Journal of University of Babylon

The present paper focuses on the study of the mechanical properties of PMMA used in the ‎preparation of dental molds has many problems. The purpose of this work is to eliminate as much as ‎possible. Most of the problems caused by using polyethyl metha acrylate alone are the addition of ‎titanium granules of different sizes. In act out to end a passable and identical direction of Ti sods in the ‎polymer influence, mixer milling process was applied. The study is conducted in the preparation of samples ‎of PMMA with micronized titanium granules at( 0%, 0.5%, 1% , 1.5%), and other specimens of polymer ‎are reinforced with titanium nanoparticles and in the same proportions. The tests are carried out to ‎determine the validity of the composite material for use, the results are obtained from the tests of ‎impact,and tensile testing where the specimens are reinforced with nanoparticles whose mechanical ‎properties are (6 J/mm2,5.5MPa) the highest percentage of titanium nanoparticles, Corrosion rate ‎decreased from(0.677 to 0.0015) a percentage (14.77% ) ie give the highest and best results.‎

The analysis of water discharge frequency for Diyala river D/S Derbendi-Khan Dam have been ‎computed using some statistical models such are " Gumbel, Pearson III, log Pearson III and log-normalIII. ‎The models were‏‎ applied to annual water discharge for Diyala river. The water discharge magnitudes ‎computed for many return periods‏‎ . Firstly, The models were Compared using different statistical measures ‎‎" bias, standard error and root mean square error. The Chi-Square test was used to evaluate the goodness ‎of fits for these models. According to this test and using the aforementioned measures, the Log-Normal III ‎distribution could be taken as the best for the water discharge series. This type of model is useful for ‎designing the dam or spillway by computing the magnitude of water discharge flood versus different return ‎periods. ‎

‎ Achieving the concept of sustainability in its aspects (environmental, social, economic) is an ‎important orientation during the design of buildings in general and mosques and Islamic centers in ‎particular, since the Islamic faith calls for respect for the environment and man and the preservation of the ‎economy, where the general problem was the increasing interest in achieving these axes in accordance with ‎high-tech technologies. Losing the clarity of its identity as an Islamic architecture because sustainability ‎solutions may have a profound impact on the overall shape of the mosque where it represented the ‎particular problem of research, and the research problem was defined by Cognitive impairment in the ‎impact of the concept of sustainability on the clarity of identity in Islamic centers. Because the ‎importance of Islamic centers in the definition of the Islamic religion, especially in the West. The aim of ‎the research is to reach the design and technical principles recommended to be used in the architecture of ‎contemporary Islamic centers to serve the achievement of sustainability in all its aspects without covering ‎the features of its identity as Islamic architecture‏.‏The hypothesis of research (high-tech solutions to ‎achieve sustainability affects the clarity of the identity of Islamic centers). The research methodology ‎adopted a conceptual framework of knowledge to address the definitions of the concepts of sustainability ‎in architecture in general and the definition of mosques and the identity of Islamic architecture as well as ‎analysis and devise sustainability solutions through examples of traditional and contemporary mosques, ‎also criticism of previous studies that addressed these concepts of sustainability and the identity of ‎mosque architecture ,and then build the theoretical framework and extract the main and secondary ‎variables, and then the practical part, which addressed elected samples of Islamic centers (global and ‎Arab) to reach the final conclusions and recommendations. The most important research reached is the ‎possibility of using high-tech technologies to achieve sustainability in the construction of Islamic centers ‎without blurring the features of its identity as Islamic architecture, and the need to emphasize the clarity of ‎the Islamic identity of sustainable Islamic centers as a pride in the Islamic faith and the historical legacy of ‎the ancient mosque architecture. Variables of its theoretical framework as design / technical criteria ‎preferred to be taken into account in the design of contemporary sustainable Islamic centers characterized ‎by the clarity of its Islamic identity‏.‏

Religion is one of the most effective intellectual guides in architecture. Thus, the Islamic religion, ‎with its intellectual and practical dimensions, is the main effective of architectural products in form and ‎substance. Islamic legislation represents the practical aspect. Each society has its own culture, customs and ‎traditions. Therefore, Islamic legislation is an integrated system that governs the actions and results of this ‎society, and that the goal of the Islamic religion and legislation is to achieve and save the five purposes: ‎religion, self, money, supply and birth as well as justice, equality and human life reform. Architecture is one ‎of the most effective means by which human beings achieve these goals, as well as being the most ‎expressive of the culture of societies, which is powerful and effective in other societies, which entails ‎religious influence in architectural design it is the general problem of research
As well as the Islamic legislations derived from the Quranic texts and the noble Hadiths on the ‎urban work which formed the special problem of the research and the study of a group of studies. The ‎research problem was identified by: (the lack of knowledge of the impact of Islamic legislation on the ‎crystallization of architectural products Contemporary at the level of thought and application), and ‎the study aims to enrich knowledge about the role of Islamic legislation in the development of Arab ‎Islamic architecture with the contents of the essence of the spirit of the age and the research adopted the ‎descriptive analytical methodology, which includes the construction of a conceptual framework and the ‎construction of a theoretical framework, which is the first step in solving the research problem .‎
The most important of the research findings is (between communication and continuity, the human ‎architecture to create creative products linked to the architecture of Islamic architecture and the ability of ‎those products to keep up with contemporary through the realization of human needs and desires changing ‎time and place) to conclude the research conclusions, recommendations and sources ‎

Asphalt mixtures have great potentials as electrical connectors for many functions in the field ‎of self-sensing, hospitalization and energy collection. Electrical conductivity (EC) controls the pouring ‎of asphalt concrete to a priority stage for such presentations, taking into account some additives that ‎minimize damage to basic materials over time. Previously fibre conductivity tests are used in the ‎conductivity of the asphalt mixture. There is now a need for mitigation due to the sudden change in ‎the ER electrical curve of the filtration conditions of the down mixtures, considering the sudden ‎transition from the electrical resistivity (ER) values to the conduction phase (EC). Efficient clay ‎mixtures to relieve defects of sudden changes are considered eco-friendly. Therefore, this study looks ‎for an output where encapsulation efficiency used by directing the electrical conductivity (EC) of ‎asphalt concrete only by adding a specific content of bentonite content in the kaolin-dominant ‎mixture between (KB0.1) to (KB0.4). Therefore, eight different types of clay mixture KB0.1 to KB0.4 ‎and Kaolinite 0.9-Sand 0.1 to KS0.4 have different geophysical properties and different geotechnical ‎parameters. EC values. ER values are evaluated by asphalt-mixed samples containing different ‎contents of the dominant K-clay mixture.‎

Before any system of urban development is adopted, soil stratigraphy should be studied and ‎geotechnical information should be determined. In the current study, fundamental geotechnical data ‎for Ammarah city were collected and the inherent properties of soils and the manner of soil layers ‎distribution were studied. Furthermore, problems involved in the soil of the study area were reviewed. ‎Site investigations and laboratory testing showed that the area of interest is characterised by silt of ‎different percentages distributed over the depth. Standard penetration and Vane shear test results ‎revealed a horizontal discontinuity of soil layers. Investigating and reviewing soil problems showed ‎that Ammarah soils are free of problems associated with sand dunes and high gypsum content. On the ‎other hand, sabkha soil is widely distributed over the area due to salts and the shallow depth of water ‎table.‎

The reliability of the laboratory tests is the main pillar in the applied side of the quality of the ‎construction projects. The construction materials used in these projects cannot be accepted or rejected ‎until they have passed the laboratory examination according to which these materials are accepted or ‎rejected.‎‏.‏
Many organizations have sought to achieve the competitive advantage by providing high ‎quality services through the implementation of the overall quality management standards. It was ‎necessary for the construction laboratories to adopt the quality management method in their work, in ‎particular the application of the standards of ISO 17025: 2005, Which improve the performance of ‎these laboratories in terms of administrative and technical‏.‏
This research includes a statistical study of a sample of construction laboratories, construction ‎contracting companies and project implementation entities in some government departments to ‎determine the factors affecting the reliability of the laboratory tests. The methodology used in the ‎research will provide recommendations and suggestions to help the laboratory staff focus on the ‎factors influencing the Reliability of tests and handling them according to the ISO 17025: 2005.‎

The rapid development of multiple technology has greatly affected the products and ‎architectural details becoming they do not belong to a particular identity, and was influenced by ‎western forms, and the products expressed their compositions and details about the individual's ‎influence on contemporary architectural movements and the absence of their relationship with the ‎identity of the individual and society, Thus it negatively affects the identity of local architecture, the ‎problem of research was the existence of a knowledge gap about the impact of contemporary ‎technology in the generation of architectural styles, but the objective of the research is to study the ‎impact of contemporary technology on the generation architectural details represented by ‎architectural styles, research assumes new styles derived from local architectural styles with a local ‎identity can be generated that reflect the values of society and are influenced by technological ‎development .The practical study included the analysis of Western architecture and Arab and local ‎architectural products based on the concept of technological evolution and the generation of ‎architectural styles by studying the architectural details represented by the elevations of buildings. The ‎research has found will be used architectural styles read from local architecture in architectural ‎productions influenced by technological development, and it is possible to depended on the ‎vocabulary of generation to produce architectural styles that are keeping with technological ‎development and linked to the identity of contemporary local architecture. ‎

The present research focuses on studying the effect of the geometric shape of the redistribution ‎of spaces between the internal columns on the behavior of reinforced concrete structural frames ‎exposed to explosive load, and the evaluation of the damage caused by that load on the structures. ‎The eight-story reinforced concrete structure and three bays are designed according to the American ‎Code ACI-14. SAP2000 (V.20) was used for analysis, design and study of the elastic – plastic ‎structural response under the blast loads, through several variables, including the maximum lateral and ‎plastic displacements, the number and condition of the formed plastic hinges, and index damage. The ‎two-dimensional structural element was represented by a three-degree of freedom (beam-column) ‎model, where the interaction between the axial force and the moment was used as a yield surface to ‎follow the transition from elastic to plastic behavior for the columns, while the yield moment was ‎defined as a yield criterion for the same behavior according to the principle of accumulated plasticity ‎‎(Plastic Hinge) at the end of element. The uniformity in the column spacing, for a geometrical shape ‎considerations, having a clear effect on reducing the deformations and plastic displacements of the ‎structure and reducing the damage index with respect to the energy dissipated after the structural ‎response. As a result, the distance between the mass and stiffness centers of the structural members ‎affect the response of frame, the least distance between these two centers results in least damage to ‎the structural elements compared to other symmetrical cases.‎

Gypseous soils exist in many regions in the world. It is necessary to study the properties of such ‎soils due to the damage caused by these soils to buildings on or in it. This paper presents the results of ‎experimental studies on the compressibility and collapsibility of Gypseous soil in Basrah and show the ‎effect of mixing cement material with Gypseous soil on those properties. The sandy soil, which covers ‎the surface layer(up to 1m) for the two investigated areas(AL-Brgsia and AL-Zubair) consists of high ‎gypsum content ( 63% ) and (34% ), respectively. The soil was found to be a “collapsible” soil. The ‎cement material have been used as improving agents for such soil. ‎
The essential idea of this study represents an investigation of the possibility of using cement as ‎additive with different percents (2%, 4%, 8%,10%, and 12%) to enhance these soils. Tests were ‎conducted on 12 models of untreated and treated gypseous soil specimens to study their behavior as ‎well as the effects on physical properties, collapsibility and compressibility characteristics. It is found ‎that a reduction in collapsibility appraches 87 and 92 % for the 12 percent mixed cement to (AL-‎Brgsia and AL-Zubair) soil, respectively. ‎

The use of programming languages in the field of architecture has strengthened the digital ‎algorithmic approaches in the architectural design, which their main benefits lie in the possibility of ‎rapid and easy generation of a wide range of design solutions. The generation and evaluation of more ‎design solutions lead to more informed design decisions and the selection of the appropriate solution.‎
The research adopted the digital algorithmic approach to generating architectural plans and ‎investigates the possibility of using the visual programming applied in Grasshopper, the (plug-in) of ‎Rhinoceros software. Its aim was to create and implement an algorithm prepared by researchers, ‎which depends on a specific data in producing new designs for typical buildings plans, such as schools, ‎without the use of ready software in the generation process.‎
The research sought to obtain a number of alternative plans according to the user inputs. It ‎hypothesized that the variation in the design inputs contributes effectively to the plurality of the ‎generated design options. ‎
The findings verified that the method was feasible regarding the problem with specific data ‎under consideration. In addition, it showed the efficiency of the generative algorithm approach in ‎producing various designs that meet the different inputs of the user.‎

The current era is witnessing more efforts aimed at building a better, sustainable and more ‎environmentally friendly world, according to which the idea of converting the largest and most ‎polluted central operational infrastructure into environmentally friendly facilities exists, and airports ‎are among the most important of those structures that are a source of major global environmental ‎pollution, whether it is due to the high emission of air pollution, disturbing noise, land use and energy ‎consumption, also passenger terminals are the main and important pillar of airport design.‎
This paper is concerned with the environmental dimension of sustainability in passenger ‎terminal in airports. Other studies dealt with these issues from different environmental levels. However, ‎they were selective in approach, and do not provide satisfactory comprehensive knowledge of these ‎issues. So far, localized experiments have put forward theoretical plans and strategies concerned with ‎transforming passenger terminals into sustainable buildings without putting them into action, with a ‎global environmental evaluation system. In light of this, the problem of the paper is set to be the non-‎comprehensively of the available data/studies on environmental sustainability of passenger terminals ‎in airports, and the most important levels related to achieving this in general, as well as on a local level, ‎in specific. To achieve this goal, a descriptive analytical statistical methodology is adapted to assess ‎previous studies to arrive at applying them in Arab countries, as well as globally‏ ‏and locally‏. ‏The paper ‎hypothesizes that passenger terminals would achieve basic levels of sustainable environmental ‎handling, according to which results are analyzed and conclusion and recommendations are formed.‎

For many years, heritage studies have devoted their attention to abstract cultural values. ‎However, knowledge of the economic value of the heritage on which investment decisions are based ‎on preservation projects has become available, especially with the development of conservation ‎economics, which is one of the new fields that benefit from the language of the economy as one of the ‎basic concepts in our lives. In general, and its development in the field of preservation, especially. The ‎research problem was: "Lack of literature, especially Arabic, which discusses investment and its ‎potential in projects to preserve urban heritage". The research is based on the hypothesis that ‎‎"investment directed at urban heritage conservation projects can contribute to the financing required ‎by these projects, as well as contribute to the development of local communities." The research aims ‎at: "Building the theoretical base of the concepts of investment in projects to preserve urban heritage, ‎and indicating the potential of investment provided by the urban heritage, and then the role of ‎investment in preserving the heritage and development activities on the urban and social levels."‎
For the purpose of achieving the objective of the research and test hypothesis, the research ‎included two main approaches. The first: the potential investment of urban heritage, and the second: ‎the experiment of the Aga Khan Foundation in the Azhar Park project as a case study. The research ‎concludes with number of conclusions and recommendations, the main conclusion being: Reuse and ‎tourism (internal and external) represent the main investment potential in conservation projects.‎

Gaseous emissions are from the use of fossil fuels when burned to cause an increase in global ‎warming. Therefore, for sustainable development, consideration should be given to the production of ‎green alternative energies that can be produced from the bio-waste available from food residues, ‎agricultural residues or food factory residues. Converting waste to alternative energies or biofuels is a ‎positive aspect due to the continuous increase in waste that creates environmental problems and ‎traditional methods of waste disposal such as landfills or incineration produce gas. Biofuels ‎production from lignocelluloses materials which are containing carbohydrate polymers and lignin, both ‎of these components considered as a feedstock for produce chemical material, biofuel, biomethane, ‎biohydrogen as alternatives of fossil fuel. In this paper, the researcher reviewed different ‎pretreatments methods and recent technology that can be enhanced degradable of various biowaste or ‎lignocelluloses biomass (agricultural waste, food residue, municipal wastes, and animal waste of) and ‎conversion to biofuel (bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas). The selection of the pretreatment of cellulosic ‎material depends on the economic cost of producing biofuels; so many researchers around the world ‎were trying to develop alternative energy (biofuel) production technology as an alternative to fossil ‎fuels by reducing the economic cost of biowaste pretreatment.‎

The present study can be split into four aims next its four aims. The first aim was to check the ‎effectiveness of compressive strength of normal concrete on the structural behavior of continuous ‎beams.The second aim was to study the effectiveness of concrete type on the structural behavior ‎continuous beams. The third aim was to study the effectineness of steel fibre ratio from (0 to 2.5%) on ‎the structural behavior of RPC continuous beams. The fourth aim was to study the effectiveness of ‎longitudinal reinforcement bar on the structural behavior of RPC continuous beams by using (CFRP ‎and GFRP). Therefore, nine continuous beams consist of two span were tested under one-point loading ‎for each span. Seven All beams had the matching overall length of 2700 mm, the clear span distance ‎equal to 1250 mm foe each span, and the same width of 150 mm. The test results show that the ‎continuous beam made with RPC had a superior ultimate load compared with the NC continuous ‎beam and that the ultimate load increased when steel fibre ratio increased. The ultimate load of the ‎continuous beam was also Found to be increased when the using of CFRP bar as a longitudinal ‎reinforcement ratio. In supplement, the ultimate load of the continuous beam was decrees when using ‎GFRP bar as a longitudinal reinforcement ratio.‎

University is not only the place of learning and teaching sciences but also it is a place where the ‎students start their social interactions that lead to encourage the students for superiority in their ‎academic courses. It is noted that the outdoor spaces inside college of engineering at Salahaddin ‎University-Erbil did not receive sufficient attention in terms of locating and distribution which may ‎adversely affect the lack of communication and social interaction among students. This research is ‎carried out to study the effect of common outdoor spaces on social interaction between students: the ‎case of the college of engineering campus at Salahaddin University-Erbil, Iraq. A quantitative survey ‎was conducted as a research methodology to achieve its aim and objectives. 80 questionnaires were ‎randomly distributed to 80 students (40 male and 40 female), data have been collected and principal ‎components analysis with Varimax rotation by SPSS has been used. The results indicate that there is a ‎significant difference among the factors and components, the highest value of satisfaction is found at ‎the quality of open spaces/amount of flora and green area/walkthrough which has achieved 69%, as ‎for all participants the satisfaction ratio is 61.63%; six variables under the first factor, the quality of ‎open spaces have been strongly loaded. The study ends with a set of conclusions and ‎recommendations concerning the design of common open spaces within educational campuses to ‎achieve efficient social interaction between users/students.‎

The products of added architecture within the stages and periods of time represent physical images ‎expressing the causes and the manners used in their creation, and with the progress in the products of ‎architecture in the 21st century at the functional and formal levels, the global and regional need for ‎attention to the buildings has emerged School as an architectural product influenced by a range of ‎educational and social factors that are changing to keep up with the creative knowledge of the 21st ‎century, and an influential product in its users and social environment, and after reading and ‎discussing international and local studies Which included the process of updating school buildings by ‎investing in the concept of addition emerged the problem of research, which states (there is a lack of ‎knowledge related to the statement of what strategies and design principles achieved for the total ‎contemporary addition that used for updating local school buildings), To determine the objective of ‎the research (building a knowledge model that illustrates there is a lack of knowledge related to the ‎statement of what strategies and design principles achieved for the total contemporary addition that ‎used for updating local school buildings), In order to achieve the goal of the research, a descriptive ‎approach will be followed by an analytical approach to a range of contemporary global studies and ‎practice applications of the most important contemporary global companies compatible with the ‎course of solving the research problem, Thus, the theoretical framework for research is formed into two ‎main vocabulary (the strategy of creating a total contemporary addition, the design principles of ‎creating a total contemporary addition), A research hypothesis that states that the process of creating ‎the total contemporary addition of local school buildings is based on a set of planning and design ‎strategies and a set of contemporary design principles compatible with the methods and functional ‎and formal changes of contemporary school buildings) In view of the multiplicity of actors associated ‎with the creation of the total contemporary addition, the research is guided by the testing of the ‎validity of its hypothesis by identifying the founders, users, designers and implementer of local school ‎buildings, In what the theoretical framework include from possible indicators and values, by ‎calculating an indicator of relative importance RII for its vocabulary To find that the process of ‎modernization of local school buildings through the events of the modern addition of the total, based ‎on a set of planning and design strategies followed in the events of contemporary school buildings ‎globally and regionally, and through contemporary design principles in keeping with the developments ‎Functional and formal. ‎

This study aims to analyze the behavior of underground part of steel pipelines under the effect ‎of loads caused by internal pressure and temperature variation due to transportation of hydrocarbon ‎products. The pipeline assumed to be buried in a sandy soil. The finite element method is used to carry ‎out this analysis using ANSYS 12.0 program. Four parameters are studied including length of the ‎buried part of the pipeline, soil properties, depth of soil cover, and ends condition of the buried part of ‎the pipeline. It is found that increasing the length of the buried part of the pipeline or increasing values ‎of the normal and tangential modulus of subgrade reactions for the surrounding soil causes decreasing ‎in the values of longitudinal displacement, stress, and strain. Soil cover depth over buried pipeline has ‎no effect on the longitudinal displacement, but the stresses and strain increased when the soil cover ‎depth increases. From studying the effect of boundary conditions of the two ends of steel buried ‎pipeline, it is found that longitudinal maximum displacement did not affected, but the longitudinal ‎stresses and strains increase with small rate values.‎

The research aims to use the Neutrosophic Logic, which adopts the logic of non-determinants, in treating the missing values in educational and psychology scales and tests, and to derive the necessary equations for the Cronbach\'s Alpha consistency equation.

This study was conducted in plant tissue culture laboratory of Agriculture College, Basrah university, Iraq during the period 2018-2019. The aims of this study were to find out the effect of different concentration of two auxin 2,4-D and NAA to induce the callus and regeneration of adventitious shoots and roots of Zingiber officinale Rosc. white via culture of half shoots tips. Results of the present study revealed that medium of MS containing 1.0 mg.l-1 2,4-D + 0.5 mg.l-1 BA + 500 mg.l-1 PVP caused primary callus formation (100%) with high diameter, fresh and dry weight of callus (2.26 cm, 1.95 mg and 0.12 mg); respectively. Results also showed that MS medium containing 30.0 mg.l-1 + 3 mg.l-1 2ip + 500 mg.l-1 PVP caused the higher primary callus formation (100%) within (11.33 days) and a higher diameter, fresh and dry weight of callus (2.50 cm , 0.86 mg and 0.14 mg); respectively. However adventitious roots were regenerated from primary callus in all concentration of NAA, whereas the medium MS containing 10.0 mg.l-1 NAA was gave the highest number and length of roots (13.33 root .callus and 2.83cm). When the activated charcoal (500 mg.l-1) was replaced by PVP in the same medium containing 30.0 mg.l-1 NAA response was found at the end of the incubation period, small green adventitious shoots and white roots were regenerated.

Many properties of nuclear structure for even-even isotopes have been investigated with IBM-1 and IBM-2 .They examined carefully with benefit from continuously updating of nuclear decay schemes. Low-lying energy levels for even-even positive parity states, mixed symmetry states (MSS), reduced electric quadruple transitions probabilities B(E2), branching ratios, reduced magnetic dipole transitions probability B(M1), δ(E2/M1) ratio, reduced electric monopole transitions probability B(E0) and mixing ratio X(E0/E2) and potential energy surface have been studied.
In the framework of IBM-1 noted the competition between the two parameters (a_0 and a_2) in 124-128Ba isotopes were the increases of a0 associated with decreases of a2 which mean that the γ-unstable features were continuous increases with opposite of rotational properties , in IBM-2 χπ and χν were (-1.3 and around 0.7) which signified similarity with IBM-1 expected. 124-128Ba isotopes described to be transitional nuclei , transitional between SU(3) and O(6) features.

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a rare relapsing systemic inflammatory disorder with a chronic, relapsing- remitting course of unknown etiology, current knowledge suggests that BD could follow an autoimmune process triggered by an infectious or environmental agent in genetically predisposed individuals. BD has been hallmarked predominantly by oral aphthosis, genital ulcers, and chronic relapsing bilateral uveitis, all of which represent the “stigmata” of disease. However, many other organs including the vascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, and gastrointestinal systems can be affected. BD occurs most frequently in Eurasian populations along the ancient trading route known as the “Silk Road” which extends from eastern Asia to the Mediterranean basin. The diagnosis of BD is only supported by clinical criteria and requires the exclusion of other diagnoses based on clinical presentation. There are no pathognomonic laboratorial findings of BD. This rare disease often leads to blindness and fatal systemic involvement. Main causes of death include major vessel disease and central nervous system involvement. Corticosteroids are commonly used to treat clinical manifestations of BD in combination with immunosuppressant drugs. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-blocking agents such as Infliximab, Etanercept, and Adalimumab have been reported to have success in patients with BD

The research aims, to find out the geotechnical properties for soil Alghlabia area, locate within the near (HibHib) in Khalis/Diyala, northeast of Iraq. Just (17) km from the district center, (46) km from the center of Baghdad, five samples were taken from five sites in the area. Physical properties show that the types of soils, (CL-ML, CL) according to the classification. Activity of soil values normal, Liquid limit (L.L.) and plasticity index(P.I)and depending on plasticity chart the soils type respectively (ML, ML, CL-ML, ML, CL-ML), while the specific gravity (Gs) values converge, because resources of same sediments, porosity (n%) & voids ratio (e0) values for three site are different , dry density (ρd) values approximate for values set by Mechanical properties, direct shear test show that the values cohesion C & angle of internal frication (Ø) are with the natural range of known values of clay soils, while the consolidation test for sites shows that the normal values, Pre consolidation pressure (pc), compression index (cc) & swelling index (cr), then the values of Over Consolidation ratio (OCR) greater than 1, which indicate over consolidation soils. Chemical analysis .Total dissolve salts (T.D.S) for sites is higher exceeded 0.5%, Gypsum content less than 0.5%.Organic Matter content (O.M.C) less than (0.5%)& (pH) the result show that the soil is basic. According to standard, it was suitable, for different Engineering construction

Brain cancer is the cancer of the central information-processing center of the body. Brain tumour can be malignant or benign, and can occur at any age. Only malignant tumors are cancerous. A primary brain tumor initially forms in the brain tissue. In addition, the aim of this study is to investigate the most important factors affecting on the brain cancer and identify the demographic of the disease of brain cancer, then factor analysis has been used to identify factors affecting brain cancer, The methods of this study was used descriptive statistics and factor analysis, then Factor Analysis (FA) is an exploratory technique applied to a set of observed variables that seeks to find underlying factors (subsets of variables) from which the observed variables were generated. Moreover, recorded data for brain cancer were taken from Hiwa Hospital in Sulaymaniyah Governorate during the period of (2018 to 2020). 150 patients and 8 variables were included in the study. After analysis study detected from factor which are explain 59.036% of the variance, and the result identified three factors such that,1stFactor: This factor containing these variables (Age, Weight) by total variance 21.400%, 2ndFactor: This factor containing these variables (Gender, Smoking and Occupation) by total variance 20.665%, 3rdFactor: This factor containing the variable (Governorate, Blood type and Drinking) by total variance 16.971%, The papers limitation is including lack of variables taken for brain cancer and the number of samples was insufficient. Finally, the rate of 59.036% aforementioned variables influence on the brain cancer.

Security of Information are a key concern, particularly with the extension growth of internet usage. This growth comes the incidents of unauthorized access which are countered by the use of varied secure communication techniques, namely; cryptography and data hiding. More recent trends are concerned with DNA used for cryptography and data hiding as a carrier exploiting its bio-molecular properties. This paper provides a review about published DNA based data hiding techniques using the DNA as a safeguard to critical data that transmitted on an insecure channel, to find out the strength and weaknesses points of them. This will help the future research in designing of more efficient and secure data hiding techniques-based DNA