Journal of the planner and development

Historical cities are characterized with their compact urban centers and traditional areas which hold distinct moral values represented through inherent and prominent features that give each city its uniqueness and its historical and geographical belonging. The Problems of continuous change in historical cities centers are at the center of concern in urbanism and architecture discourse since the mid of the twentieth century. Baghdad is known as an important historical city with wide traditional urban fabric and historical monuments that represent different historical periods. Nevertheless, these traditional areas have long suffered from continuous changes which resulted in neglect and deterioration in its urban structure and consequently its isolation from its surroundings and people's daily life. Therefore the study defined its problem as: The absence of clear vision to the impact of the inherent changes in traditional areas on the apparent urban form. The study aims at pointing out the similarity between the components of the traditional urban fabric as un urban system and the essential components of the genetic system of the organism, to extract levels of symmetry and the relationship between them, and to unravel patterns and mechanisms of transformation in the apparent form of Ancient traditional areas due to the profound changes in its inherent components. The research follows two hypotheses: firstly, the urban fabric of the traditional areas is a genetic living system, and secondly, the Potential changes experienced by the genetic system of the Traditional areas are the nucleus of the apparent urban transformations.

Expandingthe boundaries of Sulaimaniya city,joined76village of rural qualitiesandurbanizing themforcibly,the problememergedinthe shortageof cognitiveconceptsin dealing withthese villagesand integrated intothe urban environmentandassumedthat itcanachieve a gradualcomplementary relationshipbetween existing urban uses and newones included by urbanizing techniqueinthe processes of gradual integration andinteractionwithin theurban expansion of the cityto study theeconomic and environmental characteristics of thesevillages, preparing database forthe future of the relationship between villages themselves, and between them and the Mother City within the master plan, research followed the experimental scientific approach related problem. Research two parts, theoretical one is about the city and its urban system, city and its relationship to its surroundings, most important strategies and policies to control the expansion of cities towards the parties and the most important experiences in dealing with nearby villages, to draw a future vision for applicability in the study. A three villages chosen located in the southwestern part of the city of Sulaymaniyah (KindaSura, KanyeGoma and Khalifawa) as an area of study, three alternatives had been selected on the basis of the size of the region and the existing problem and intellectual reference in achieving social consolidation, accessibility and gradualeconomic integration,first compilation of villages and the second ismerging villages and developing as a neighborhood.Using the technique of reticulate analysis and Super Decision Program to choose the third alternative -Investment in housing and the creation of an urban village- as a better alternative.The study area lacks services in general and lack of urban continuity between them in spite of the proximity and the best alternative that fits the case study is the third (investment in the housing and building urban village), which achieves the hypothesis of the research and its determinedobjectives.It is more worthy to reduce the phenomenon of horizontal expansion, which affects agricultural lands and follow other intellectual paths to deal with the expansion of cities in the future and restructure the space between the city of Sulaymaniyah and around.

Characterized by the housing situation widening gap between housing need and housing stock accompanied by the absence of the state, which will policies to develop solutions to such a problem although taken several decisions issued a re-secretion resolutions (850 of 1979 & 940 of 1987), followed by circular to allow the addition of a third floor and the inclusion of all residential areas these decisions regardless of its class, which ranked him among roads and buildings law, and despite the fact that legislation has already been increasing and breadth of the phenomenon of retail residential cut, but it has emerged in this period as a result of social, economic and security changes and the absence of control by state agencies that accompanied, prompting the establishment of residential units in addition to the violation of legal fragmented units and thus doubled the number of housing units in the territories, which emerged phenomenon, which initiated receive In terms of and their impact on residential shops and the provision of services down to the level of the city as whole.
The a problem “Partition of Residential Plots” and the accompanying deterioration in the level of infrastructure services from the problems faced by most of the Iraqi cities, especially Baghdad city to the growing phenomenon in recent times and for several reasons, including the social, economic and for being the capital, especially in the period after 2003, and thus The study assumed that the efficiency and adequacy of infrastructure services are adversely affected by this phenomenon.
The study aims tagged “Partition of Residential Plots and its Impact on Infrastructure Services (Potable Water & Sanitation)” to study the efficiency and adequacy of infrastructure services under fragmented pieces of residential land by studying the reasons for the retail and the results led to them regarding my service drinking water process and sanitation.
The study adopted the Questionnaire (Special Questionnaire scheme and decision-makers, the Special Questionnaire for residents) to guide their opinions to be utilized in any planning process concerning the phenomenon in the future, the study found to create linear models to calculate the amount of water consumed in the housing unit and the factors influencing them and thus the possibility of calculating the amount of sewage accrued as a result of consumption and thus the possibility of comparing the design capacity for private networks for the services under study.

The study recommended developing a database for each neighborhodwith the residents and the number of its residential units to study the efficiency of network increased by segment residential legal space down through to the extent that it is not allowed to increase beyond the possibility of introducing the offense units corrects the legal status removal partial compliance with the parameters and standards and applicable laws and to stop the work's decision to re-residential secretion in existing zones and adoption in the new areas, as the study recommended reducing the approved consumption of water to reduce pressure on the exchange service on the one hand and to avoid extravagance and waste of water resources on the other hand, the standard in addition to the separation of sewage service networks of both types (domestic and rain) to avoid or minimize the damage as a result of rain Add to several recommendations that would limit and reduce the effects of the phenomenon studied.

The research tries to study residential activity system at two levels; firstly to study the spatial distribution of urban activities within neighbourhoodcommunity, andanalyze noise level to be compared with planning standards. Secondly to studyneighbourhood activities through the relationship between urban networks in term of axial lines and the location of the activities in the zone, from other hand to find the relationship between spatial organization and noise level criterion. The main goal is to achieve efficient urban activities systemthrough spatial location, and the capacity of each activity. The successful urban system achieves high degree of accessibility in term of walking distance to the facility. The research'sproblemrepresented that most activities in the residential areas didn't take into account spatial location in the relation with urban network and noise level criterion. The hypothesis is; the spatial organization and noise level doesn't take into account in the residential zones. The methodology consists of two parts: firstly; theoretical study of the most important literaturesincluding:residential activity system, planning standards according to (Polservice-Iraqi Code,), noise level criterion to be compare with Iraqi code, Secondly , case study includes residential zone in Erbil city.

The research was a quantitative strategic analysis (SOWT) the capabilities of self-industrial sector (large industrial plants) in the spatial units (districts) in the province of Babylon, compared with the national level (Iraq) through the use of several overlapping methods, including the style of Spatial Economic Analysis (transformation and proportionality) (Shift and Share Analysis) in order to obtain internal and external indicators him to be input into the strategic planning matrix quantity QSPM)), which was this matrix outputs turn are input to the matrix (SOWT) and the results showed a number of indicators, including:
- The capabilities of self-industrial sector available in the province of Babylon, being able to developmental strategy for obtaining dependence on weights Kicks internal (within the region) by (2.72) points (The power) index weights Kicks external (outside the region) by (2.93) point (The Jobs Index ).
One of these indicators, we concluded that the province of Babylon, has a self capabilities in the industrial sector on the internal level, which represents a large force indicators can be strengthened to overcome internal weaknesses indicators and on the outer level of this sector has great potential indicators can be invested to reduce external threats and in the end the research deduces that the industrial sector spatially him good and encouraging Resume capabilities on investment which will lead later to the events of the regional development of the study area (the province of Babylon).

This project is concerned with the study of the efficiency of the commercial activity and the mutual effect with the population of Al-Ialam Community and to evaluate the location of commercial activity in it and to concentrated on the problems from which commercial activity suffers and random distribution of these locations,Therefore, this project is an attempt to detect those negative aspects and to find solutions according to the planning standard to comprehend the present and future demands on that service in order to promote the commercial reality and to improve its efficiency.
Every city, however small in size, renders functions to its population. These function take their spatial space in the form of uses that shares the land. There are many uses that take the form of services which is an element helpful to perform functions inside the city successfully.
The evaluation for thelevel of commercial Activity service rendered on the urban regions had becames necessary specially inthe frame for growth , expansion of the town & the increasing of all kinds of this service rendered to the town in generally and to the commrcial activities on particularIn order to evaluate level of commrcial activity rendered to A regional of study “Al-Ialam Community”, it was necessary to study the real situation in the region of study, and the existing and economical infrastructure. In order to valuation of the level of commercial services rendered in the region of study as a first step, the real situation of commercial services in quantity, area, spatial distribution and on the level of neighborhood and residential regions. The great part of study depended on the fielded works on collecting data from the realitty of the studied region & the level of commercial services rendered there through collecting information from the relevant institutions and offices so that we obtain data concerning the reality of the commercial activity of the region.
The second stage of the study is an evaluation of the commercial services in the light of the results found in the previous stage (illustrated with maps and chart figures and tables), and showed the aspects of existing defects as well as comparison with the standards allocated therein the determination of the future growth requirements

Green areas are a shield against city pollution and its importance in the city\'s urban environment and the research sheds light on the reality of these areas in the city of Baghdad and the current status of these areas.
Therefore, the research problem is the decreasing and continuous overtaking of green areas and natural and urban in and around cities and the lack of efficiency in the performance of its functions, and to change the use of green areas, and the objectives were to identify ways to increase the functional efficiency of green areas and easy access and study and analysis of the reasons behind the phenomenon of the continuing decrease in green areas and provide recommendations and solutions contribute to maintaining the areas and types of green areas existing under the competition on the ground and their rarity in the city between the various uses, and was elected a researcher hypothesis using the new strategy is the strategies currently applied in order to reach the best results for green areas in carrying out its functions and preserved now and in the future and increase in size.
The research is composed of three chapters first chapter dealt with the most important concepts that affect the research, and then touched on the functions of green areas and levels in the city\'s urban environment, then take effect and influenced by green areas social aspects, economic, environmental, and touched second chapter to the historic city and then a glance eating the foundation plans for the city of Baghdad, over time then touched on the laws and legislation and decisions concerning the distribution of green areas and spaces also reviewed the excesses of these areas, then in the third chapter is concerned with city of Baghdad and aspects of the analysis of green areas.
From then reviewed the strategies applied and analyzed and find out if they are adequate or whether the time has overtaken them and imagine researcher that these strategies can not be applied to the current city of Baghdad or in the future so I would suggest the application to maximize the use of green areas and easy access strategy, then dish in the field study to model the study area through the questionnaire and then weddings Island on according to the proposed strategic planning, and the researcher to the conclusions the most important of the existence of a large number of slums and change the use of vast tracts of green areas, but recommendations was the most important is to stop the change of use of green areas and redistribution of activities and spatial development outside Baghdad.

Water has an effective role in human life and his requirements . It is the basic indicator in his growth and development , particularly in Iraq which lies under the general dry climate and the certain extremist climate . The study shows the urban use of water in Middle Euphrates cities of the high population growth which depend almost completely on Euphrates water that runs in these lands . Water production is consumed by people directly . The urban water consuming rates recoded great height in these lands in comparison with the produced quantity . Urban uses nature of water distributed among ( the domestic , commercial , industrial , and governmental use ) . The domestic use of water ( drinking , cooking , washing )was the most proportion of the urban use in all areas .That followed by the commercial use , industrial use , and governmental use . This led to raise the person's share of the urban productive quantity of water in the region in the present and future time to reach 350 mc/ person during 2012 and this may compared with the population raise about 7,6 millions
The whole area witnessed noticeably high proportion waste water . That happened due to several factors , spatial , economical , social , and cultural of society such as increasing the total population growth compared with the high speed of population civil proportions . Another reason is water pollution increase and water deterioration in the way that people resort to the traditional or modern styles to purify that causes wasting great quantities of produced water in the region , in addition to low price of the clear produced water and the governmental observation weakness of collecting money for water . Therefore , there should be proper means of water management and how to deal with it perfectly , rationalization use to lessen wasted water due to misuse . All that can be done by following some practical steps , starting with educating community by learning them water rationalization from one side and show how it is difficult to obtain from the other sid

Provide enclosed places (buildings) to private occupants an environment where the appropriate conditions for the activity that he is engaged man during his daily life and commensurate with the natural needs are available. Most of the time that human spent during the day (24 hours) are inside buildings or indoor characterized by a special character of the pollution makes it different in nature and their effects even at the source of the environmental contaminants outside the buildings, making this privacy pollutants homes or more damaging buildings and the impact of those who share their Awalmbeny housing, and make it respond to an order , not a modicum.
There are many factors causing the decline in air quality in enclosed places, for example , but not limited to the building design is Garlaiq for the purpose of it, and inadequate ventilation, as well as dust and chemicals emitted from carpeting the ground and materials wall paint (paint), and cleaning products, as well as derivatives of gas radon is emitted from some building materials (like stone, cement and soil ...).
Can Restriction this Pollutants at three photo It is (gases, Vapors And solid pollutants) As well as Radiations And electromagnetic fields. As Male Previously, The Human Live more From Two-thirds Old inside Buildings and he What Illustrates gravity The impact of pollutants In inside Buildings On Health .
Must be the air quality in enclosed places inhabited high quality that is to say that is healthy and desirable , that is , pure and free of germs and harmful gases and dust particles and you should have is mixed with smoke or smells unpleasant, and this is due to the presence of man in the enclosed space for a long time offered by pure oxygen - laden air to decrease. And therefore there must be compensated ports and slots inside this pure air space. There are several ways to get fresh air into the house or indoors and is free of contaminants (sources of pollution control, the use of outside air, air distribution inside the space, air purifiers and the ability of plants to indoor air filter). The study showed that the percentage of air pollution indoors (our homes and our workplaces) is higher than the proportion of air pollution outside the home, and what it has the effect of pollution from Kipper health and damage the respiratory system and also nervous.

Summed up the research problem that there is no clear mechanisms for supplys of housing developed in local cities in general and the city of Numaniyah, in particular, the aim of the research is to diagnose and study the reality of housing supplys, newly added to the Iraqi city, and the city of Numaniyah as a sample, has been the most important residential concepts and factors affecting the housing supply addressed, It was the most important types of housing-added supplys for city NUMANIYA addressed, and applied study of view of the balance within the city of Numaniyah, it was reached the following results: -
:
1- investment sector had no role in the housing offers in the city.
2- due to need , due to lack of land for the new building process and weak monitoring process , some people had to violate the law and build up unformal housing in the city.
3- due the failure of the new housing market so the market of splitting residential units within the credit emerged.
4- the most important reason for the increase in housing market within the credit is the need to respond to the increased number of families or known as the family splitting , the investment factor comes second.
The most important recommendations are :
1- activating the project of building up the delayed residential compound and support investment sector in the city housing market.
2- approving the current Master plan which include the expandable areas that may fill up the housing deficiency and the residential need in the city.
3- studying the ability of the shops to increase the housing offers within the credit and the possibility of providing needed services for residents plus the necessity to activate the monitoring municipal role to put an end to violations of the diagram regulations.

Most of the third world countries suffer from the weakness of the Environmental awareness in the treatment with solid litters , and the way of its management and getting rid , and ability of getting use from them during follow modern way and modern scientific methods .
The researcher creates a research to choose a study area which take the Environmental awareness and the bad treatment of the Environment in managing and getting rid from the solid litters , which produce Environmental healthy and economical traces , as well as its traces in the beauty of the city .
The study bring with two parts ,The first with its description a theoretical frame , and he explains the introduction and the outlines of the research . I tried to graduate and it took different objects . It has taken in the first part the introduction of solid litters and the effect factors in the average of the solid litters generation .
While the second part ,it includes the scientific side it contains the a questionnaire study by the Survey form and putting the results in percentage ,and the description analysis for that results .
The research showed a group of conclusions and recommendation which related to this object .