AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This study explores the language used in reporting political headlines conducting a rhetorical stylistic analysis. It is based on showing the effect of the rhetorical stylistic relations in news reporting. The aim is to investigate the structure adopted in reporting political news. It argues that the rhetorical stylistic devices are necessary and applicable to non-literary texts, i.e. political headlines to evaluate language use in the representation of non-literary texts. The analysis was carried out on data selected from the British broadsheet The Guardian and the American New York Times newspaper headlines. The data were examined and subjected to a contrastive analysis incorporating rhetorical and stylistic tools to discern how they are united to achieve the main purpose of language use, i.e. to persuade and grasp the reader's attention. It was found that the two newspapers tend to employ sentence structures differently in terms of nucleus and satellite relations demonstrating the significant part in a sentence. Examples of the deviation strategy of foregrounding were primarily established in the New York Times to maintain the reader's attention about the content underlying the different strategy of the two newspapers to report war circumstances. The analysis shows that rhetorical devices and stylistic features are found and closely related in newspaper articles.

Making the event in the novel is not an easy matter for the writer, as it requires intelligence, sophistication, and literary prowess in arranging it according to a special system that attracts the recipient to him and draws him to the story, and makes him interact and anticipate with the events. Motivated to continue reading, and the success of the novel is linked to the success of the writer's ability to formulate events and put them in an appropriate, coherent, and logical template.
This study seeks to shed light on the construction of the event in Al Bansion by the novelist Abdullah Al-Nuaimi, benefiting from the data of the descriptive analytical approach. It begins with an introduction to the events of the novel, then a theoretical material where the nature and importance of the fictional event is displayed .Then, a study of the types of formats used in constructing the event in the novel, and the structure of the event construction by analyzing the beginning of the novel, the plot, and finally the conclusion .

Conversation is a vital tool in communication for communicating meaningful pieces of interactions. Adjacency pairs are often seen as fundamental units in conversational organization. The form and purpose of a specific pair component, as well as the context beside the stage of the conversation, all play essential roles in determining the meaning and function of an utterance. Each pair has special intended meaning, purpose and function which cannot be fully understood without relying on the context at which the adjacency pairs appear. The present study tends to focus on adjacency pairs within sports interviews with the aim of studying these pairs pragmatically since defining the underlying expectations on which the regularities are founded is difficult. The study also aims at examining the adjacency pairs included in the exchanges between the TV interviewers as well as the footballers, finding out the communicative purposes behind the adjacency pairs usage that the player wishes to transmit when being interviewed. The method used for analysis is a mixed one (quantitative and qualitative) to analyze the latest interview for the player. The qualitative analysis examines the content of the utterances descriptively and the quantitative analysis relies on a table, under the interview, that shows the rates of the types of adjacency pairs. So, the selected interview is analyzed in terms of number, types, frequency and distribution of adjacency pairs. The adopted model is an eclectic one which composes Cook's (1989) model of Adjacency Pairs, Van Dijk's (2006) model of Context and Grice's (1975) model of Cooperative Principles.

The Fatimid states were distinguished from their predecessors by being a state based on a philosophy and a religious movement represented by the Fatimid call based on encouraging the movement of thought, culture and science.
The Fatimid state ruled fourteen caliphs and the caliph al-Mustansir Billah (427-487 AH / 1035-1094 AD) was the eighth in the succession of their successors, who is considered the longest reigning Fatimid caliph, with a succession of sixty years and four months.
The Fatimid Caliphate suffered in his succession from political, economic and social conditions that led to confusion of the internal situation in Egypt in that era, especially as he assumed power as a child unable to manage the affairs of the caliphate, so the reins of government devolved to his mother being his guardian and has remained a guardian until he reached the age of majority, as well as the Caliph Al-Mustansir fell under the influence of bad men, and perhaps the biggest manifestation of that situation is the speed of changing ministers in his reign, as they became falling Very quickly, as the ministry in his succession shifted from the ministry of the owners of pens to the ministry of the owners of swords who controlled the reins of power, and the caliphs later became a puppet in their hands moving them as they pleased .
In his caliphate, Egypt was also swept by an economic crisis that lasted for more than seven years, during which Egypt witnessed a great famine known in history books as the Mustansiriya severity.
Our choice came to study the topic tagged (political systems in the era of Al-Mustansir Billah Fatimid.
The research has proven that the period of the caliphate of al-Mustansir Billah (427-487 AH / 1035-1094 AD) was exemplary in time.
It was found through this research that the personality of the Caliph Al-Mustansir Billah was a weak-hearted personality did not play in life his role, but left it to others. The favor of the ministers owners of swords and the few owners of the pen, and explain the large number of those who took over the ministers sometimes for one day or for several days to the weakness of the caliph, as the research proved the control of ministers with swords on the reins of government and the conduct of the state and governance as they want and wish.
The research proved that the economic crisis that Egypt was exposed to in his caliphate, called the Mustansiriya severity, was very severe, as it led the Fatimid caliphate to lose its content, identity and youth and to live in long old age and was one of the reasons for the collapse of the Fatimid state and its fall in (567 AH / 1171 AD).

Le thème du conflit entre les civilisations est le sujet le plus abordé dans le roman en général et dans le roman francophone particulier. L'écrivain algérien Kateb Yacine, à travers son roman Nadjma, nous introduit dans un monde spécial tout en mettant en lueur les conflits politiques, sociaux, psychologiques et culturels qu'engendre la colonisation française en Algérie pendant plus d'un siècle.
Par les événements du roman qui se sont passés en Algérie et les réactions des personnages vers ces événements, Kateb Yacine aborde le thème du conflit comme une crise politique et culturelle entre deux civilisations différentes durant l'occupation française en Algérie qui touche directement la vie des peuples opprimés. Par conséquent, cela a entraîné un grand changement dans la construction de la société algérienne.
Kateb Yacine, avec son roman Nadjma, a décrit l'existence forcée de la colonisation française dans une nation arabe musulmane comme l'Algérie qui a des traditions et une civilisation différente. Il a voulu dévoiler l'impact négatif de l'occupation sur la vie des peuples occupés et comment ce néo-colonialisme constitue une terre fertile au conflit entre deux civilisations ; ce qui a créé un choc des civilisations que l'Algérie connaît à cette époque.
Notre étude qui porte le titre « Le conflit entre deux civilisations de l’Occident et de l’Orient dans le roman Nadjma de Kateb Yacine », a pour objectif de poser plusieurs questions comme celle du conflit entre l'Orient et l'Occident et de dévoiler les genres du conflit comme le conflit sociopolitique, le conflit socio-économique, le conflit religieux et aussi le conflit de l’identité en montrant le but de l’écrivain à l’écriture de ce roman.
Pour répondre à ces multiples questions, nous allons adopter la méthode pluridisciplinaire recouvrant le côté analytique, thématique et de la recherche, permettant de la sorte d'étaler différents points de vue dans les domaines variés comme le domaine politique, religieux, sociologique, psychanalytique et économique. Et de cette vision vient l'importance de cette étude.

The research sheds light on the modern Abrahamic claims that have emerged in recent years, according to which human brotherhood was considered a comprehensive slogan for religions that all trace back to one origin, which is the Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him). As a result, more than one Arab Islamic country signed agreements with the usurping Zionist entity under the supervision of The United States of America titled (Abraham Accords) under the pretext of peace and brotherhood and other similar titles, through which it is intended to export these concepts by turning them around and making them socially acceptable terms. The research proves that these false claims are not new, but rather have ancient and modern roots and credibility.The main goal is to know the implications of that claim and confront it consciously so that the ravages of time do not attack the emerging generation , especially the youth, and so that everything is put in its place in the light of wisdom and correct standards established in the verses of the Holy Qur’an and the hadiths of the Prophet, his family, and the chosen companions.

This paper is devoted to the technical analysis and the intellectual aspectsof the novel Resurrection by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. Resurrection is an excellent evidence that someone can write something perfect, create a masterpiece, and set his goal to create great moral truths. Tolstoy envisioned Resurrection as a moral teaching, a kind of superstructure of principles and ideals, and as a blueprint for human duties. Tolstoy created a harmonious masterpiece that is the embodiment of moderation and simplicity, yet full of life, imbued with vivid images of people, events, experiences and human emotions. Tolstoy's critical attitude towards bourgeois reality is largely reflected in Resurrection, which is rightfully considered the best work of critical realism in the late nineteenth century. The novel is a sarcastic criticism of the Church's service, and this is one of the reasons why the Synod declared Tolstoy's apostasy from the Orthodox Church.
Unlike his earlier works, such as Anna Karenina, Tolstoy in this novel immediately explains the general concept of the novel with a series of clear aphorisms. Three of them call for forgiveness , and the fourth offers Tolstoy his view of correction and improvement of personality.
The promotion of the "ideal" content in Resurrection had certain implications not only from the point of view of its ideological contradictions, but also in the field of artistic form. The content entered into a complex relationship with the artistic form, and the form of the novel was gradually reconstructed.
The seriousness of the issues raised in the novel led to changes in its structure and characterization of the characters. In Resurrection, the author's "theoretical" style is an organic part of his epistemological style and "carries" elements of his general poetic structure. At the same time, Tolstoy's thought then begins to develop in two directions: revealing and exposing the bourgeois world, and religiously educational. The artistic structure of this novel reflects the struggle between two directions - critical ("accusation") and "ideal" ("the beginning of the kingdom of God").

This research focuses on an important aspect of economic life in the Khiva region, as it centers on the most important agricultural crops in the region, which are the primary source of human and animal food, and providing raw materials for many food and other industries. Moreover, what is surplus to requirements is exported abroad, and this is a recovery for trade. Most of the population of the Khwarezm region works in agriculture due to the abundance of river as well as the fertility of the land, in addition to the livestock in the region, as the people of Khwarazm used to acquire all kinds of livestock as it is a source of food, with the abundance of raw materials for various industries such as fur, wool, and others.
The Khiva region was distinguished by its agricultural and livestock production, which met local needs and much of it sent to neighboring countries

This research is concerned with identifying the natural characteristics of the region and the climate factor and its impact on water resources and their seasonal and annual fluctuations. It is also interested in revealing the qualitative water characteristics of AL Jabbab River and its suitability for various usages, including drinking and agriculture. Therefore, water samples were collected from the studied area in January 2023, and laboratory tests were conducted to determine their suitability for the aforementioned purposes. On the other hand, it is suitable for irrigation and for irrigating animals. This was clearly reflected in the different human uses of the land and the completed and unfinished projects.

A historian’s task is serious , especially when his or her subject requires analysis of historical events. Some historians are characterized by objectivity, honesty, and accuracy. They investigate historical material and study it in depth so that they can pass their judgment based on deep knowledge and perceptive approach. Some of them are influenced by mainstream cultures and certain intellectual trends, which put the historical material at risk of inaccuracy, honesty and deviation from the historical research methodology . The harm of this approach is extremely severe especially when the writer or historian possesses a scholarly status. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the writings of Abdel Moneim Maged, one of the most prominent modern Egyptian historians, who had a diverse and significant output in Islamic history, were selected for evaluation in this study.

The pilgrimage to the holy lands in Hijaz is one of the most beloved things for the Muslim because of its spiritual, psychological and religious influence that brings him close to God Almighty, despite the difficulties and challenges represented by the distance and political turmoil at the level of the Islamic world and its challenges with the aggressors and the ongoing wars.In Andalusia this matter was considered very difficult and starting from the fifth century AH / eleventh century AD, because of the political critical situations in the Islamic world at that time.

This study is limited to Medina and the regions of the State of Islam in the era of prophecy, and the importance of the study lies in highlighting the importance of the book "Graduation of auditory indications on what was in the era of the Messenger of God of crafts, crafts and legal labors", and to identify the personality of the writer, Ali Al-Khuzaie, and to see the opinions of scholars in it, and to identify the supporting administrative conditions in the era of prophecy, and to identify the administrative development of the judiciary institution, and to identify the security conditions that were in the era of prophecy.
This study aims to introduce the development of administrative conditions in the era of prophecy, and to introduce Al-Khuza'i, the author of the book on which it was based in the study, and then to clarify the most prominent and important developments in administrative work in the era of prophecy, as well as supporting functions, without going into all the administrative references contained in the book to avoid prolongation and drowning in details.
The research has been divided into two sections in the first section talks about Al-Khuzaie and the importance of writing, and the second section dealt with the administrative functions that were in the era of prophecy and these topics are the owner of the secret and the eyebrow and the book and the governor of the market.
I have concluded many things and information that I did not know about, and it never occurred to me to look for them, and I have proven that Al-Khuzaie's book is really valuable, because of its many and comprehensive information on many topics.

The tangible cultural heritage is considered one of the most important economic resources, of which tourism is one of the most important aspects. Indeed, heritage, whether in its tangible or intangible form, is one of the cultural tributaries that form the collective memory of any nation or people. The Emirate of Sharjah has considered and preserved its heritage through the enactment of regulatory and conservation laws and legislation. Its institutions have also drawn up strategic and developmental plans for heritage areas and museums along with marketing and promoting tourism to them. Despite the efforts of the Emirate of Sharjah through its institutions to plan and implement tourism projects based on the sustainability and preservation of the tangible cultural heritage, there is a lack of studying the impact of these projects on preserving the heritage. Hence, it was necessary to study these projects. The study depended on the descriptive analytical approach and was conducted on a sample of (144) single professionals in tourism companies and hotel employees in the Emirate of Sharjah working in the Department of Tourism Promotion and Reservations. The sample also included employees of the Sharjah Heritage Institute. The results displyed that there is a strong correlation between the variable of tourism development projects and its impact on preserving the tangible heritage in the Emirate of Sharjah, as the correlation coefficient reached (0.890). which is a strong direct relationship and is a statistically significant value. Besides, it indicates the association between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The study recommends developing existing laws and legislation and issuing guiding instructions for methods and methods of preserving heritage by using artificial intelligence techniques. Together with the development of periodic control methods based on modern technology, greater adherence is given to guiding standards to reduce pollution. Moreover, the adoption of means of transport that preserve more tangible heritage.

Critical theory developed by the pioneers of the Frankfurt School dates back to 1923 when the Institute for Social Research was founded in Frankfurt after World War I. The founders and members of the Institute sought to know and understand social life as well as to reveal the contradiction between the abundance of resources and the enormous scale of misery and misery, between technological capabilities and the widespread exploitation and destruction, between the supposed freedom of man and the prevailing authoritarian tendency, between free exchange and social injustice, between the free economy and monopoly, and between the world of Man and the world of capital, between the independence of art and its commodification and objectification, and between the supposed enlightenment and emancipatory role of the culture industry and its falsification of consciousness and suppression of difference. Thus, the members of the school were interested in the theoretical framing of new forms of state monopoly capitalism, cultural industry, authoritarian personality, and patterns of oppressive social control, within the framework of social criticism that aims for comprehensive radical change.

The current study aimed to know the level of social support and psychological immunity among a sample of refugee women in the Palestinian refugee camps. It also aimed to uncover the statistically significant differences at the level of social support and psychological immunity according to the two variables of age and the educational level, and to ascertain also the predictive ability of social support in the psychological immunity. The sample of the study consisted of 228 refugee women in Jenin refugee camp who were chosen by the random sample method. The results of the study showed that the level of social support and psychological immunity was high. The study concluded that there are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05≤ a) in the level of social support and psychological immunity among the refugee women which are ascribed to the variable of age. However, the results indicated that there are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of (0.05≤ a) in the psychological immunity among the refugee women which are ascribed to the variable of (educational level). Nevertheless, there are differences in the level of social support which are ascribed to the variable of educational level in favour of the master’s degree and above. The study also concluded that the social support has a predictive ability which is statistically significant in the level of psychological immunity among the refugee women.

Through field research, it was found that there was inefficiency in the distribution of community centers for autism disorder in Baghdad/Rusafa , and centered on one municipality rather than another. In addition, the standards set by the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs were distinguished by being fixed and within flexible conditions and controls for establishing these institutes and private centers that are eligibil for autism disorder. As for the sample size, it was random by relying on the institute students who were actually present during the study for the year 2021-2022, and studying all of their behavior through the questionnaire, in addition to questions that were related to the heads of the family of the child with autism. It was found that most of them were earners, at a rate of (25%) of the total sample size. Most of them were forced to place their children in private autism institutes to treat their children, which costs significant amounts of money, in addition to the exorbitant costs of treatment. This will be the opposite if a government institute contained those children .

Abstract
This research aims to know the strategic importance enjoyed by the eastern Mediterranean region, which is considered one of the vital and strategic regions in the world, due to the great natural resources it contains of oil and gas on the one hand, and its geographical location that connects most parts of the world on the other hand, which is a vital corridor for oil and gas supplies to Europe and the world. According to the statements published by the US Geological Survey in 2010, which states that the region contains huge resources of oil and gas, estimated at about (10 trillion cubic meters) of gas and 1.7 billion barrels of oil reserves, whose value ranges between $700 billion and 3 trillion dollars according to the changing crude prices. This recent discovery has made it a central region for future energy and the main and economic goal of the regional and global powers, so the differences, insecurity and conflicts among the countries of the eastern Mediterranean region, such as the Turkish-Cypriot and the Israeli-Lebanese conflict, in addition to the tension in The Egyptian-Turkish relations, has kept the region away from building a stable environment for energy investment, which prompted the formation of alliances and blocs among the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean region and other regional and international parties to control and win this vital region, and that this competitive scene has become the most expressive evidence of the map of alliances The new regionalism in the region and the struggle of the regional centers over these large oil and gas resources, whose productivity exceeds the level of Gulf and Russian production. This research dealt with four topics preceded by an introduction and a theoretical framework, where the first topic dealt with the geographical location of the eastern Mediterranean region and its strategic, political, military and economic security importance, while the second topic dealt with regional and international actors in the eastern Mediterranean region, while the third topic dealt with the regional conflict over the demarcation of borders the navy in the eastern Mediterranean. As for the fourth topic, it dealt with the future of the regional conflict in the eastern Mediterranean. The research concluded with the most important findings.

The study showed the importance of the use of chemical and organic fertilizers in the development of agricultural production and development in a manner commensurate with the needs of agricultural crops, to obtain the highest production and productivity of agricultural crops in the study area, because of its great importance in providing food to the population, which is increasing significant. As the study concluded a set of results showed the importance of using them, and that production can be increased in quantity and quality by following modern agricultural systems, which improve soil properties, by using chemical fertilizers that do not lead to the accumulation of toxic elements in the soil. The study showed the importance of using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers to reduce the environmental and healthy damages of chemical fertilizers.

The plastic industry is one of the basic and vital chemical industries because of its important role in the national economy and the enhancement of national income and its importance in attracting numbers of manpower, in addition to its importance to other industries due to the existence of industrial links among them.
The importance of plastic industries in the study area, Baghdad, lies in the availability of most of the natural and human ingredients , as the city of Baghdad constitutes an important geographical location with many foundations that pave the way for the establishment and development of the plastic industry.
Plastic industries, like other industries, suffer from many problems, so they will be studied and appropriate solutions will be developed to eliminate these problems or reduce them as well as knowing the pollutants resulting from the plastic industries and their impact on Baghdad.Moreover, using SWOT analysis to know the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats points for this industry to develop and improve it in the future.

After identifying the morphometric characteristics of the Tanjiro Basin and its secondary basins and the natural situation of the region, it becomes necessary to study the hydrological characteristics of the basin because it has important hydrological indications about the drainage basins, as it is a reflection of the climatic and topographical conditions of the basins in the study area, and the study of these characteristics contributes to predicting the amount of water flow of the basin, which are important in determining the possibility of water harvesting in the basin, its quantity and investments on the one hand, and preventing flood risks on the other hand due to its importance in determining the extent of benefiting from water in the field of development and human uses

Wheat rust diseases are considered one of the serious fungal diseases, and it is one of the most harmful diseases on the wheat crop. (25-3°C( and moderate nights (15-20 °C). This disease is suitable for continuous humidity in the air, rainfall in spring, and warm weather, as well as leaf rust (orange) with high humidity, with a large difference between day and night temperatures. The temperature ranges from (20-25) during the day, from (15-20) at night, and the strength of the infection varies from one season to another according to the appropriate environmental conditions for the spread of the disease and the spread of uremic germs. As for yellow rust, it is affected by three climatic elements: wind, temperature and humidity.The disease occurs when Bacteria goes down on the leaves with temperatures suitable for the disease from (6-12) C at night and (12-18 C) during the day, and high humidity with a large difference between the night and day temperature plays a major role in the occurrence of yellow rust.