and hormonal
parameters [testosterone(T), progesterone(P)].
Outcomes: There was also a substantial drop in BMI with the merged food
regimen and exercise group comparing to sole diet regime or work out
teams. Nonetheless, the groups did not differ significantly with regards to
other metabolic and hormonal parameters

Background: This study assesses diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of
a variety of biochemical markers, including Copeptin, Spexin, Galectin-9,
Netrin-1, and conventional lipid profiles in early atherosclerosis detection.
Materials and Methods:A case-control study was conducted on 90
subjects which included atherosclerosis patients and healthy controls.
Blood samples were tested for lipids and biomarker levels.
Results:Results showed significant differences in lipids such as
cholesterol, LDL, and HDL in comparison between two groups coinciding
with traditional atherosclerotic risk factors. Among new biomarkers,
Copeptin demonstrated high accuracy. The others showed variable
sensitivity and specificity.
Conclusion: Develop an understanding about the significance of these
biomarkers in regard to their potential roles in atherosclerosis early
diagnosis and management, in order to help develop more effective
protocols for screening and treatment.

The mental foramen (MF) is a bilateral, round or oval hole situated
along the buccal cortical plate on the mandibular body's outer surface
below the premolars region. A total of 82 patients (164 hemi-mandibular
CBCT scans) were randomly selected from different specialized dental
centers in Iraq. These cases were obtained during the extended period from
September 2023 to March 2024.
The results of this study revealed that for the size of the MF, the
mean VD was 3.459 mm in males and 2.995 mm in females. While the
mean HD was 3.521 mm in males and 3.126 mm in their female
counterparts. The mean MF-AC distance was 15.219 mm in males and
13.202 mm in females. While the mean MF-IBM distance was 12.051 mm
in males and 10.757 mm in their female counterparts. For all the
parameters, male patients had significantly higher values than female
patients. The MF was most frequently round in 105 (64.02%) scans,
followed by H-oval in 37 (22.56%) scans. For the H position, H4 (73.17%)
was the most common, followed by H3 (15.24%). The most common V
position was V3 (90.24%), then V2 (7.32%).
In conclusion, the mean size of the MF and the mean MF-AC and MF-
IBM distances were significantly greater in males than females. The MF
was most frequently round in 105 (64.02%) scans. The most prevalent H
position of the MF was H4. For the V position, V3 was the most frequent

Background: Gardnerella vaginalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis are the
organisms most commonly associated with vaginitis; each can also be present
in an asymptomatic state. G. vaginalis has been shown to be increased in
patients with findings of a gray or homogenous discharge. While T.vaginalis
is more prevalent in patients with symptoms, foamy gray or yellow
discharge. Gardnerella vaginalis is a bacterium that is commonly associated
with bacterial vaginalis (BV). BV is a condition characterized by an
overgrowth of certain bacteria in the vagina, disrupting the normal vaginal
flora. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was isolation of Trichomonas
vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis , and was to examine the prevalence and
distribution of G.vaginalis in the vaginal ecosystem of pregnant women at
two different stages of pregnancy (first and third trimester) . Materials and
methods: From November 2023 to April 2024, 57 patient's urine samples
and vagina swab were collected. In Tikrit city, pregnant women with infects
the Genital tract infection (GTI) , visited Tikrit Teaching Hospital. The
samples were divided into three parts , apart for microscopic examination (
for T.vaginalis) ,part for culture ( for G.vaginalis ) and apart for RT-PCR (
for T.vaginalis and G.vaginalis ) . Result: present the percentage of samples
positive on culture in vagina swap for G.vaginalis was 17(29.8%), including
(15.8%)and (14%) isolated from (20-30) and (31-40) age and no result
Growth in urine samples ,but the result in RT-PCR different between the
types of samples (urine and vagina swab) were positive in urine samples is
43(75.4%) including 25 (43.8%)and 18 (31.6%) isolated from (20-30) and
(31-40) age , and in vagina swab samples is 50(87.7%) including 30
(52.7%)and 18(35%) isolated from (20-30) and (31-40) age ,was no result for
T.vaginalis . Conclusion: This study confirm that ages (20-30) are more
affected than ages (31-40) due to sexual activity ,RT-PCR is more specific
and sensitive way for diagnosis also the most common age for infection in
(20-30).

It is a infirmity in which cells in the breast develop abnormally. It’s can
be cured with early diagnosis and non -metastatic disease . breast
cancer stays the second procuring reason of cancer passing in women. In
our research, we investigated the levels of cytogenecity of breast cancer
patients undergoing different treatment regimens, as well as a control
group. The elevated mean was spotted in the chemotherapy category ,
followed by the hormonal therapy group.The lowest mean was found in
the chemotherapy-hormonal treatment group and The control group which
was lower than most of the treatment groups. Genomic instability can be
offered as a marker of cancer and its examination is crucial in treatments,
especially with chromosomal alterations. finding pointed which these
antineoplastic components regarded as possible cytotoxic operator and
rise harm of the immune system or body of an organism once come in
connection to these components.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infectious disease of the
urinary system caused by diverse uropathogens, affecting females and males of
all ages.
Cross-sectional study which was conducted during the period extending from
the first of November 2022 to the end of Jun 2023.
Background: The total number of samples in this study was 425 reproductive
age women. Whose age were between 15-45 years old .
Aim: To look for some virulence factors of Staphylococcus saprophyticus
causing urinary tract infections and cytokine response in reproductive age
women in Samarra City.
Methods :Type of samples were urine collected from women ,and then
conducting microbiological examination and located of IFN gamma amount by
using (ELISA) technique .
Results :When laboratory culture was performed ,it was found (65.65%)
samples G+ve in laboratory and (34.35%) G -ve . Through this study , the
percentage of negative bacteria higher than positive bacteria when performing
gram stain. The commonest type of bacteria isolates among reproductive age
women with urinary tract infection was E. coli which constitutes 91 (33.0%)
followed by S. saprophyticus 42 (15.0%), S. aureus 31(11%) , Enterococcus
faecalis 29 (10%), P. aeruginosa 25 (9%), Klebsiella pneumonia19 (7%) ,
Staphylococcus haemolyticus 17 (6%), Proteus mirabilis 6 (2%), Micrococcus
luteus 13(5%), and mixed 6(2.0%). The current study showed that UTI
staphylococcus saprophyticus is more frequent in the age 15-25 years old about
(45.2%) and the age group 26-35 years old of about (38.1%) while the lowest
percentage was within the age group of (36-45)years old which
constitutes16.7%. The urease enzyme produce by staphylococcus
saprophyticus prevalence was 100% , and lipase enzyme about 38.1%..

Background Another name for this condition is damage to the head of the femur
caused by Death of the arteries. It gets worse over time and happens when the femoral
head loses blood flow and pressure inside the bone rises. Several different procedures
are available to control AVN in its initial stages, but the outcomes have reached an
inadequate level. In most cases, the only option is to have a total hip arthroplasty
choice that is long-lasting for pain alleviation and function restoration. One new
therapy method that can be used to stop the disease from getting worse is to use a
high concentration of stem cells in the necrose tissue, along with core decompression.
Both patients and procedures : The overall number of patients in a single-arm trial that
was conducted from October 2017 until February 2019 was ten, with five females and
five males participating. The etiology of this condition includes the use of
corticosteroids, sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and idiopathic
causes. The ages of all patients ranged from 25 to 57 years. A decompression of the
core and an infusion of bone marrow from the patient's own body -derived
mononuclear cells are both components of the treatment that takes place inside the
hip joint area. Results: The findings indicated that the Harris hip score of seven patients
saw a significant improvement, going from 48.7±6.6 to 88.00±4.6 (p=0.001). via use of
magnetic resonance imaging, which provides radiological evidence. Concluding notes:
This one arm, short range experiment indicated an autologous bone marrow-derived
cell therapy for core decompression is a treatment that is both safe and effective. The
trial was conducted for a brief period. Additionally, it is a kind of minimum
manipulation treatment, which implies that such treatment should be considered for
use in bigger and longer-term studies.

Introduction: In December 2019, the emergence of a novel coronavirus-
induced pneumonia in Wuhan, China, posed a serious and urgent threat to
public health worldwide. The study aims to find a relationship between
serum d-dimer and IL-6 and oxygen saturation and severity of infection in
patients affected by COVID-19. Patients and methods: Ninety people
participated in the present study: sixty patients and thirty healthy subjects.
Patients refused to take the COVID-19 vaccination, while the control
subjects were vaccinated against COVID-19. The study was done from
the first of January 2022 to the end of March 2022. COVID-19 was
diagnosed by using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-
PCR), most commonly collected from nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. Blood
samples were obtained from the patients and people who were apparently
healthy as control subjects. White blood cell count, CRP, ferritin, IL-6,
and D dimer were measured. Results: There was an increase in the number
of WBCs in COVID-19 patients, as compared with control healthy
subjects, (p≤ 0.01). Also, there was an increase in the concentration of
serum ferritin in COVID-19 patients, as compared with control healthy
subjects (p≤ 0.01). However, in the present study, there is a significant
decrease in the SPO2 % in COVID-19 patients, as compared with control
healthy subjects, (p≤ 0.01). Also, there was an elevation in the
concentration of IL-6 and D dimer in COVID-19 patients, as compared
with control healthy subjects ( p≤ 0.01). There was significant negative
correlation between SpO2% and serum levels of (ferritin, r = -0.5, p <
0.01; CRP, r = -0.68, p < 0.01; IL-6, r = -0.6, p < 0.01; and D-dimer, r =
-0.78, p < 0.01).

This study included isolation and diagnosing some bacterial species that cause urinary
tract infections and testing the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of garlic and
ginger fruits on it . A number of urine samples (200) were collected and taken from
patients and patients at Azadi Hospital, for the period 18/11/2021 to 10/3/2022, and
included males and females for ages between (15-60) years, with a ratio of ( 70%fmales
and (30%) males After planting the samples on blood agar, MacConkey agar, and
Mannitol salt agar media, (150) samples of them gave bacterial growth when cultured,
with a rate of (75%), as it gave two types of growth, negative for gram stain (73.3%),
and positivefo Gram stain (26.7%), while the other 50 samples did not give any
bacterial growth. The infection rate was higher among females (70%), while males
(30%), and the highest infection rate was recorded in the age group (15-30) years in
both sexes. Bacterial isolates were isolated and diagnosed based on their morphological
characteristics an111d biochemical tests. The following species appeared:
Escherichia coli 45 isolates (30%), Klebsiella pneumonia 25 isolates (16.7%),
Staphylococcus aureus 40 isolates (26.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15 isolate
(10%), Proteus mirabilis 25 isolate (16.7%). The effectiveness of aqueous and
alcoholic extracts was tested at concentrations (25%), (50%) and (100%), where the
alcoholic extract was more efficient compared to the aqueous extract and the
concentration was (100%) is the most effective concentration on bacterial isolates and
the least at the extract at a concentration of (25%) for the aqueous or alcoholic extract..

Background: Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is considerably high.
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is a severe complication of the advance
stage of diabetes. More than 50% of diabetic patients diagnosed with peripheral
neuropathy will have CAN, with clinical manifestations including tachycardia, severe
orthostatic hypotension, syncope, and physical exercise intolerance.
Aime :The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic
neuropathy 1-in long term type ll diabetic patients
Materials and Methods: A case control study to sample of 88 patients with long term
T2DM were collected from the department of medicine at Salah-Aldeen General
Hospital, Tikrit-Iraq. Assessment of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy by
cardiovascular autonomic reflex test (CARTs).
Results: The results show cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is common among the
people with T2DM (84.1%). The longer duration of the disease and fibrinogen level
becomes an independent factor of CAN incidences. Study revealed that the
lymphocyte levels in uncontrolled T2DM patients with CAN are lower than without
CAN.
The study conclude that cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was common in long term
T2DM.