Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of in vitro
long-term simulation of oral conditions on the bond strength of PEEK CAD/CAM lingual
retainers. Material and methods: The sample consisted of 12 PEEK CAD/CAM retainers each
composed of 2 centrally perforated 3x4mm pads joined by a connector. They were treated by
98% sulfuric acid for 1 minute and then conditioned with Single Bond Universal and bonded
to the lingual surface of premolar teeth by 3M Transbond TM System. Half of the retainers
were artificially aged using a 30-day water storage and 5000 thermocycling protocol before
bond strength testing to compare with the non-aged specimens. Results: The artificially aged
retainers showed a marginally lower bond strength than the non-aged retainers. However,
independent sample t-test indicated that this difference was statistically not significant.
Conclusion: The durability of the PEEK lingual retainer adhesive system has been confirmed
using the well-known oral simulating artificial aging protocol of water storage and thermocycling.

Background: Polishing technique for acrylic resin material have great effect on
properties of acrylic material and bacterial colonization such as staphylococcus aurous, which
are responsible for many acrylic prosthetic infections such as the commonly ocular infections.
Ineffective polishing technique could affect roughness and subsequently porosity of acrylic
materials.So, a new effective method for polishing acrylic was used depending on the use of
optiglaze coating material. So, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of optiglaze polishing
on porosity of acrylic resin material and staphylococcus aurous activity in comparison to conventional polishing technique. Materials and methods: Specimen(n=120) were prepared :20
specimens constructed as circle shaped diameter 30mm with 1 mm thickness for porosity
test (10 control polishing by conventional technique and 10 polishing by optiglaze technique).
Other 82 specimens were prepared as circle specimen (6mm diameter and 1mm thickness) for
sensitivity and adherences test ( each test have 20 specimens10 control and 10 optiglaze) and
42 specimens for viability test for three dilution,21 specimens for control and 21 for optiglaze
(7 specimens for each dilution). Porosity were tested by light microscopic while agar well
technique, adherence test and viability count test were tested for antibacterial activity of
optiglaze against staphylococcus aurous. Result: The high mean value for porosity test was
recorded by control while low mean value was recorded by optiglaze group with significant
differences between them. Sensitivity and adherence test high mean value recorded by
optiglaze with highly significant differences in comparison to control. Viability count test all
dilution 10-7
,10-6
, 10-5 showed highly significant reduction in viability count of staphylococcus
aurous by optiglaze group in comparison to control. Conclusion Polishing technique by
Optiglaze significantly decrease porosity of acrylic resin and this method inhibited growth of
staphylococcus aurous, and decrease its viable count (have antibacterial effect) but had less
effect in adherence of this bacterial in comparison to control.

Background: Oral pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a clinicopathological entity that
could develop due to the reaction to a variety of stimuli, such as low-grade local irritation,
traumatic damage, and hormonal stimulation. There are two histopathological types of pyogenic granuloma; lobular type -capillary hemangioma (LCH) and non-lobular type; with
PG,LCH has highly vascular, diffuse capillary growth while non- lobular variant mimicking
granulation tissue with heavily inflammated stroma. The study aims were to review the
clinical and histopathological spectrum of an oral pyogenic granuloma from different intraoral sites in order to avoid diagnostic pitfalls associated with similar morphological lesions and to determine whether lobular and non-lobular histopathological subtypes being
distinct entities. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of eighty formalin-fixed
paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (40 cases each of males and females) were retrieved from
the archives of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology at the University of Baghdad, from 1979 to
2017. According to Mills et al., criteria for lobular capillary hemangioma description, the
diagnosis of each case was confirmed by the examination of Hematoxylin and Eosin stained
sections by an expert pathologists. Results:The present result revealed that patients with oral
pyogenic granuloma were with age range from 12 to 59 years, with a mean of 30.57 years.
Fourty nine cases (61.25%) out of eighty were of lobular pattern and 31 cases (38.7%) of
non-lobular pattern type PG. The most common site of LCH was in the buccal mucosa, 12
cases (75%), while higher case numbers were observed in the 21-30 year age group. There
were non-significant differences between lobular and non-lobular pattern prevalence regarding age groups and between other studied variables. Conclusio: It has been proposed
that LCH and non-LCH subtypes reflect distinct phases in the development of a single lesion,
which exhibits variable degrees of proliferative, angiogenic, and inflammatory activities.

Background: The best material for dental implants is polyetherketoneketone
(PEKK). However, this substance is neither osteoinductive nor osteoconductive, preventing
direct bone apposition. Modifying the PEKK with bioactive elements like strontium hydroxyapatite is one method to overcome this (Sr-HA). Due to the technique's capacity to provide
better control over the coating's properties, RF magnetron sputtering has been found to be a
particularly useful technique for deposition. Materials and methods : With specific sputtering
conditions, the RF magnetron technique was employed to provide a homogeneous and thin
coating on Polyetherketoneketone substrates.. the coatings were characterized by Contact angle, adhesion test, X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscope and Elemental Analysis
with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Results : indicated that strontium hydroxyapatite had
successfully deposited onto the surface with significant improvement in the wettability value
to provide a suitable environment for cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation Conclusion: Coating PEKK with RF magnetron sputtering can provide homogeneous
surfaces laying the groundwork for improving PEKK's potential bioactivity, such as surface
wettability. Wetting qualities are critical in implantable materials and are used to predict future osseointegration success.

Background: Pain is one of the most reported side effects of orthodontic treatment despite the advanced technology in orthodontics. Many analgesics have been introduced to control orthodontic pain including acetaminophen and selective and nonselective
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The great concern about these drugs is their adverse
effect on rate of teeth movement. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of acetaminophen, ibuprofen and etoricoxib on pain perception and their influence on the rate of teeth movement during leveling and alignment stage. Methods: Forty
patients were evenly and randomly distributed in a blinded way to one of four groups: placebo (starch capsules), acetaminophen 500mg thrice daily, ibuprofen 400mg thrice daily, and
etoricoxib 60mg once daily. The drugs were given one hour before bonding and archwire
placement and continued for three days. A visual analogue scale was used to express pain
levels before and after archwire placement, on the first, second, third, and seventh day. Little’s
irregularity index was measured before bonding and at every activation visit until the end of
the alignment and leveling stage. Results: All three drugs showed a lower pain level than
placebo at the bonding and first activation visits. Etoricoxib showed the least pain level among
other drugs followed by ibuprofen. No statistically significant differences were found between the drug groups and the placebo at the second and third activation visits. No statistically significant differences were detected between the 4 experimental groups concerning the
rate of teeth movement. Conclusions: The three drugs were only effective in controlling pain
during the first two visits of orthodontic treatment; and etoricoxib 60mg/day was the best. All
three drugs had no influence on rate of teeth movement when used in their least recommended dose.

Background:SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused a global pandemic that continues to negatively impact human health. A large group of microbial domains including bacteria
co-evolved and interacted in complex molecular pathogenesis along with SARS-CoV-2. Evidence suggests that periodontal disease bacteria are involved in COVID-19, and are associated
with chronic inflammatory systemic diseases. This study was performed to investigate the
association between bacterial loads of Porphyromonas gingivalis and pathogenesis of SARSCoV-2 infection. Fifty patients with confirmed COVID-19 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase
chain reaction, their age ranges between 20-76 years, and 35 healthy volunteers (matched accordingly with age and sex to the patients) participated in this case control study. Oral hygiene
status was determined by the simplified oral hygiene index. Blood and saliva samples were
obtained from patients and controls, Porphyromonas gingivalis quantification from extracted
DNA of blood and saliva samples performed by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction. The present result revealed that the quantity of salivary Porphyromonas gingivalis was
significantly higher (p=0.003) in the patients’ group than in the controls group, while there
was no significant difference in the number of bacteria in the blood samples between the two
groups. Moreover, the number of bacteria in severe cases was higher than that in moderate
and mild with no significant differences, and there was a significant increase in the number
of bacteria among patients with poor oral hygiene compared to patients with good oral hygiene. This study demonstrated that the high level of salivary Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients increases in number with disease severity, which may indicate that bacterial infections
contribute to the spread of the disease.

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function with
diabetes and hypertension as the leading cause. Chronic kidney disease is one of these systemic diseases that can affect salivary contents. Aims: This study aimed to assess salivary
immunoglobulin A, interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in chronic kidney disease patients
on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment in comparison with control subjects.
Materials and methods: Ninety subjects were included in this study divided into three
groups: 30 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis for at least 6 months ago; 30
patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment and 30 healthy control subjects. Secretory immunoglobulin A, interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in saliva samples
were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA. Results: No significant difference in salivary immunoglobulin A level among study groups was seen. A significant
increase in salivary interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in both chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment compared to the control group.
While, no significant salivary IL-6 and CRP differences were seen between both patient
groups, on hemodialysis and conservative treatment. Conclusions: There was no significant
difference among chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis, on conservative treatment and control healthy subjects regarding to salivary IgA while Salivary interleukin -6 and
C- reactive protein was significantly higher in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment compared to healthy subjects.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulted from aggravated immune response to a dysbiotic subgingival microbiota of a susceptible host. Consequences of
periodontitis are not only limited to the devastating effect on the oral cavity but extends to
affect general health of the individual and also exerts economic burdens on the health systems
worldwide. Despite these serious outcomes of periodontitis; however, they are avoidable by
early diagnosis with proper preventive measures or non-invasive interventions at earlier
stages of the disease. Clinically, diagnosis of periodontitis could be overlooked due to certain
limitations of the conventional diagnostic methods such as periodontal charting and radiographs. Utilization of readily available biomarkers in the oral biofluids represents a potential
opportunity to overcome these issues. This topic received great attention in the last decades
and one of these biomarkers is matrix metalloproteinase 9 which is highlighted in this review
as one of the candidates that can be used for diagnosis of periodontal diseases.