Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

The toxic effect of heavy metal ( Cadmium ) was investigated using a species of
freshwater aquatic insect - nymph of Ephemeroptera , Cloeon dipterum ( L.) .This heavy
metal was found to have a significant effect on the fine structure of the gills in proportion
to the concentration of Cadmium used ( 0.1 ppm, 0.5 ppm and 1 ppm ) . The results were
supported by ultra structural observation on different types of the gills cell organelles (
gill lamella , nucleus , mitochondria , endoplasmic reticulum and other parts of the cell ) .
Transmission electron microscopy has revealed the disruption and the damage for the
normal cellular organization of the nymph gill cells when the animal exposures for 36
hours in the pollutant media . Most of the freshwater pollution – scientists thought that
this kind of aquatic insects can used as biological monitors of heavy metal pollution . The
aim of the present study is to investigate the poisoning effects of this heavy metal on the
mortality caused by ultra structural damage which is standing behind the death of the
animal and human been .

26 consecutive female patients with goiter their age range between 22 – 65 years. Nodular
forms were 10 patients, diffuse goiter were16 patients, euthyroid form were 6 patients,
with sign of thyrotoxicosis (severe thyrotoxicosis 11 patients, moderate 9 patients).
Sensitive test, Rose Bengal conjugated with 131I was used for evaluation the absorption &
excretion by liver cells and intrahepatic blood circulation.
The results showed increase blood flow, liver accumulation of isotope in
25% of the patients and in 45-50% of patients were normal.
The excretion of conjugated Rose Bengal with 131I shows severe suppression
of liver function in 2 cases.
In this study we found an increasing the maximum accumulation time of isotope 131I in
the liver, both in severe & moderate thyrotoxicosis.

One of important drug delivery system is microencapsulation of bioactive agents
using biodegradable polymers. Although a large number of studies, which utilizes PLGA
have been performed, however, basic data and information upon drug release are in
sufficient. Formulation of indomethacin sodium as microspheres using different
percentages of PLGA by applying coacervation / phase separation and emulsification /
solvent evaporation methods, were performed. The morphology, particle size and
dissolution – release profile of the prepared microspheres have been studied. From both
methods, it was noticed that the release of the drug is decreased as the amount of PLGA
increased since it affects core: coat ratio. The microspheres prepared with low
percentages of PLGA (not more than 20%) showed initial burst effect, which may suggest
that erosion, is the major dissolution mechanism while diffusion might be the main
mechanism for microspheres prepared with high percentages of PLGA. The shape of
microspheres with > 30% PLGA (by coacervation method) has limited sphericity and
larger particles size in comparison to that prepared with emulsification / solvent
evaporation methods. Therefore, indomethacin – loaded PLGA microspheres (using 50%
polymer) prepared by the second method can be used in the formulation of prolonged
duration injectable dosage form.

This paper presents the synthesis and study of some new mixed-ligand complexes
containing anthranilic acid and amino acid phenylalanine (phe) with some metals .
The resulting products were found to be solid crystalline complexes which have been
characterized by using (FT-IR,UV-Vis) spectra , melting point, elemental analysis
(C.H.N) , molar conductivity .
The proposed structure of the complexes using program , chem office 3D(2000) .
The general formula have been given for the prepared complexes :
[M(A-H)(phe-H)]
M(II): Hg(II) , Mn(II) ,Co(II) , Ni(II) , Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) .
A = Anthranilic acid = C7H7NO2
Phe = phenylalanine = C9H11NO2

Hundred and fifty samples were collected patients with acute myeloid leukemia in the
national center of Hematology, from period began at (1) June till end of December 2004.
The diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia was made according to standard hematological
criteria. Twenty five patients had (France, American, British) type M2 before treatment
chemotherapy and 25 patients after chemotherapy, and leukemia patients M4 before
treatment
Average age of patient is 36.6 years and sex is 64% males and 36% females
The study calculated the renal function by measuring urea and creatinine 40% of
patients have elevated urea , 42% have elevation in creatinine either after or before
treatment as possible complication of leukemia
Introduction
Leukemia means a group of disorders characterized by the accumulation of abnormal
cells which may cause bone marrow failure
Raised circulating white cells count and infiltrate other organs Acute Myelogenous
Leukemia (AML) called granulocytic or myelocytic leukemia account for about 20% of
childhood leukemia (2).
AML is a cancer of bone marrow which characterized by granulocytic cells
predominance, these a typical blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

A new model aqueous micro fine suspension of tinidazole (TND) was developed on
the basis of the combination with chlorhexidine gluconate to be useful in treatment of
fungal corneal infection or ulcer (fungal keratitis). In vitro clinical study for TND -
chlorhexidine gluconate showed a significant antifungal activity against certain
species of fungi isolated from patients with corneal ulcer . Propylene glycol (PG)
was chosen because it is known as a good solubilizer , it could be used as a
tonicity adjustment agent in appropriate concentration & it is nontoxic . An
enhancement in the solubility of TND was achieved also by interaction with
a non-ionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (Tween80) and PG. .

This study is emphasized on the detection and identification of Quercetin Flavonoid in a
of Compositae family. The tenuisectus Echinops newly studied, wild Iraqi plant, named
medicinal importance of Quercetin on one hand, and the absence of any phytochemical
investigation on tenuisectus specie of Echinops genus on the other hand,
acquired this
s importance . study it

The current studies were undertaken to assess the ability of various subcellular
fraction of E.coli to induce protection against challenge with E.coli in chicken.
Immunization with as little as 12.5 µg of cytoplasmic membrane conferred 65%
protection. In addition cell wall and somatic antigen conferred 55% and 25%
protection respectively. These results indicate the usefulness of cytoplasmic membrane
and cell wall in the induction of active immunity against pathogenic E.coli in chicken.

Cimetidine is a H2 – receptor blocking drug, widely used for the treatment of
stomach ulcer in addition to its immune response modifying activity. This study is carried
out to formulate cimetidine in a stable topical preparation.The in vitro release of
cimetidine from different semisolid bases was studied utilizing: o/w emulsion base A and
B, sodium carboxymethylcellulose gel, and w/o emulsion base. The results showed that the
best release was obtained from the o/w emulsion base B (i.e. cream base); hence it was
selected for extensive studies.
The effect of cimetidine concentration on its diffusion through excised mouse skin
was also investigated and the data showed an increase in the diffusion rate with
increasing cimetidine concentration using cream base. The study also involved the
diffusion of the drug from cimetidine 10% w/w cream base through excised mouse skin
with different penetration enhancers utilizing: sodium lauryl sulphate, propylene glycol,
xanthan gum, oleic acid, methyl salicylate, urea, and PEG1000. The study showed that 3%
w/w sodium lauryl sulphate had a very highly significant effect on the diffusion rate of
cimetidine. The study also showed that the temperature and the storage period led to a
decrease in the diffusion rate, increase in the viscosity of cimetidine 10% w/w cream
formula and a little change in the pH. The use of EDTA disodium 1.0% w/w as a
stabilizer gave a more stable formula for cimetidine 10% w/w cream formula where the
expiration date was 4.09 years compared to 2.74 years when using 1.0% w/w dl – α
tocopherol as an antioxidant, and 1.35 years for the blank formula (i.e. formula free from
antioxidant and stabilizer).
Preliminary clinical study was performed among fifteen patients, ten with warts,
and five with adrenal androgenic female – pattern alopecia. The results indicated that
80% of patients with warts gave positive response, while, 40% of patients with adrenal
androgenic female – pattern alopecia gave positive response.

The perfectly spherical microspheres of the ion- exchange resins diethylaminoethyl –
trisacryl (DEAE) had been successfully used for achieving mechanical occlusion of
vascular lumen. In this study; diclofenac sodium is reversibly adsorbed onto DEAE
microspheres (28.3 g drug / 100 g of microspheres). The dissolution profile showed rapid
release of the drug from the loaded microspheres, and since this may lead to dramatic
decrease in the drug before the microspheres. reaches the targeted site, therefore,
microencapsulation of the drug loaded DEAE microspheres is carried out for the first
time in this study using PLGA as a coating polymer and applying two different methods
of microencapsulation. The results showed that increasing the amount of PLGA lead to
more retardation in the release of the drug through affecting core : coat ratio and the
mechanism of drug release. It is also found that applying emulsification / solvent
evaporation method with 60% w/w PLGA gave regular retarded release microcapsules
with better sphericity, which may be easily injected by a catheter at the required site and
offers a new drug delivery system and new application for diclofenac sodium in the
promising strategy of using embolization particles with anti – inflammatory activity.

People with alopecia areata lose their scalp hair in smooth round patches typically
causing bald spots about an inch (2cm) across. Recently Al-Jaff et al demonstrate the
association of free radicals in the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, and the role of nutrient
antioxidants in protecting the immune system from the damaging effect of these
radicals.Any imbalances between free radical production and antioxidant deficiency can
result in an injury.
This clinical study designed to study the role of nutrient antioxidants in protecting
the body from damaging effect of radicals and the effect of two month treatment with
antioxidants (vitamin A, E, &C) on oxidative stress variable levels and their effect on rate
of hair growth in patients with alopecia areata. Treatment with antioxidants significantly
elevated body antioxidant defenses component levels, increased Zn levels and decreased
Cu levels and corrected the inbalance in these trace metals metabolism in alopecia after 1
and 2 months of treatment compared to pretreatment values. The most important point is
the clinical significance of antioxidants in improving the hair response of patients with
alopecia areata; this may be due to an inhibition of oxidative stress associated with the state of the disease.

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widly used all over the world for
different rheumatic musculoskeletal disorders. Like any other chemical compounds, they
have different side effects like renal toxicity that becomes very serious when used for long
time especially from elderly people whose already have a reduced renal function or those
This with renal or cardiac problems that may increase the incidence of such toxicity.
study focusing on this point, by comparing between 2 NSAIDs, a non selective-COX
inhibitor (Indomethacin) and selective COX-2 inhibitor (Meloxicam) according to their
renal toxicity on elderly patients, depending on changes in values of blood urea nitrogen
(BUN), serum creatinine (S. Cr.) & serum potassium (S. K+) concentrations as parameters
of such toxicity. In another way we investigate whether the renal or cardiac problems will
increase such toxicity of NSAIDs on elderly patients or not.
The study involved 80 elderly patients, healthy and with renal or cardiac problems,
selected from rheumatologic outpatient clinic and given one of the 2 NSAIDs as adrug of
choice for their present complaints for a period of 15 days.
It was clearly appeared from results, that both NSAIDs couse similar extent of renal
side effects and the presence of renal and/or cardiac problems could increase the
susceptibility of such toxicity especially renal impairment & renal hypertension.