Iraqi Journal for Administrative Sciences

Using a very broad definition, a market is a place that puts sellers and buyers in communication with one another, where prices are discovered, and where ownership may be transferred. This applies to every market, small or big, and the futures markets everywhere. In general, the economic function of marketing adds space and time utility to a commodity or asset. The important role of futures markets is facilitating the time dimension of marketing by permitting buyers and sellers to conduct transactions calling for delivery at some future date. This is accomplished using specific trading rules and regulations laid down by the exchange bylaws. These rules, the exchange's highly formalized and organized nature, and the characteristics of futures contracts make the market unique. Thus, this paper aims to present the most important fundamentals of commodity futures markets theoretically. This paper has reached many conclusions. Most important among them is the futures market doing social functions that serve some social purpose. It would most likely have passed from existence some time ago if it did not. Futures markets are meeting the needs of three groups of futures market users: those who wish to discover information about future prices of commodities, those who want to speculate, and those who wish to hedge. That means the main three functions of futures markets are hedging, price discovery, and speculation. The paper approaches many recommendations. Most important is a necessity to satisfy all the needed requirements to establish such a market in Iraq and prepare an encouraged investment climate to attract the international financial institutions which play a crucial role in inducing a market's trading activities and activating its global presence instead of constrain it and make it like the narrow local model of markets, especially with outstanding physical base of Iraq (in the crude oil field at least) which can be modified to success such proposal.

The research exchanged an analysis of the relationship between training and development strategies in the Technical Education Authority in Iraq, which is based on the concept that strategy of all kinds is the expression of the organization's response to its environment with its charactaristics, including environmental change. It has a situational view that calls for compatibility between them and an attempt to benefit from the directives of the strategic approach as a contemporary perspective in the sciences of management and behaviour. Organizational. It seeks to create an objective conception of the questions below that express the essence of the problem, which are:
1- What environmental changes have occurred in the technical education environment in the Republic of Iraq?
2- What type of training and development strategies should the strategic leadership of technical education organizations choose?
3- What is the relationship between environmental changes and training and development strategies?
A plan was adopted for the study that included several independent and dependent variables. Then, its hypotheses were tested after selecting a sample of colleges and technical institutes' deans. Information was collected using the questionnaire as a tool for gathering information, and a set of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is the existence of a significant correlation between the variables of the study and the occurrence of the phenomenon of environmental change is The result of the dynamics of changes occurring in the environment.
Finally, several recommendations were considered regarding adopting development and training strategies.

The research focuses on studying the impact of the Iraqi customer's characteristics as a factor influencing consumer behaviour to determine the effect of these characteristics in determining preferences for quality dimensions in the Iraqi market.
The independent variable (personal characteristics) included four sub-variables (age, gender, income, and educational attainment). In comparison, the dependent variable (good quality dimensions) included eight sub-variables: (performance, reliability, secondary characteristics, durability, conformity, shape, serviceability). , perceived quality. The research proved the following:
Some personal characteristics (income, age, educational attainment) affect consumer behaviour.
The Iraqi customer's interest focused on five dimensions that influence the determination of his preferences, according to the following sequence:
a. Performance b. Durability c. Reliability d. Secondary characteristics e. the shape.

The present study sheds light on one of the important technical styles used efficiently in stock markets. A sample of four companies registered in the Amman stock market has been chosen. These companies are representatives of all Jordanian economic sects.
The study covers the task in the months of 2006. The programmer MATLAB 7, O has been conducted to conduct the study analysis.
It is hypothesized that the Japanese wax style helps those working in the stock market to read the movement and direction of the prices of shares, which would decrease risks and increase profits.
The study concludes the following :
1- The Japanese wax maps are considered an important tool in technical analysis if they are correctly read. Sometimes, they are not dependable in making a certain viewpoint concerning prices. Dealers in stock markets are advised to adopt more than one style to build a clear strategy for investment.
2- Some shares of the sample might be reflexive or optimistic. That is to say, when the share goes up, it will reflect and go down and vice versa. This would enable dealers to use it when analyzing the movement of the prices of the company's shares.
3- Some shares are continuous. That is when the share price goes up .it will continue going up, and when it goes down, it will keep going down. This trend might be repeated for the prices of some of the company's shares .chance. It is probable to depend on it as a guide in the investment processor.

The problem of this research comes up with the result that not considering the concept of opportunity cost as an important part of the costs, not mentioning it in the performance reports, and depending only on the explicit expenses will lead to veiling an important part of the relevant costs, then the inability of the management, in different levels, to take any right decision and imposing aware control.
This research presents a theoretical and practical study regarding applying a responsibility accounting system based on opportunity cost.
The research depends on the following hypothesis: - "Taking the concept of opportunity cost and making it appear in the performance reports will ensure relevant information that will assist the management in its different levels to make the right decisions and imposing awarded control through relying on the multiple linear regression to define the variable cost for each product, and the use of linear programming to define the best available alternative opposite to the company".
The research is divided into paragraphs dealing with the research methodology, previous studies, the opportunity cost, the explicit and implicit costs, a relationship of the opportunity cost with concepts of responsibility accounting and profit centres and control reports, the limitation of variable cost for each product following the multiple linear regression model, preparing the ideal production plan for the year 2007 to the sample company using the linear programming model, applying the responsibility accounting system which is based on opportunity cost, and the important conclusions that revealed by the study and giving the suggested recommendations.

The world has recently witnessed the opening of global markets to the flow of capital, goods, and services with complete freedom. Countries are racing to join the World Trade Organization and the European Union to obtain economic gains. Developing countries have joined developed countries in entering those markets. This means that governments will change the methods of managing the national economy by reducing restrictions on exchanging capital, goods, and services. Here, our local organizations are exposed to intense competition from foreign organizations due to the lifting of the protection that the government had imposed in favour of local organizations, which will be reflected in their market share. The time has come for our national organizations to think about the necessity of rushing to global markets. This requires developing their working methods to achieve a competitive advantage that enables them to enter those markets, in addition to the necessity of remaining in our local markets due to the threat from foreign organizations, and the industry does not exist. Banking is more sensitive to this challenge than it is to these changes due to the nature of its activity in providing credit and other banking operations to complete international commercial transactions. Therefore, it will be exposed to economic risks, which are concerned with studying the impact of fluctuations in exchange rates on the current and future cash flows of the operations it carries out. Banks outside their national borders, which is reflected in the prices of their shares in the financial markets, negatively or positively, and thus on their market value.
This is an attempt to identify which banks are more exposed to exchange rate risk, those that engage in local activity only or those that have local and foreign activity, to inform our organizations of the risks that they will face in the future and adapt to them in a way that serves their survival. Therefore, the research was divided into: first, the research methodology that included the problem, importance, hypothesis, and objectives of the study. The scientific method, population, and sample of the research. Secondly, the theoretical aspect included the exchange rate and its problem, the factors affecting it, and a definition of exchange rate risk and methods of analyzing it. Thirdly, it dealt with the applied aspect. Fourthly, it included the most important conclusions and recommendations.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the chief factors in development in both developed and developing countries and, at the same time, is an indication to open up a country’s economic variables in a global market mechanism and adopt policies of economic reform and integration into the global economy and the growing role of corporate citizenship and autonomous increase in financial flows between countries.
Research aimed at finding and expelling factors attracting foreign direct investment FDI in the governorates of the Euphrates Awset. After reviewing the concept of foreign direct investment, relevance and discussing the most important positive and negative impacts him. The discussion covered the investment environment in the provinces of the Euphrates Awset by focusing on the most important factors attracting and expelling investment, then discussing the negative and positive aspects of foreign investment in the governorates mentioned.

The conflict has received wide attention from writers and researchers. Administrative schools reflected a clear difference regarding conflict and its role in the behaviour of individuals and organizations, as the classicists viewed it as a negative force that must be avoided and prevented from occurring as much as possible, and the behavioralists viewed it as something undesirable.
Today, the view on conflict has differed greatly, as it is seen not only as something that cannot be avoided but as something desirable. Therefore, the modern trend is managing conflict so that the organization can adapt to its advantage and achieve its goals. The process of conflict management includes maintaining. A state of balance to continue the creative process and achieve a high level of performance to support the organization’s competitive advantage. In Iraq, to confront the problems of the external environment, including the issue of the existing conflict in the current political process and its repercussions on the reality of the internal environment of our Iraqi organizations, the matter requires examining strategies for managing organizational conflict and the extent to which they can be adapted, developed, and used in Iraqi business organizations as suggested strategies.
To achieve the above, this research included three sections. The first section dealt with organizational conflict: its concept, stages and models, levels, causes and indicators, and its benefits. The second section reviewed conflict management strategies according to modern organizational thought. The third section presented general recommendations to managers and suggested strategies for managing conflict in Iraqi business organizations.

The research attempts to show the importance of financial forecasting as one of the important techniques in building investment and financing decisions after it provides the necessary tools to achieve and maximize profit or avoid expected loss. Therefore, the research dealt with predicting stock prices through indicators of Arab stock markets participating in the Arab Monetary Fund database to reach the best financial investment and financing decision.
The research based its methodology on two aspects: the first, a theoretical review of the most important financial literature that dealt with the subject of the study, and the other, an economic analysis of the data by making comparisons of predictive applications and determining the accuracy of the forecast based on three statistical models, which are the moving average model, the exponential adjustment model, and the general trend analysis model.
The research results showed that the Doha Market and the Tunisian Stock Exchange were the best performing. The accuracy of the results was tested, and the accuracy of the predicted values was confirmed. On this basis, the study sample was classified. Therefore, the research recommends that the Arab investor invest in these two markets.
Financial forecasting is one of the most important techniques the investor relies on to build his investment decisions and portfolios. Financial literature has relied to a large extent on forecasting future events because of its exceptional importance in economic work, after which profit or loss is determined. Since those dealing with money are eager to maximize profit, they devoted research to forecasting as providing the necessary tools to achieve this. For this reason, a great abundance of titles dealt with the subject, especially in forecasting stock prices and their movement down and up due to their importance on the wealth of those dealing with them, including stockholders, speculators, investors, owners and many others.

The performance evaluation process is the most prominent tool that helps the administration perform its functions successfully within the framework of a group of activities it is assigned to perform to contribute to the development of the economic unit and in a way that serves to evaluate its efforts and indicate the extent of its efficiency and effectiveness in this field. The performance evaluation process has focused on the traditional trend of standards. Financial, which is directed towards achieving short-term financial results, which does not add value to the organization and does not give a complete picture of the extent of the effectiveness and efficiency of the performance of economic units, especially since the environment surrounding these units has become characterized by many rapid and large changes in which competition and challenges are intensifying and performance evaluation must be based On financial and non-financial measures, the research therefore aimed to use a balanced scorecard, which was able to measure short-term and long-term results to evaluate performance efficiently and effectively and in a way that contributes to giving a comprehensive picture of the performance of the economic unit.

In recent decades, higher education has witnessed a radical transformation in the methods and patterns of teaching in response to several challenges represented by the development of educational technologies and increased demand for it, as well as the explosion of knowledge, which required great effort to confront these challenges. The most important was total quality management, considered one of the pillars of the new management model that was born to keep pace with international and local changes. Therefore, this research aims to study the possibility of applying the principles of total quality management in an educational institution (University of Karbala) and to find out the reality of the situation in this institution in four sections, as the first dealt with the methodology of the study, the second the theoretical frameworks of the research, while the third was devoted to the analytical aspect. The fourth section includes the conclusions and recommendations reached by the research.

The banking sector is considered one of the important sectors. It is the basic pillar of the financial system in any country due to its role in developing the country economically and socially and pushing the wheel of progress forward through obtaining funds from individuals and investing them in various fields. It is the most important source on which the bank depends as well. From other sources, such as deposits, it is the owned capital, which is considered the storehouse to which the bank resorts if it experiences crises or accidents due to its banking work, represented by various banking risks. Therefore, it works ready to confront any risks to which it is exposed by activating and diversifying its funding sources and diversifying its investments to reduce the degree of risk. In which. Therefore, the two researchers analyzed the owned capital by analyzing its indicators and banking risk by using its own standards. Then, the research tested the hypotheses through the use of the statistical indicator (ANOVA), which includes the (F) and (T) tests and the coefficient of determination (R2). The time limits of the research were between (2003 - 2006) and the most important conclusion was (that only two of the four proprietary capital adequacy ratios have a greater significant impact on Al Rajhi Investment Bank, while there is no significance for this impact on the risk ratios in the Bank of Jordan. Kuwaiti Bank, despite the parity of the two banks in capital adequacy ratios, with a clear increase in banking risk ratios in general for the first bank compared to the latter).
The most important thing that the researchers recommend is (the need to pay attention to and activate this financing source as well as other sources and diversify them to reduce the degree of risks to which the bank is exposed in the light of various environmental developments).