Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry

Background: To assess the alveolar bone crest level (ABCL) by Cone Beam
Computed Tomography (CBCT) and to investigate several variables as predictors for the
height of the alveolar bone in adolescents. Materials and methods: Age, sex, and ethnic groups
were recorded for each patient. CBCT images were used to obtain measurements of the interproximal alveolar bone level from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest. The
highest measurement in each sextant was recorded along with any presence of a vertical bone
defect or calculus. Results: Total of 720 measurements were recorded for 120 subjects. No vertical bony defects or calculus were observed radiographically. Statistically significant (P< 0.05)
differences were observed between ABCL measurements of males as compared to females,
posterior teeth compared to anterior teeth and maxillary sextants in comparison to mandibular ones. Additionally, value of ABCL significantly increased in relation to sex (r=0.309), maxillary posterior (r=0.509) and mandibular posterior sextants (r=0.506). Linear regression analysis indicated that the latter variables can predict the height of marginal bone, other independent variables were considered redundant. Conclusions: There was a low-profile of marginal bone loss among adolescents. Male sex, posterior teeth, and maxillary teeth have higher
tendency for decreasing alveolar bone height.

Background: Although the new treatment methods developed in recent years
are aiming to minimize the need for cooperation of the patients; however, the latter still important factor the treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the cooperation level of
Class III malocclusion patients with orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: This study
followed a cross-sectional style; the targeted population was patients with Class III malocclusion who were treated with three different types of orthopaedic appliances. Four questionnaires were delivered to the patient, patient’s parents, and orthodontists. Statistical analyses
of the study were performed with SPSS 20.0 software. Descriptive analyses were presented
using frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Results: The study included a
total of 183 orthodontic patients in the final analysis. Slightly more than half of the participants
were females (52.46%; n=96) and the rest were male (47.54%; n=87). The highest frequency
according to the device type was FM (50.8%) followed by CC (31.1%) while FM+RME wearer
was 18.1%. Male expressed significantly higher (p <0.05) cooperation and tendency levels towards treatment than females. Cooperation level was also significantly associated with the
parents’ monitoring and motivation. Conclusion: Males had higher levels of treatment desire
and cooperation than females during the treatment of Class III malocclusion. In addition, results emphasized the role of the motivational effect of the parent on the positive cooperation
of the patients.

Background: Squamous cell carcinoma is a disease of elderly peopleand it is
uncommon in people with less than 40 years old; however many literatures revealed that tumor
developing in patients younger than forty years appears more aggressive at the time of diagnosis.
The purpose of the present study was to focus on the clincopathological features of the oral SCC
in different age groups. Material and methods: In this study thirty five cases of paraffin embedded
tissue blocks of oral squamous cell carcinoma were studied. The age range was from 16 to 80 years.
The clinicopathological data were recorded for evaluating the tumor characters according to age
of patients. Results : The age was not significantly correlated to the clinicopathological features
that involved the gender of the patients, anatomical site of the tumor, perineural invasion ,
histological grading and staging.

Background: The insertion torque (IT) values and implant stability
quotient (ISQ) values are the measurements most used to assess primary implant
stability. This study aimed to assess the relationship between ISQ values and IT.
Materials and methods: This study included 24 patients with a mean (SD) age of 47.9
(13.64) years (range 25-75 years). The patients received 42 dental implants (DI), 33 in
the mandible and 9 in the maxilla. The DI were installed using the motorized method
with 35 Ncm torque, When DI could not be inserted to the requisite depth by the
motorized method, a hand ratchet was used and the IT was recorded as ˃ 35 Ncm.
Implant stability was measured utilizing Osstell® ISQ. The secondary stability was
measured after 16 weeks postoperatively.Results: The DI installed in mandible
demonstrated significantly higher primary stability ISQ values than those installed in
maxilla (P=0.0101). There was no such significant correlation linked between the
secondary stability and the recipient jaw (P=0.2026). A non-significant correlation was
found between the primary and secondary implant stability ISQ values and IT
(P=0.2785 and 0.4194, respectively). No significant difference was reported regarding
the IT relative to the recipient jaw of DI (P=0.1349).Conclusion: This study
demonstrated that there was no relationship between the ISQ values and the IT, and
that they should be used independently. DI installed in mandible demonstrated
significantly higher primary stability ISQ values than those installed in maxilla. Also,
there was a non-significant correlation of the secondary stability and IT with the
recipient jaw.

Background: The world is in front of two emerging problems being scarceness
of virgin resources for bioactive materials and the gathering of waste production. Employment of the surplus waste in the mainstream production can resolve these problems. The current study aimed to prepare and characterize a natural composite CaO-SiO2 based bioactive
material derived from naturally sustained raw materials. Then deposit this innovative novel
bioactive coating composite materials overlying Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia substrate. Materials and method; Hen eggshell-derived calcium carbonate and rice husk-derived
silica were extracted from natural resources to prepare the composite coating material. The
manufactured powder was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size analyzer. The bioactive composite was deposited through
radiofrequency (Rf) reactive magnetron sputtering overlying disc-shaped samples with a dimension of 10 mm diameter were prepared from partially sintered Yttria-stabilized tetragonal
zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP). Results: The particle size of the rice husk-derived ranged between (480.4 – 606.1) nm with a mean particle diameter of 541 nm. The eggshell derived calcium carbonate powder presented a particle size between (266.4-336) nm and a mean particle
diameter of 299.9 nm. The XRD data revealed the crystalline nature and phase composition of
the natural prepared calcium carbonate powder and demonstrate the monocrystalline nature
of natural SiO2. FTIR spectrometer showed the emergence of novel spectra separated from
the two innovative components. XRF analysis revealed that 99.4% of the rice husk is SiO2
while eggshell-derived powder is mainly composed of calcium oxide. Fe-SEM images of the
coated zirconia exhibited average thickness of the natural CaCO3/SiO2 coat layer may reach
to12.84 µ. Conclusion: The prepared composite derived from natural resource waste is suitable to be utilized as a coating material for ceramic dental implants with promising biological
and mechanical properties.

Background: White spot lesion is the first visible sign of dental caries that is
characterized by demineralized lesion underneath an intact surface. Several studies demonstrated that they could be treated using noninvasive techniques like the use of fluoride or
casein phosphopeptide and amorphous calcium phosphate. Improvement in aesthetic outcomes by covering the demineralized enamel is one of the advantages of the use of resin
infiltration and opalustre microabrasion, which are two new techniques that had been used
for treatment of white spot lesion. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of
resin infiltration and microabrasion in the microhardness of the artificial white spot lesions at
various depths. Material and method: Forty-eight artificially white spot lesions were divided
into three groups (n=16) according to the depth of the lesion (shallow enamel, deep enamel,
shallow dentine). Then, each of the main groups was divided into two subgroups (n = 8), the
first group was treated with resin infiltration, while the second one was treated with Opalustre microabrasion. Assessment of the microhardness was done using Vickers hardness at
the baseline, after demineralization (formation of the white spot lesion) and after the treatment with the resin infiltration and the microabrasion. Results: There was a significant
difference in the microhardness of all the layers after demineralization. Although the hardness values that found among the icon group in the inner enamel and the outer dentine were
higher than that of the opalustre, statistically there was no significant difference between the
two materials in all the layers of the white spot lesion. Conclusion: Microhardness values
decrease as the depth of the white spot lesion increase. There was an increase in the microhardness values after the treatment with the resin infiltration and the microabrasion.

Background: Obesity increases the host’s susceptibility by modulating
the immune and inflammatory systems in a manner that predisposes to inflammatory
tissue destruction and leaves an individual at greater risk of periodontitis. Melatonin is
a pineal secretory product involved in numerous actions, such as regulation of internal
biological clocks and energy metabolism, and it functions as an antioxidant and antiinflammatory agent. There exists a substantial amount of evidence supporting the
beneficial effect of melatonin supplementation on obesity and its complications. Aim of
the study: To investigate the effects of systemic melatonin intake on periodontal health
status and lipid profiles in obese periodontitis patients. Subjects and methods: Subjects
included in the study were distributed into the following groups: Group I, 20 subjects
with normal weight and healthy periodontium (controls) not subjected to any
treatment. Group II: 30 obese periodontitis patients subjected to scaling and root
planing (SRP) only. Group III: 30 obese periodontitis patients subjected to SRP and
supplemented with 5mg melatonin tablets for 1 month. Study groups subjected to
estimation of plaque index (PLI), bleeding on probing (BOP), cholesterol (chol),
triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
at baseline and after 4 weeks recall visit. Results: Regarding the clinical parameters, the
second visit exhibited decreasing in all parameters in both study groups except BOP
score 0 were it increased significantly. Regarding lipid profiles, the second visit showed
decreasing in all profiles except HDL where it increased in both study groups with a
significant difference. All correlations between lipid profiles in recall visit in both study
groups exhibited a positive significant correlation between chol and TG, chol and LDL,
LDL and TG in group III. In group II all results exhibited a positive significant
correlation, whereas the only strong negative correlation was found between chol and
HDL, HDL and LDL. Conclusion: Daily supplementation with 5mg melatonin tab
significantly improved periodontal health and reduced chol, TG, LDL with increasing
HDL.

Background: Fruits and their by-products are the primary sources of bioactive
chemicals in plants. Because of its phytochemical richness, Annona squamosa fruits have
gained the alertness of people willing in health-promoting diets. The purpose of this in vitro
study was to evaluate the cytocompatibility effect of ethanolic crude extract of Annona squamosa pulp against a human normal cell line as a mouthwash for children. Material and
method: The ethanolic extract of Annona squamosa pulp was extracted using the ultrasonic
method and then lyophilized to make it powder. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-
diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) test was performed to investigate the cytotoxic activity of
the pulp extract on a human normal cell line derived from human dermal fibroblast, neonatal
(HDFn). Plates were then incubated with 5% CO2 at 37°C For the following concentrations
(400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 g/ml). Each concentration, as well as the positive control
chlorhexidine, and the negative control cells without tested material, were tested in triplicate.
Results: No significant difference was found between the cytotoxicity of the ethanol crude
extract of Annona squamosa and a chlorhexidine (P = >0.05) against human dermal fibroblast
of neonate cells, with IC50 (50% growth inhibition of cells) values of 235.4 μg/mL while chlorhexidine had an IC50 of 97.8 μg/mL. Conclusion: Annona squamosa extract is more safe and
has less cytotoxicity than chlorhexidine. So, to overcome the problems of chlorhexidine,
herbal mouthwash formulations could be utilized as an alternative mouthwash.