University of Thi-Qar Journal for Engineering Sciences

Ash deposition is one of the significant challenges for coal-fired boilers. It is a serious problem that causes fouling and slagging on the tube bundle that Poses some potential safety and hazard problems for utility boilers. There. Therefore, the paper presented a numerical study using ANSYS FLUENT. A discrete phase model (DPM) is used to simulate ash particles for unsteady flow. The influence factors important to heat transfer performance and ash deposition are studied, consisting of the changes of the inlet velocity of flue gas, and the temperature differences between the flue gas and the surface of ash deposit. A thermophoresis deposition mechanism (fine particles< 1µm) is a playing impact in an important role in this study. The proposed method is an effective instrument for forecasting the ash deposition formation and growth. The result indicates thermophoresis causes more ash to be deposited than without thermophoresis. Also, they notice the effects of temperature gradient on the deposition height at constant inlet velocity. The deposition height is decreased when the temperature differences increase as a ratio of 0.125%. through 30 min. While the effects change inlet flue gas velocity on the deposition height. The deposition height is decreased when the increased velocity at constant temperature differences about 0.75%.

Due to the benefits that they provide, permanent magnet synchronous motors are becoming increasingly common. The machine's mathematical modeling allows for a better understanding and provides insight into the influence of each variable on the machine's dynamics and to design an appropriate control system for the motor. This work provides a mathematical model of a PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor), and this model has been simulated via utilize MATLAB/Simulink tools. The results obtained verify the model's effectiveness to work under different loading conditions. This model can be used in various control strategies such as vector control or direct torque control.

Due to the thyristors drawbacks, the obsolete driving and control hardware spare parts, and instead of replacing the entire excitation systems, this paper proposes a SiC-based rectifier as a replacement for the SCR-based rectifiers that are used in the exciters to provide the DC field current to the rotors of the synchronous motors in Qarmat-Ali Water Treatment Plant (QAWTP). The system performance is improved and its power density is enhanced by improving the rectifier performance. In addition to the capability to operate in harsh environments and high ambient temperatures, the proposed rectifier minimizes the harmonic contents in the input current and the output voltage. The rectifier is simulated with a maximum current of 200 A which is higher than the current that is measured in the station. The calculated efficiency of the rectifier is about 90%. With a small input passive filter, the archived THD of the input current is 11% with a light load and 22% with a full load.

The movement of the double-sided linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) has high overshoots and oscillations because the magnetic circuit of the LSRM has nonlinear characteristics. The traditional PID controller is insufficient in LSRM due to the nonlinear magnetic circuit of the LSRM. Therefore, the closed-loop PID controller based on a particle swarm algorithm (PSO) is designed and implemented using Matlab/Simulink to achieve the best characteristics of the LSRM

Land-based mobile robots (LBMR) are expected to be rabidly deployed worldwide with massive market sales owing to significant applications in modern and future life sectors such as industry, agriculture, security, health, and environment protection. However, this vital technology is critically affected by the locomotion over unstructured soft or rough terrain environments with different types of static and dynamic obstacles. This work investigates the existing wheeled, tracked, and leg-based locomotion techniques for LBMR applications and proposed solutions under unstructured environment conditions. These primary locomotion schemes are evaluated based on the achieved speed, ability to cross or mitigate obstacles, climb stairs/steps/slopes, move over soft, rough, or rocky terrain, energy efficiency, mechanical complexity, and technological readiness. Additionally, the hybrid categories that can be created by mixing the primary locomotion mechanisms are discussed with an insightful vision of future directions.

Due to the growing demands for security and regulatory compliance, monitoring environmental indicators has become increasingly important nowadays. As a result, it is crucial to measure these factors. The conventional wired systems are unable to perform parameter measurements in remote locations. Therefore, the next generation of technology, like wireless technology, is required. Micro-Electromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has advanced, making small, inexpensive, low-power wireless modules available that function effectively in these settings. An Arduino-based DHT11 sensor-based automatic temperature management system is designed and implemented in this work. Temperature, humidity, a rain sensor to detect environmental occurrences, and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) indicators to show how weather conditions affect the system under consideration. The results are provided by the DHT11 sensor, which measures the humidity and temperature of the surrounding space. Along with the measured value, the reference value is shown on the liquid crystal display (LCD). The Arduino microcontroller, which controls the system's processing, receives the sensor's measured value and assesses it against the established threshold. What happens is that the microprocessor activates the fan only when the measured room temperature and humidity are below the threshold value's lowest value. The fan is actuated if the detected room temperature exceeds the highest permissible threshold value. If the observed temperature of the room is within the setpoint range, all loads are finally turned off. That suggests that the air is maintained at a consistent temperature and humidity level. The usage of an Arduino microcontroller, Xbee Zigbee, DHT11 sensor, Rain sensor, and Proteus software to monitor temperature, humidity, and rain utilizing wireless sensor network (WSN) technology. As a result, nighttime humidity parameter variation is greater than daytime variation. A wireless system like this will benefit industries like agriculture, healthcare, storage, etc.

Wireless-powered communication (WPC) is a promising technology to extend the network lifetime for varied important applications like those used hugely in commercial, industrial, transportation, and agriculture sectors. It employs a large number of low-power wireless devices in which the harvested energy from electromagnetic radiations is used for signal processing and transmission instead of the conventional wired-powered sources. Besides, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been adopted as a vital approach to fulfill the main objectives of 5G systems and beyond. Significant research activities and advancements have taken place in this direction to support massive connectivity with higher spectral and energy efficiencies over-constrained system resources. In light of the recent developments and key challenges raised by the integrated NOMA-aided WPC networks, this study offers a thorough overview of the existing and suggested state-of-the-art technologies with their features, applications, and practical considerations. Furthermore, some of the key future research trends on this interesting topic are highlighted

Solar energy is abundantly available and environmentally beneficial, which has led to a rise in the acceptance of solar energy for the generation of power. The availability of solar power varies despite the fact that it appears to be a desirable source of energy due to a variety of reasons, including changes in temperature, shadow, and irradiance. Therefore, in recent years, research has focused on how to get the most power possible from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems utilizing the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method. Without using excessive amounts of arithmetic, bioinspired algorithms shown good qualities for handling non-linear, non-differentiable, and stochastic optimization problems. This work evaluates a variety of applications using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method, a global metaheuristic optimization technique. The results of literature review highlighted the most important features of this algorithm and the most important fields of its application in the photovoltaic system especially the MPPT optimization of control system. Metaheuristics have established themselves as effective methods for handling challenging optimization issues throughout the past three decades.

This work proposed a 7-level Inverter structure with minimum power components and controlling with pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques. This topology has three times the greater capacity for voltage boosting. The aim of this study is achieved using a single voltage source, eight switches, two diodes, and two capacitors. Three times voltage boosting, a small number of switches, reduced voltage stress, and a self-balanced capacitor is the main characteristics of this topology. The selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation SHE-PWM technique, which is based on genetic algorithm optimization, is also used to isolate or eliminate undesirable low-order harmonics of the output voltage. To demonstrate the aforementioned benefits, a simulation was performed using MATLAB SIMULINK, and the corresponding THD results were compared with various modulation indices.

The two-wheeled self-balanced robot (TWSBR) is an important type of mobile robot for a wide range of tasks, in which stability represents a major research and technical challenge. The goal of this study is to propose an optimum control method for increasing the stability of TWSBR under perturbation effects. A proportional integral derivative (PID) controller is designed based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to optimize the robot controller parameters. SimScape Multibody environment is used in this paper to examine the performance of the suggested controller without the need for the mathematical model of the considered TWSBR system. This simulation platform is used to model and visualize the robot's movements while utilizing the optimized controller. The accuracy and robustness of the designed controller are tested by changing the load placed on the mechanical structure layers during robot motion. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested controller design for robot balancing during disturbance situations.

Wastewater affects concrete structures, causing corrosion and disintegration of concrete, and then corrosion of iron inside concrete due to the presence of salts and chemicals in wastewater. It causes a lack of cohesion between it and the cement paste, and the concrete may crack and collapse. In addition, the presence of salts such as sulfates, chlorides, and sometimes carbonates has adverse effects on concrete. A number of cubes were taken and placed in a basin containing pure water for testing. A number of cubes were placed in a basin containing sewage water, and a number of cubes were placed in basins containing these solutions AL2O3 (Aluminium oxide), SiO2 (Silicon dioxide), TiO2 (Titanium dioxide), Fe2O3 (Iron oxide), K2O (potassium oxide), MgO (Magnesium oxide), SO3 (Sulfur trioxide), CaO (Calcium oxide), MnO (Manganese oxide), P2O5 (Phosphorus pentoxide)). and after checking the results in 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. The result of the test was that it appears the elements that increase the compressive strength of concrete are (AL2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, and TiO2) with a rate of 30% at 28 days, 39% at 56 days, and 43% at 90 days. At the same time, the elements that reduce the compressive strength of concrete are (K2O, MgO, SO3, P2O5, MnO, CaO, and BOD) with a rate of 18% at 28 days, 24% at 56 days, and 29% at 90 days.

Many Radio frequency circuits such as low noise amplifiers, voltage-controlled oscillators, and RF filters need inductors for realization. Passive and spiral implementations of the inductors have many limitations precisely when these RF circuits are designed and realized as integrated circuits. Typically, standard structure realized active inductors provide a limited inductor value and quality factor. This paper presents an alternative active Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor realization based on the use of a gyrator-c configuration that is suitable for integrated circuit fabrication. A comparative study between various active inductor realization topologies is performed to obtain and improve active inductor performance. The most important parameters that have to be investigated are the quality factor, the range of inductors value at the specified operating frequency, and the self-resonant frequency. It is shown that the use of passive feedback improves active inductor performance, however large passive resistance is required that is not suitable for IC fabrication. An alternative MOS transistor and voltage divider structures are used to replace the passive feedback resistor that improves performance without requiring a large chip area for fabrication. It is also shown that different transistor dimensions and current source values result in different performance parameters. Therefore, minimized transistors dimensions are required for minimum chip area, and also minimized current values are required to minimize power consumption. It is shown that the voltage divider AI realization resulted in a significant improvement in inductance value (L=20.16 nH) and higher quality factor (Q=3.078) compared to other topologies.

This paper presents optimal power flow and short circuit analysis of an IEEE-14 bus system using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. The load flow and short circuit studies in power systems are very important for both design and operating stage performance evaluation, as well as ensuring dependable grid operations through appropriate protection scheme settings. In addition, a comparison between load flow analysis and its optimal load flow analysis, then the short circuit evaluations are carried out It is employed to determine the greatest and lowest fault currents for 3-phase and single-line to ground faults on different buses. Inductive loads that connect to the electrical system generally consume reactive power. Load flow analysis is used to calculate the voltage, the real power, and also the reactive power flow over each bus. Optimal power flow analysis is frequently used to reduce a system's fuel expenditures by minimizing actual and reactive power losses. In order to calculate protective device ratings, the IEEE-14 bus system uses maximum and minimum short circuit currents, also known as sub-transient and steady-state fault currents

An important step in the avoidance of pollution was traditionally assuming the treatment of industrial effluent. As a result, it is crucial to regularly monitor and assess wastewater treatment facilities. This study examined the efficiency of an industrial wastewater treatment plant of a Gas Company in northern Rumelia. Several samples from the plant's outlet were collected for this purpose, and nine indicators (PH, EC, TDS, SO4, Turbidity, Total Hardness, Total Bacteria, BOD5, and COD) were tested. The results of these tests were compared to the guidelines established by Iraqi Health Ministry under Law No. 25 of 1967. Two samples were taken monthly from November through March 2022 for this study. The results showed that the majority of the indicators were above Iraqi standards, with values for PH ranging from (7-8.4), EC (1680-4060 mhos/cm), TDS (1206-2890 mg/l), SO4 (360-720 mg/l), turbidity (32-70 NTU), total hardness (655-779 mg/l), total number of bacteria (245-390 cell/ml), COD (110-227 mg/l), and BOD5 (57.9-119.5). The gas company's industrial wastewater treatment plant was unable to remove pollutants from the wastewater as a result. This is because there are no secondary or biological treatment components in the treatment plant; only primary treatment components are there.