Kufa Journal of Arts

This research dealt with the study of the three broad age groups, as the young age group (less than 15 years) reached (44%) in 1997, then decreased slightly to reach (43%) in 2007, then decreased significantly in 2014 to reach (39%). As for the second group (youth group) (from 15-64 years), it increased in height, reaching (52%) in 1997, and increased in 2007 to reach (54%), then increased in height in 2014 to reach (58%). As for the third group (65 years and over), it reached (4%) in 1997 and remained stable in 2007 and 2014 to reach (3%), and the dependency ratio for this governorate reached (92%) in 1997 and decreased in 2007 to reach (85%) then it began to decline in 2014 to reach (72%), that the decline in the dependency ratio in this governorate is a result of the presence of a group of factors affecting it, and the most important of these factors is fertility, as the fertility rate reached (164) per thousand in 1997, then rose slightly in 2007 to reach (175) per thousand, then decreased clearly in 2014 to reach (151) per thousand, as for the factors of mortality and migration, they are also factors affecting the dependency ratio.

Heavy rain means the amount of rain that falls during a certain period of time, and it is expressed in several terms including the intensity of rain or the abundance of rain or the force of its downpour, and it is the intensity or abundance of important things that draw the attention of engineers and hydrologists including conditions related to soil and groundwater, as well as natural plants

The study included the classification of external land transport routes in Dhi Qar Governorate, as the external land transport routes in the study area reached (18) roads, in addition to the classification of vehicles and road numbering. It included the historical, morphological and functional classification. The morphological classification is one of the most important classifications. The external land transport routes in the study area were classified morphologically into expressways, main roads and secondary roads, as the number of expressways reached (2) roads and the number of main and secondary roads reached (8) roads for each. Vehicles were classified according to size into small vehicles, numbering (81,740) vehicles, large vehicles, numbering (27,987) vehicles, and vehicles were classified according to fuel into gasoline vehicles, numbering (81,740) vehicles, and gasoline vehicles, numbering (27,987) vehicles. Vehicles were classified according to usage type into commercial vehicles, numbering (31,085) vehicles, and passenger transport vehicles (private and taxi), numbering (66,294) vehicles, which constituted (60.4%) of the total number of vehicles registered in the study area. The number of motorcycles, numbering (12,348) vehicles, constituted (11.3%) of the total number of vehicles registered in the study area.

Rice is a food crop that is considered one of the basic pillars of food security, so all countries seek to provide it to meet the needs of their growing populations with the rise in their living standards, which increases the demand for it. Iraq was considered one of the rice exporting countries until the end of the last century, after which its production began to decrease as a result of water scarcity and the worsening problem of the spread of jungles in rice fields, which causes significant losses in its production, reaching (63%). Therefore, it is necessary to work on increasing its production by combating the jungles that grow in rice fields. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to search for the characteristics that distinguish the jungles that help them survive and spread, as well as to search for the most important climatic characteristics of the research area that help the growth of jungles that negatively affect the quantity and type of rice production, to develop treatments that would limit the damage of those jungles. The research reached a set of results that confirmed the suitability of the climatic characteristics of Najaf Governorate for the growth of rice crops and jungles together, with the ability of the jungles to withstand extremes in these elements. And adapting to it, with a strong relationship between the growth of jungles and rice on the one hand and the climate elements combined by finding the correlation coefficient between them.

The cities and archaeological sites in Iraq have received great attention from geographers and travelers who visited them and recorded their observations and what they contained of architectural and cultural styles and historical aspects, the purpose of which is to determine their historical origin and to which era they date back.

The writings of geographers and travelers are considered important sources for writing history because they express their observations, as they contain an accurate description of what that city and site were like at the time of their visit, in addition to what is recorded of historical incidents associated with it.

The shrine of the Prophet (Dhu al-Kifl) is one of those archaeological landmarks and historical evidence that emerged in Iraq and in Babylon in particular, so it was a destination for visitors and a stop for travelers, so much was written about it, especially with regard to his personality, his shrine, and what the shrine contained of cultural and archaeological landmarks that indicated him and his people.

Due to the religious status enjoyed by this prophet in the hearts of the Jews in particular and Muslims in general, considering him one of the prophets of the Children of Israel, this matter attracted the attention of geographers and travelers, especially foreigners, so they wrote about the Jews and their rituals and the religious rites they performed in this shrine, in addition to their accurate description of it in terms of construction, design, writings, decorative engravings, and the offices and rooms in it.

For this importance, the subject of the research was discussed, as it dealt with something about the character and geographical location, and then the visit of Arab and foreign geographers and travelers and what was written about their observations of this place, followed by the religious visits of Muslim scholars and what that visit contained of intellectual convergence between Jews and Muslims, and in the end, it was the conclusion of the research.

Based on the fact that international borders and what is related to their definition and planning are responsible in many parts of the world for cases of tension, crisis and perhaps armed conflict (8).

The researchers have been keen to trace the historical path of the negotiations and the repercussions that contributed to the issue of border demarcation after 1990, which left a clear impact on Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations later on. Therefore, this research came to shed light on the problem of border demarcation that drew a changing framework in the future visions of the extent of this dispute between the two countries (9).

The study material was distributed over this introduction, an introduction entitled (The Iraqi-Kuwaiti Borders... A Brief Historical Overview) and two chapters, the first of which dealt with the Security Council resolutions regarding the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and their impact on border demarcation, and the second chapter showed the positions of both Iraq and Kuwait towards the re-demarcation of the borders.

The research aims to study the problem of household waste management in Al-Mukarama neighborhood, one of the neighborhoods of the city of Najaf, and to develop solutions to this problem. The study focused on the role of urban planning in protecting the urban environment from household waste, then calculating and estimating the amount of household waste generated and knowing the percentages of solid waste components. In order to achieve this goal, a field survey was conducted and a questionnaire was prepared to determine the composition and production rate of household solid waste for a group of families that were selected in the study area. The study showed that the amount of daily waste transported from the neighborhood and the commercial area is approximately 46 tons per day, while the amount of waste disposed of is estimated at about 57,706 tons/day, meaning that there are approximately 11,706 tons/day of waste that are not removed from the streets and open empty squares in the neighborhood, as waste is thrown in the squares and open spaces and sidewalks are turned into landfills for waste due to the lack of containers in which waste is collected, which leads to the accumulation of insects and rodents that affect the health of the city's residents in addition to distorting the aesthetics of the neighborhood. What increases the size of the problem is Lack of human cadres represented by sanitation workers, lack of waste collection and transport vehicles, in addition to not following healthy methods for waste disposal.

The island of Sicily is located between the southern coast of Italy and the French coast close to it to the south.[1] The distance between it and Africa is one hundred and twenty kilometers.[2] It is surrounded by three seas: the Ionian Sea to the east, the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north, and the Sicilian or African Sea to the south and west.[3] Sicily can be divided into three geographical regions: the Maseru region, the Notos region, and the Damascene region. Its area is twenty-five thousand four hundred and sixty kilometers.[4] Among its famous cities and its capital are: Palermo, Catania, Messina, Syracuse, Notos, Girgent, Maseru, Tabarmina, Qasriana, and Ragusa.[5]

Sicily was known for its natural beauty and abundance of its resources. Many Muslim geographers described it, including Al-Idrisi, as: “Unique in its time, virtue, and beauty, and one of the countries in terms of goodness and housing. In the past, travelers from all countries and those who traveled between cities and towns entered it, and they all agreed on its superiority and the honor of its value, and they were amazed by its flourishing beauty.”[6]

Al-Masudi describes it as: “Its kingdom is vast, and it has mountains, trees, rivers, and crops.”[7]

As for Ibn Khordadbeh, he says: “The island of Sicily is one of the famous islands of the Romans, and its orbit is 15 days.”[8]

Al-Istakhri indicates that “Sicily has fertility, spaciousness, crops, livestock, and slaves that are more than all the kingdoms of Islam bordering the sea.”[9]

Ibn Jubayr described it in his travels, saying: “It has many cities, buildings, and estates... The length of this island is seven days and its width is five days’ journey, and it has the Volcano Mountain... The fertility of this island is more than can be described, and it is enough that it is the daughter of Andalusia, in which there is spacious construction, abundant fertility, and luxury.”[10]

And it is described by Ibn Hawqal: He says, “It is an island in the shape of an isosceles triangle, the acute angle of which is from the west of the island. Its length is seven days. It is in the east of Andalusia in the middle of the sea, and its borders in the Maghreb are the countries of Africa, Baja and Tabarka to Marsa al-Kharz, and its west in the sea is the island of Qarshaqa, and to the south of Sicily is the island of Qusra... Most of it is made up of mountains, castles and fortresses, and most of its lands are inhabited and cultivated, and it has no famous city other than the city known as Palermo, the capital of Sicily. [11]

It also has towering mountains, abundant springs, flowing rivers and a wonderful promenade. [12] Ibn Hamidus said, longing for it:

I mentioned Sicily and sorrow

Its memory stirs the soul

If I have been expelled from Paradise

I will tell its news. [13]

In addition to the Mountain of Fire, which is a mountain overlooking the sea, and it has a great volcano, Ahmad ibn Umar al-Udhri said: “There is no volcano in the world more hideous in appearance or more amazing in information, so if The wind blew and a great roar was heard like crashing thunder...\"[14]

The island of Sicily is a natural stronghold created by the hand of God in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, dividing it into two parts, eastern and western.[15]

• As for the population of the island during the period of Arab rule, it was approximately one million and six hundred thousand people, including six hundred thousand Muslims.[16]

The research in our hands is concerned with studying the motives for proximity to Mecca in the first Abbasid era, which were multiple due to the political developments that era witnessed and the cultural and scientific renaissance that left its clear imprint on Islamic civilization. Accordingly, the motives for proximity to Mecca were multiple for most of the neighbors, and these motives played an effective role in the proximity of many neighbors to Mecca in the first Abbasid era. This research was divided into two axes. The first axis was concerned with studying the nature of proximity, while the second axis was concerned with studying the motives for proximity to Mecca in the first Abbasid era. We concluded through this research that proximity to Mecca in the first Abbasid era was the result of political, administrative, religious, scientific and economic motives that played an important role in the proximity of many people to Mecca.

The study aimed to highlight the role of Arab universities in activating community service in light of their social responsibility. Despite the increasing interest in the last ten years in the concept of social responsibility and the society looking forward to it to confront the social problems that have worsened and affected the world, the level of Arab interest in social responsibility is still proceeding at a slow pace and its features are not clear. Therefore, the study is especially important because the criterion for the success of the university and its mission is determined by establishing and documenting the relationship. Therefore, it is a call for the necessity of linking the university with society and the environment and the dominance of the environment over university programs and the inevitability of its participation in various occasions to be the voice of the individuals of society and with the nation and the conscious class that bears its concerns.

This research deals with the emergence of contemporary Islamic fundamentalism that appeared with the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1928 and continued after that, and was represented by violence and the distortion of some Islamic concepts such as the concept of (jihad) to achieve political gains. It also deals with the most prominent figures whose names were associated with the Islamic fundamentalist movement in thought and methodology until they gave the fundamentalist movement a boost, making it comparable to the secular movements in the Arab world in the mid-twentieth century.

Poetic evidence is one of the most important things that are usually relied upon in literary studies, especially if the interpretation is known as literary interpretation, as poetry is used to clarify the words and phrases of the Qur’an and to prove the meaning that the interpreter seeks, and the interpreter would not have attained this unless he had a taste for poetry and literature. Accordingly, it appears from the interpretation of Al-Mizan by Allamah Tabataba’i that in addition to his taste for literature and his enjoyment of it, he was able to express sound opinions that he adorned with indications and evidence from the verses before relying on poetic evidence. As for the poetic evidence relied upon in Al-Mizan, it is scattered in it and varies between rhetoric, language, grammar, and other general social topics and others. One of the features of Al-Mizan is that it is adorned with linguistic and literary discussions, including poetic evidence, which number nearly 172 verses, and the scholar has supervision and precision in it, and he does not pay attention to it except when necessary to clarify some verses. And the evidence he mentions may mention its source, such as sometimes referring some of it to Al-Kashshaf, Al-Majma’, or Al-Mufradat, and he may not state the source.

Character is one of the most important narrative components in fictional literature. It plays a fundamental role in embodying the novelist's idea and ideology. The novelistic character has multiple classifications, but these classifications have not taken into account the idea of ​​gender, and critics often do not look at the character's gender in studying narrative. The female writer feels, thinks, and creates, and her struggle to resist marginalization is no different from the struggle of any group in society. She always seeks to raise her status from the margins to the center. This study aims, by adopting the descriptive-analytical approach, to analyze the marginal female characters in Radwa Ashour's novel "Tantouriya", according to Gayatri Spivak's views in light of post-colonial theory. One of the most important results we have reached is that all the female characters in the novel do not live in their country for various reasons. This goes back to Radwa's main concern, which is the double isolation for women who suffer from both the cultural and political aspects. "Ruqayya" is the main refugee character. Despite her successive migration, she maintains her ancient culture. However, Randa, the immigrant woman, was fascinated by foreign culture and rejected her own ancient culture. There is also the colonized woman who suffers from double suffering. Therefore, Radwa Ashour agrees with Spivak’s opinion that the subordinate cannot speak unless she is provided with the climate of expression that is prepared by the male society and colonialism.

The emergence of fascism in Europe coincided with the period of severe economic and social crises that befell the Western world in the 1920s. Thanks to social and historical circumstances, fascism emerged on the political scene as the only force qualified to emerge from the crisis and save the existing social order, not to change it. This is an important point, because fascist regimes did not eliminate the economic foundations of the existing order. Rather, all they did was change the form of government from Western democracy to a brutal, authoritarian dictatorship. However, fascism is a new type of exploitative government because the fascists sought from the beginning to establish a harsh ruling apparatus that operates on the principle of blind obedience. The Nazis practiced the method of comprehensive physical liquidation with the aim of eliminating their political opponents, and these practices led to the annihilation of entire political forces, whether by killing or displacement. They may have been popular, as fascist organizations sought to create a broad base for themselves among the masses. This was done by flattering the feelings of discontent among the peasants, who were forced to migrate to the city, but remained prey to hunger and fear of the future. The fascist parties deluded small traders, craftsmen and owners of small factories with their ability to lift the threat of monopolies that threatened their existence, especially since the fascists were seriously interested in ideological work. In order to increase their influence on the masses and sabotage their consciousness, they resorted to the method of "ideological education" in the spirit of fascism and racial superiority. Here the research came to shed light on the important role played by these organizations in France's domestic and foreign policy, especially since these organizations had developed fascist systems and propaganda methods and devices. Fascist propagandists also resorted to stealing slogans from various right-wing and left-wing parties alike. The intention behind this was to create groups of supporters for them, among the masses and among the ruling classes.

The environment is the place where humans live and which affects and is affected by them, as they affect the environment positively and negatively. Their positive impact is represented in their role by building bridges and cities, planting land, combating desertification, afforestation, and using modern technologies to preserve the environment. Their negative role is represented by environmental pollution resulting from industrial, agricultural, and civil activity, cutting down trees, and the encroachment of housing on agricultural land, etc. The impact of the environment on humans is represented by the human form in terms of skin color and physical strength. Dry environments such as the environment of the city of Najaf have affected the nature of the design of the shape of the house, which is of the open type in order to reduce the high temperature and allow air to enter and the presence of green spaces designed to reduce the high temperature. Housing is one of the most important basic components of building the state and society and is seriously and closely linked to urbanization in its various economic and social formations throughout the ages. The concept of urbanization in our contemporary world makes it a priority for the Iraqi government to provide suitable and comfortable housing for the citizen at symbolic, subsidized prices, i.e. (low-cost) housing that is commensurate with the individual's income and the number of his family members. The population is considered an element of the city and its study has attracted the attention of researchers. The population affects the city and is affected by it. The difference between the city’s population in terms of race, religion, standard of living and culture leads to the emergence of population clusters within it, which is reflected in its general environment as a change in the housing pattern represented by (changing the shape of the housing and its division into more than one housing unit). The study of the population of the city of Najaf should be in a way that helps to know the population trends and helps to predict and know their locations and whether it is possible to redistribute them in light of the expected functional developments of Najaf and the development of its spatial or functional relationship system with its region (1). The need for housing comes due to the continuous increase in the number of residents, as the city of Najaf is one of the cities that is witnessing a continuous increase in its population size and is of great importance to its urban center and an increase in the number of its residential neighborhoods. The reason for this is due to the immigration factor in addition to its religious, historical and cultural center, which requires the support of the government sector in terms of quantity and quality, to provide what the city’s residents need and to pay attention to distributing services in an efficient manner that is proportional to the population size in the city’s neighborhoods. Accordingly, this study came to shed light on the impact of changing the shape of housing, canceling parks and encroachments on green spaces and the extent of their impact on the environment of the city of Najaf. The more the residential environment is polluted with various types of pollution, the more it will greatly affect the city’s residents and cause them many different diseases, while if the residential environment is organized and has an organized building pattern The presence of green spaces with an organized distribution of the population and the provision of municipal services will have a positive impact on the lives of the population and reduce environmental pollution.

Bachelard\'s research, in his study of the structure of human imagination, is concerned with looking at \"dream, poetic, or artistic images in general\" and is based on a detailed analysis of the activity of perception, the imaginative power, and what issues from them between what belongs to the past, which is produced by sensory memory and stirred up by imagination, and is often represented in images of memories of places of familiarity or what is similar to them, and what is produced by pure imagination, but it appears to be a semi-realistic world and is of the type of images of the imaginary, which tries to absorb two moments in time that start from the present to live in the future, and some of them are mixed with past images, and are connected to daydreams dreaming in the present extending to the future. The image belongs to more than one moment in time from which it emerges, and to more than one reference or source from which it issues. This research is based on analyzing the human imagination and its components in what it produces of dream images between memory and imagination, based on the phenomenological logic of the philosopher and critic Gaston Bachelard. Hence, the research was divided into three main sections: The first: is related to the analysis of the components of imagination and its images, the second: stands on the formation of the moment of phenomenological emergence to monitor the imagined aesthetic consciousness, and the third: is concerned with analyzing the formation of the cogito of the dreaming, imaginative self.

The topic of foreign trade is one of the important topics that shows the vitality of the state and the extent of its influence on the external level. The strength of commercial activity results from the strength of the state, its stability and cohesion on the internal level, which ultimately leads to imposing its will and ideological and economic dominance on its relations with other countries.

This requires building a military force that protects commercial activities and relations, whether political or commercial, in addition to spreading its intellectual and ideological orientations through the arrival of its merchants to those countries, competing with their opponents in commercial markets.

Egypt flourished under the Fatimid Caliphate throughout the years (358-567 AH/969-1171 AD) in various political, economic and social aspects to a great extent that the country had not witnessed for ages past. When the Fatimid Caliphate moved from the lower Maghreb - Tunisia - to Egypt in the year (358 AH/969 AD), Egypt assumed a leadership position in the Islamic world, as it competed with Iraq and Persia under the Abbasid state (132 AH - 656 AH). This political, scientific and religious competition achieved great commercial activity, which led to reaching important Indian ports.

The speech of the Prophet Muhammad and his family (peace be upon him) is also a primary source of sciences such as rhetoric and eloquence. Their speeches are expected to be a sufficient set of analysis in the light of linguistic theories. As such, the latter investigates the rhetorical realism of metonymy in the speeches of the journalists Ali (AS). It aims to verify the possibility of applying one of the modern linguistic theories, namely rhetorical pragmatics, to the speech of Imam Ali (AS). In order to obtain: (a) the speeches of Imam Ali (AS) in order to formulate specialized statements in the application of rhetorical pragmatics, (b) uses all types of metonymy to replace special issues and effectiveness, and (c) can be metonymy for rhetoric. The beginnings of pragmatics such as cooperation between data alternative functions in order to analyze the data, create a study model to know the types of metonymy and strategy and pragmatic functions, according to the analysis, there are a number of all types of metonymy used in describing the use have been reached. Quality may be the most prominent success of the Kenyan process. Besides, two functions are performed by these types of metaphors including the request for fulfillment. Finally, the study that the sermons of Imam Ali (AS) is an important field for the analysis of rhetorical practical data.

The frame story is one of the oldest narrative techniques, with roots in oral integration. It refers to a set of embedded stories that surround a larger framework, thus creating a hierarchical pattern of stories and issues, and penetrating the relationships between storyteller and audience. The most famous example of a frame is “The Arabian Nights” in which Scheherazade, the narrator’s character, tells stories to King Shahryar to save his life.

The objectives of the current study are to find out the effect of peer assessment on the linguistic ability of reading students. To achieve the aim of this study, forty fourth-year students were selected to be a complete art drawing. Tomorrow students were enrolled in the experimental group and instructed on peer assessment. Rabie and the other students were enrolled in a control group who were instructed in addition to self-assessment. Seeing the results, the pre-test technique was used, where you can observe that the performance of the experimental group members was better than the control group in the post-test, and in light of the results obtained, active peer assessment is enabled in enhancing the linguistic ability of EFL learners in Iraq.

Language, as most of its scholars have stated, does not limit its function to understanding between individuals, but rather goes beyond that to being the tool by which man learns and thinks. It guides and directs his mind, and through it he deduces proper behavior with others. In addition, it preserves the cultural heritage of societies. It is therefore the organizer of social relations, the means of interaction and cooperation between members of society, and the most important tool for preserving its entity. It is the pulsating heart of the nation and its driving apparatus. Arabic terms and popular expressions are considered a tributary of the language's growth and the secret thread through which we can reach some secrets and mysteries and read between the lines that are hidden behind the cognitive wall. News and its formulation represent an important aspect of the world of knowledge in our current era and remain the effective way to follow the events and developments that are sweeping our world today. The terms used in media discourse are not random words or arranged sentences that are said haphazardly, but rather they are key words that carry deep meanings, specific concepts, and central ideas. They are of great importance and an influential position in the core of media discourse. There is no doubt that if a capable media professional wants to communicate with his audience, he must employ flexible language and an artistic image based on linguistic and suggestive coherence charged with influence and expression to convey news and information to them without complexity or ambiguity. This study seeks, through the analytical approach, to know the value of the artistic image with its four elements (metaphor, simile, metaphor, metonymy) of media terms to show the extent of its effectiveness in formulating and editing news as an important means of education and information transfer, because it shortens the long distance in understanding and realizing the meaning, and makes a lot of talk in explanation, clarification and interpretation unnecessary. Understanding it and realizing its value is an essential part of media awareness. Given the importance of media terms and expressions in the media process, this study focused on answering the following questions: First: What is media language? What is the relationship between language and media? Second: What is the artistic image? And what is its impact on the specification of the media idea? Third: What are the literary media terms and expressions? And what is their impact on editing and formulating news? The study revealed an increase in the use of terminology by media professionals with the aim of suggesting certain ideas and trends through brevity and expressive precision inherent in terminology with the aim of meeting the beauty of the magic of style and the idea conveyed to change, gain or replace positions, especially in unstable regions of the world, or those witnessing armed conflicts, where the relevant parties compete to manufacture and sculpt media terminology, market and publish it, to support the idea of ​​its owner and support his positions against the other party.

This research aims to analyze the issue of asserting that the liberalization of air transport in peripheral countries would improve their air services, and thus link them to the global system. To achieve this purpose, we analyzed a number of free agreements between peripheral countries and core countries and showed their impact on air transport supply. As a result of this analysis, we found mixed results. Air supply increased in these countries, but to a greater extent with the United States of America and to a lesser extent with other countries on the one hand. On the other hand, we witnessed a significant increase in the number of air transport services for a number of countries bound by a bilateral agreement.