Adab AL Rafidayn

This paper aims at investigating the role played by discourse markers in organizing literary English. It is argued here that discourse organization can be achieved by different means. Discourse markers are proposed as an explanation for the construction of discourse organization and coherence. The researchers here analyzed forty-five sentences chosen purposely from the novel enlisted The Time Machine within the framework of pragmatics as a perspective. The results of the analysis reveal that discourse markers are pervasive in the language since they are important prerequisites for successful or accurate wording. They indicate the intentional as well as the structural aspect of discourse. They also guide the reader in the recognition of relations which make discourse well organized and thereby they facilitate comprehension.

The focus of the current study is to explore the implicated and obscure meaning of Thomas Hardy’s Jude the Obscure by revealing the concealed message of different struggles that Jude, the eponymous characters, has experienced. Throughout relying upon the reader-response theory, the paper attempts to provide a better understanding of the novel. It explores the different views of readers, and it looks at the deep meaning rather than the surface meaning of the text. It allows the reader to have a better understanding of the events, the struggles, issues, and the message of the story. It reflects the confrontations and hardships of modern life after the massive industrial innovations. All of these issues will be investigated by declaring the implicated meaning of the themes conveyed in Jude the Obscure. In this respect, the present study enables the reader to acquire an accurate knowledge about Hardy\'s thoughts and values of his society. Therefore, it makes the reader understand the obscured and concealed connotations. To achieve this aim, the study will conduct the reader- response theory. Furthermore, the study will tackle certain issues like women’s plight in the modern age, marriage, religion, science, education, and class division.

People who could associate between profession and literature are; amongst them , a name which is always referred to, the novelist Antoine Saint- Exupery who could employ his profession, in an airmail company in the beginning of aviation era. And this is what we notice in his novel entitled Vol de nuit which narrates the story of man's conflict with the powers of the nature for the sake of fulfilling a mission. The experiment of the risks of his exciting and terrifying job in aviation was embodied in this novel; when he passes the thunder storms in the highest location of the sky, and the elements of the changeable place, such as the dark night going through hurricanes, and confronted by the braveness of the pilots and their leader and their insist to follow their mission to deliver the airmail whatever the dangers are.
The novel is dated to the period between World War I and World War II, by a man who made aviation as his own profession beside literature, and lived and dated the history by means of his novelistic works. Narrating real events and what happens among the crew of the plane with a novelistic style that makes the reader lives within those events and reacts and experiences the feelings of those brave pilots the matter which makes him, I mean the reader, becomes lively in the middle of the event, as if he is in the plane and as if he is a member of the crew who are all suffering the dangers in the middle of the storm. As for the hero of the novel, Riviere he dreams and tries to accomplish his job in a way that touches the perfection through associating the concepts of harshness, duty and courage which the novelist surrounded one of the characters of the novel(Riviere), then making a legendary hero of this character.
As for the theme of (Love); we find it in the novel through the mutual solidarity and respect among the members of the crew of the plane, reaching to the achievement of the mission, which is delivering the message. We also find love which is mixed with worry and fear from the unknown fate and longing presented by the wife of the pilot (Fabian), who attended to the company hoping that she may hear any news about her missing husband. But silence was the answer, and she knew that waiting is useless. Here we find the contradiction between two facts; love and duty which cannot be gathered in such a profession that is always associated with dangers. Saint- Exupery tried, during all the process of the novel, to present a number of the supporting themes, such as the practical thinking and contemplating which is mixed with tiredness in moments pass repeatedly as if they are ages of worry and fear. So he presented to us the changing psychological feelings and the reactive attitudes such as anger, hopelessness and amazement sometimes which the crew faced frequently to an extent that they become an expected routine. And accordingly the novelist makes the reader active and reactive from the first moments of this flight. A group of western technological terms are mentioned repeatedly during the process of the novel concerning literature, language and the common social language, which the writer used abstractly and spontaneously in order to present the subjective and conceptual feelings of the members of the crew during hard and difficult professional moments during which the pilots deal with instruments that they put all their hops in to take them to safety shore.

This paper attempts to trace a phenomenon observed in the references of Andalusian poetry, that is the attribution of many poetical verses and pieces to more than one poet. We tried to follow as much examples as we can of this phenomenon. We tried to define the reasons standing behind each case, and we divided these reasons into four categories: Those related to the poets themselves, those related to the poems, those related to the references containing these poems and those related to the Andalusian poetesses. We then presented examples for each reason of these misattribution.
After each example we practiced different measures to define the true attribution of the verses to their original poets.

In this research ,we try to show that poetry consists of a pattern that governs it, and this pattern is represented by everything that poetry is of its linguistic, objective and artistic nature. It is the system that frames it. The paper is divided objectively and artistically . The artistic one is represented by love pattern and sequences of mask as well as deviation patterns of rhythm ,that is sound and rhythm , and we made use of the characteristics of the pattern that works with its own function explained by the analysis. In this poem, the poet invokes the story of (Qais and Layla) and takes it as a mask that addresses the bitterness of reality and conspiracies of others, and invokes traditional symbols of love in order to search for a higher value that seeks its existence and spreads its activities in our time. The poem consists of four sections, each stanza draws its connotation and moves from one section to another in the form of an objective and weighty leap through which the poet tries to present her visions and get out of the constraint of one weight to plurality, and from the restriction of time by moving from the past to the present.

The translation of introduction from one of the topics that still lacks studies, and those who dealt with the introductions focused their efforts on creative introductions and critical introductions, as for the study of the introductions to Arabic translations, they are very few, and this research seeks to study the introductions of the critic Ezzuddin Ismael to his translations, through what he presented of issues and theses in these introductions.

Dictionaries can be regarded as important sources, wide fields, and tremendous linguistic prosperities as they contain items that represent outstanding heritage. This heritage offers to us a linguistic wealth in the different fields of language. With the passage of time, the dictionaries developed and they acquired a variety of forms, and different branches, so its importance increased.
This study deals with Asahah Dictionary of Al-Jauhari, one of the important Arabic linguists in the fourth century AH, as it includes many aspects such as linguistics, grammar, and morphology. This study focuses on Al-Jauhari’s views on Diminution. Diminution is not just a change or modification in the structures and the formulas of the word, but it has many different connotations as humiliating, the reduction of number, approximating of time and place, endearment, and glorification. The scholars interested in the study of meanings through its construction and they invented special rules for this phenomenon which Al-Jauhari referred to it in his dictionary. This study aims to show this aspect focusing on Al-Jauhari’s views and the views of other scholars in order to understand the issues of Diminution which would enrich the morphological study.

The research studies the poetry of a group of Kurdish poets who organized poetry in the Arabic language, and lived under the Kurdish Hamidiyya Emirate, which was established between the fourth and eighth centuries AH in the Aqrah region in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, specifically between the Khazar and the Great Zab rivers, Its name - according to the opinion of most scholars - came from the name of the Kurdish (Hamidiye) tribe that ruled the region and established this emirate.
The research aims to study the phenomenon of the Muslim Brotherhood in the poetry of these poets, as it is the predominant poetic purpose of their poetry, and this purpose flourished in the late Abbasid era and at the beginning of the late ages, and revolves around social relations, depicting messages, congratulations and friendship, as well as apology and complaints.
As for the importance of the research, it lies in its dealing with Kurdish poets who contributed to the service of Arabic literature, and did not study their poetry.

The research studies the poetry of a group of Kurdish poets who organized poetry in the Arabic language, and lived under the Kurdish Hamidiyya Emirate, which was established between the fourth and eighth centuries AH in the Aqrah region in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, specifically between the Khazar and the Great Zab rivers, Its name - according to the opinion of most scholars - came from the name of the Kurdish (Hamidiye) tribe that ruled the region and established this emirate.
The research aims to study the phenomenon of the Muslim Brotherhood in the poetry of these poets, as it is the predominant poetic purpose of their poetry, and this purpose flourished in the late Abbasid era and at the beginning of the late ages, and revolves around social relations, depicting messages, congratulations and friendship, as well as apology and complaints.
As for the importance of the research, it lies in its dealing with Kurdish poets who contributed to the service of Arabic literature, and did not study their poetry.

Faris in his book (Al-Sahbi on the jurisprudence of the Arabic language and its issues and the Sunnahs of the Arabs in its speech). Because these investigations are of great value in the modern linguistic lesson, since all branches of linguistics are linked to connotation and to it all language systems end from phonemic, morphological, grammatical, or synthetic ... etc., in addition to that these investigations are valuable investigations that revealed the linguistic capabilities of Ibn Faris .
This study came in a variety of topics, some of which dealt with the definition of semantics and its types, and some of them revealed the semantic clues that Ibn Faris relied on in the interpretation of the meanings of the language, and some of them were concerned with semantic development, its forms and manifestations, and the last of which provided an indication of semantic relationships between expressions.
The research concluded that Ibn Faris was a skilled scholar in the various sciences of language, especially semantic ones. His book (Al-Sahbi) presented in his semantic discussion most of the topics of modern semantics, starting with the disclosure of semantics and its types and ending with the multiplicity of meaning and its change and its problems that appeared in the modern linguistic lesson.

The talk about Orientalism and Orientalism comes within a general context, around which a great debate was raised, which is the talk about the relationship between the West and the East and their various dimensions, so Orientalism has occupied a large part of the Arabic writings, because the western civilization in which Orientalism originated is the dominant civilization of the present era, and studies This research is a vision of the Spanish orientalist (Palencia), who studied Andalusian literature and stood with him in his book (History of Spanish Literature in Barcelona) which he published in 1928 AD, translated it into Arabic (Dr. Hussein Moones) in 1955 AD, and issued the second edition of it entitled (History of Andalusian Thought). ), And Venetia is one of the students of Pain Cudera shines, who called themselves (Bani Cudera or Brothers), and the research deals with the approach that was adopted by Ninthia in his book, with mentioning his views on Andalusian literature, and notes that most of the opinions are taken from the Spanish orientalist (Jersey Gomes), and this book, as the translator says, did not He received his share of appreciation and fairness, and this is what motivated us to study it, which is a comprehensive approach to Andalusian thought in all its aspects, but the research focused on the literary aspect in both its poetry and prose. As for the research plan, it consists of three axes, the first axis: deals with his method in the book, and the second: deals with his unique opinions and is taken from (Guercy Gomez), while the third: deals with the sources that he relied on in writing this book from Arabic and non-Arabic.

This research aims to study the visions and observations of Al-Azhari as one of the sources of linguistic documentation in his book (Tahdheeb Al-Linguistics), and to show the importance of these visions and observations as they are two important and basic pillars adopted by linguists, including Al-Azhari, in documenting their books and linguistic narratives.
We have focused in this research on enumerating all the visions and observations of Al-Azhari that he declared with the vision by saying: (I saw) or by watching by saying: (I saw), and we also shed light on the unauthorized views. The language, especially his visions and observations in the Badia, and we may find it in a number of texts that reinforce the vision with hearing as well.
According to what I found in the collected texts of these observations and visions, I dealt with the first requirement: (mountains, places and water), and the second requirement came under the title: (plants and trees), and the third requirement is entitled: (Arab actions, customs and traditions) and the fourth requirement was called (animals and insects) As for the fifth requirement, it was titled: (Men and their various names and descriptions), and the sixth requirement was entitled (Clothes and Clothes
As for the seventh requirement, we made sure through it to clarify some unauthorized observations, as well as some sporadic observations and visions, so its title became: (Views and Sporadic Visions( .

This study discusses the triple roots (vocabularies of ‘going’) that Ibn Faris deals with their meanings as of three original meaning. The study attempts to tackle these meaning as of one original meaning with four linguistic courses: (ba lam lam), (ha jeem jeem), (ra meem meem) and (sad fa ra). Each of the linguistic course is distributed to the original (four, five or six) meaning which are mentioned by Ibn Faris in his standards. Some of his uses are also discussed – from one linguistic use to four ones – as needed. The uses of sensual meaning are organized according to human, animal, inanimate and the uses of abstract meaning.
In the end of each meaning, the relation of linguistic uses with the original meaning concluded to originate the derivation theory and to confirm the ability to link the linguistic uses with one linguistic meaning.

Mustafa Ismail is one of the prominent figures in the history of modern Tunisia. He is one of the ministers of Tunisia in the 19th century. He held several ministerial posts during the reign of Ali Mohamed Sadiq until he became prime minister. He played a role in obstructing the reforms carried out by Khairuddin Pasha. The country through the policy of waste and extravagance, and arbitrariness in the collection of taxes towards the people of Tunisia, making his work to hand over Tunisia on a plate of gold to the French occupier. The French occupier and colonialist did not come from a vacuum or send his military forces directly to the land of Tunisia, but sought to sink them with loans and foreign debts to seize their economic capabilities, exploiting the problem of minorities and demanding the Tunisian government justice and equality in line with some tribes that live in the border between Algeria and Tunisia. Security, as well as the weakness and inefficiency of the Bey and the ruling elites who controlled the reins of government in Tunisia were the Bay how he could make the ruling genetically in his family, Minister Mustafa Ismail, the French exploited the ignorance and love of power and money He imagined that once Tunisia entered under the protection of France, France did not forget the known and become directly Baye to Tunisia, agreed with the consul of France on the conditions of the introduction of Tunisia under French protection for five million francs was conquered in 1881.

Libyan –Soviet relations were economic , commercial more than political based on mutual financial relations between both parties , not ideological harmony between two regimes, especially after the end of the momarchy with a military coup on Septempar 1st of the year 1969 and declaring of repulic with colonel Moamar Kadafi as president of Libya , the country adopted non-alignment policy specially mid 1970s . Relations got tighter between both countries until the collapse and deconsrtcution of Soviet Union in 1990 to mark the beginning of a new phase of stiffness and cold relations between both countries

The Yugoslav-American relations during the rule of Josip Broz Tito (1945-1980) were characterized by realism, as the ideological difference between the two sides, the Communist Yugoslavian and the Capitalist American, did not prevent the establishment of economic, military, political and cultural relations between the two, which were imposed by economic, security and strategic reasons. As for Yugoslavia, its exclusion from the Communist Cominform in 1948 led to placing it under economic blockade and military threat by the Soviet Union and its communist allies in Eastern Europe, so it resorted to the United States of America for help, which, in view of the strategic importance of Yugoslavia in protecting its interests in Central, Southern and Western Europe from the communist influence, responded and provided economic and military aid that contributed to the preservation of the independence and security of Yugoslavia. All seven American presidents who lived through Tito's rule period maintained close ties with Yugoslavia. Among the most important sources adopted by the research are the U.S State Department documents, which were updated and published on the ministry’s website in 2018.

By studying the Turkish political and military roles in the era of princes It became clear to me that the Turks, especially the Turkish Bejkem ,the TurkisTozon balance and Ibn Sherzad, have a wide role and influence in the Abbasid state through their control of state institutions and their role in taking over and isolating the caliphs. The position of the Emir of the Emirs has fueled the rivalry between the prince of princes and his military commanders. By the Turkish judgment, obedience to the Emir of Princes Ibn Raeeq was a leader of him and he controlled Baghdad and got the position of prince of the Princes, but the Turkish military who took over the mouth of the Prince of Princes and took control of the rule and approached the caliph Al-Mottaki Lillah to catch him and said that for fear of his affiliation with The Akhididids then forced the caliph to remove himself and the Mustakfi nominated for the caliphate, Ibn Sherzad assumed the position of Prince of Princes and increased the livelihood of soldiers significantly, as for the military role, the Turkish Bejkem fought most wars and won them,. He defeated Ibn Raeeq and the Bridies men insppite of the difficulties and expelled them from Al-Ahwaz , as for Akhshidi positive role when the caliph Mottaki Lillah called for help, Akhshidi told him to be Calip there but he refused and Fit contract with Tozon, because of that contract did not last , the caliph requsted help from Bowaihies to ending the conflicts between him and Tozon . Ahmed Bin Bowaih responded and decided to occupy Baghdad but Tozon attacked him firstly and prevented from entering Baghdad.

Greece policy has been characterized since its independence in 1830 on the project or idea of establishing Greater Greece which is known as Megali Idea and this project annexes vast lands from the north and west of Anatolia and Thrace as well as the Aegean islands and a large group of islands located in the northeastern Mediterranean to establish the Greater Greek state and restore the empire Byzantium on the pretext that its inhabitants are from Greece and speak the Greek language, and in order to establish this legislator entered into many wars with the Ottoman Empire This is if we know that these lands fall under its last sovereignty, Greece used several means in order to impose control over those lands and the G they can not control the whole of that territory.

The study aimed at identifying the communal police as a new institution for controlling social codes and its mechanisms in dealing with the latest crimes from communal police’s perspectives in Mosul. The study tackled a sample of (30) members of communal police.
The study reached found that most of prevalent crimes in the society are electronic blackmails, drugs, terrorism and human trafficking and the reasons behind them were lack of religious and security awareness, misuse of social networking sites, and poor laws.
The methods used to reporting on these crimes were through communal police offices and their forums, via mobile phones and through social media webpages.
It is also found that most of thesignificant mechanisms to deal with these crimes by the community police were friendly based problems solving. The mechanisms for analyzing and understanding the problem, and referring them tocourts were also considered.
Last but not least, spreading awareness among members of society was an additional mechanism for dealing with these crimes.

the level of quality in these libraries, which means that improving the general reality of these institutions to ensure adequate satisfaction by the beneficiaries of the services provided, and this is what has been worked on in this The research, as one of the most important quality measures in libraries and information centers was applied (LibQUAL + ®) in one of the most important and oldest central university libraries, namely, the Central Library of the University of Baghdad in its two Al-Jadiriya and Ministerial locations, and the sample of beneficiaries to whom the questionnaire was distributed reached 75 beneficiaries, and it was retrieved (68) A form from the beneficiaries distributed over the two libraries, using the case approach as a means to achieve the most important goals drawn in this research, the most prominent of which is to reach true quality levels and find appropriate solutions to remedy defects, if any, in addition to reaching the desired results from them, the most important of which were:
- There is a real gap in the library services provided, whether (the satisfaction gap) (the gap that distinguishes) the fact that the library provides services that are less than what is required by the beneficiary, or he imagines that he will receive them, and this is the most important goal achieved by the scale in reaching this result.
As for the most important recommendations, they were
- Requesting the higher administrative leaderships of universities to reconsider the support directed to these important institutions by increasing support, whether material or moral, that ultimately serves the university’s scientific research movement, which has become today one of the pillars of the international rankings of universities.

The peace-building process constitutes a new concept in spite of being holds own roots associated with theories of conflict and cooperation and integration, but that process has gained the meaning of modern and substantially since the end of the cold war, with related studies has grown concept vametzjt process expertise, which began from the united nations and its specialized agencies to be submitted for a number of guidelines and standards to end or settle disputes in accordance with the wider state of stopping violence perspective to include other aspects of the community to address and permanently reasons behind the deficit and the deterioration of nations and prevent the cycles of violence of regeneration according to the principles and mechanics and built a multi-dimensional and overlapping functions and integrated dimensional targets on all levels.
There is no doubt that the media as a general concept and overall had taken at the moment plays an influential role in the orientation of individuals and their attitudes and drafting most of the positions of individual and collective and behavior, in addition to the role of the foundation to the media varied in linking the interaction between the public sphere or the general layout and the social and political content of the communities through contemporary techniques, as it has become a media age the language and through the development of its tools and methods have become responsive to own effervescence, elements and keep up with developments of the frames of reference can pivot in addressing issues and contemporary problems and consolidate the unity of groups or knowledge production and enhance the values and promote a particular culture in community perceptions.