Journal of Baghdad College of Dentistry

Background: With a frequency of 50–66%, recurrent aphthous stomatitis
(RAS) is one of the most prevalent conditions affecting the oral mucosa. It is unknown how
common hematinic deficiencies, such as those in vitamin B12 and ferritin, affect the prevention and progression of RAS. Numerous investigations have shown that individuals
with RAS have a significant frequency of hematinic deficits. This research compared patients with recurrent aphthous ulcers and healthy controls' serum levels of ferritin and
vitamin B12.Subjects, Materials and Methods: Patients who need blood testing to rule out
anemia between November 2020 and May 2021 provided the data. The institutional ethics
committee gave its approval to the project. 5ml of blood was taken from patients and controls in educational labs after they had provided their demographic information (age, gender, occupation, and residance). The serum was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10
minutes before being stored at -20°C until serum ferritin and vitamin B12 levels were determined. The information was presented as Mean ± SD. when comparing biochemical
parameters between patients and controls using Students unpaired t-test.A p-value of<
0.05 was deemed statistically significant, while a p-value of< 0.001 was deemed highly statistically significant, Results: A total of 30 RAS patients and 30 healthy control with age and
gender matches were included. 40% of the patients had low serum ferritin levels and 56.6%
of the patients had low serum vitamin B12 levels, according to statistical analysis of the
current study. Significant differences were also seen between the two groups' serum levels
of ferritin and vitamin B12.Conclusion: Patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis require
serum ferritin and vitamin B12 measurements. In order to stop the recurrence of aphthous
ulceration, it's crucial for people with recurrent aphthous ulcers to consume a balanced diet rich in iron and vitamin B12.

Background: The goal of a root canal treatment is three dimensional obturation
with a complete seal of the root canal system. The aim of this study was to evaluate and
compare the effect of two warm obturation techniques, warm vertical compaction (WVC)
and, carrier based obturation technique Gutta Core (GC), versus two cold obturation techniques, cold lateral compaction (CLC) and, single cone (SC) on push-out bond strength of
bioceramic sealer (Total Fill) at three different root levels. Materials and Methods: Forty extracted maxillary first molars teeth with a straight round palatal root canal and mature apices
were selected for this study. After sectioning the palatal roots to 11 mm from the root apex,
the canals were prepared with EDGEENDO X7 rotary system file from size 20 up to size 40
taper 04. The samples were then randomly separated into four groups based on obturation
procedures (each group n = 10), with group A: obturated by WVC, group B: GC, group C:
CLC, and group D: SC. Following obturation, the teeth were kept in an incubator at 37°C and
100% humidity for two weeks. Three slices of 2 mm thickness were cut horizontally at 2, 4.5,
and 7 mm from the root apex in each of the three sections (apical, middle and coronal). The
data were investigated using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test with a significance level (p<
0.05). A digital microscope with a magnification of 60 X was used to establish the failure
mode. Results: There was a significant increase in push-out bond strength following canal
obturation with GC and WVC, particularly at the apical third (9.48, and 8.11 MPa, respectively) , compared to canals obturated with SC and CLC in all root levels except the middle
third, at the (p< 0.05) significance level. The cohesive mode of failure was the most prevalent
in all groups. Conclusio: BC (TotalFill) sealer showed higher bond strength when used in
WVC and GC compared to other techniques. SC and CLC were showed comparable bond
strength values.

Background: This study was conducted among diabetic persons to assess the
sweet and salty taste sensitivity with its effect on gingival health in relation to salivary serotonin levels. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional comparative study design was used.
All patients with diabetes aged 12-14 years that attend the Paediatric hospital at Baghdad
medical city with specific inclusion criteria were involved in the sample of the present study
(patients group 50 patients) compared with non-diabetic persons matched in age and gender
of the study sample (control group 70 patients) who were attending dental unit in the college
of dentistry/university of Baghdad. A two-alternative forced choice question including each
component presented at five different quantities was used to evaluate the threshold sensitivity of salt and sweet taste, sub-sample of 44 subjects was recruited from each group and
matched in age and gender for salivary analysis and serotonin measurement and gingival
health status was measured by using the gingival index. Results: Data analysis of this study
revealed that the occurrence of the highest sweet threshold was found among diabetic persons with no significant difference. The data revealed no significant difference in the mean
gingival index while salivary serotonin value was lower in diabetic subjects with a significant
difference; meanwhile, it showed no significant relation with both taste thresholds. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, it was observed, that diabetes did not affect salty
and sweet taste thresholds in addition to gingival health. Whereas salivary serotonin had a
role among the diabetic patients by which it was lower among diabetic subjects

Background: One of the recommended methods for reducing aerosol
contamination during the daily regular usage of high-speed turbine and ultrasonic scaling is
the use of preprocedural mouth rinse. Several agents have been investigated as a
preprocedural mouth rinse. Chlorhexidine significantly reduce the viable microbial content
of aerosol when used as a preprocedural rinse. Studies have shown that cetylpridinum
chloride (CPC) mouthwash is equally effective as chlorhexidine in reducing plaque and
gingivitis. This study compared the effect of 0.07% CPC to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate
(CHX) as preprocedural mouth rinses in reducing the aerosol contamination by high-speed
turbine. Materials and Methods: 36 patients were divided into three groups based on the
preprocedural rinse used (0.2% CHX, 0.07% CPC and distilled water). Conservative
treatment was done for 20 min. (10 min before rinsing and 10 min after rinsing) in the same
closed operatory for all the patients after keeping blood agar plates opened at three
standardized locations (patient chest, dentist chest and at 12-inch from patient mouth).
Colony forming units (CFUs) on blood agar plates were counted, after incubation at 37°C for
48 hr. Statistical analysis was done with (SPSS version 21(. Results: This study showed that
the two antiseptic mouthwashes significantly reduced the bacterial colony forming units
(CFUs) in aerosol samples at three plates locations. Chlorhexidine rinses were found to be
superior to cetylpridinum chloride when used pre-procedurally in reducing aerolized
bacteria. The number of CFUs were higher at the patient’s chest location as compared to
other locations. Conclusion: 0.07% CPC and 0.2% CHX were effective as a pre-procedural
rinse in reducing CFU count during dental treatment using high-speed turbine.

Background: Bone defect healing is a multidimensional procedure with
an overlapping timeline that involves the regeneration of bone tissue. Due to bone's
ability to regenerate, the vast majority of bone abnormalities can be restored
intuitively under the right physiological conditions. The goal of this study is to
examine the immunohistochemistry of bone sialoprotein in order to determine the
effect of local application of bone sialoprotein on the healing of a rat tibia generated
bone defect. Materials and Methods: In this experiment, 48 albino male rats weighing
300-400 grams and aged 6-8 months will be employed under controlled temperature,
drinking, and food consumption settings. The animals will be subjected to a surgical
procedure on the medial side of the tibiae bone, with the bone defect repaired with
absorbable hemostatic material in the control group (12 rats). The experimental group
(12 rats) will be treated with local administration of 30 μl bone sialoprotein fixed by
absorbable hemostatic sponge. After surgery, the rats will be slaughtered at 7, 14, and
28 days (four rats for each period). Results: Immunohistochemical analysis of bone
sialoprotein by stromal cells reveal a substantial difference between the bone
sialoprotein group and the control group.
Conclusion: The study concludes that local application of bone sialoprotein could be
a successful therapeutic treatment for bone injuries; these findings are encouraging
for future clinical use.

Background: This clinical trial aims to evaluate the color changes of direct
resin composite veneer (DCV) restorations based on spectrophotometric analysis of 4
different types of resin composites between the baseline immediately after polishing and
after one year of follow-up. Materials and methods: 28 patients were assessed for eligibility
for participation, aged between 18 and 38 years old, who indicated for DCV restorations in
anterior maxillary teeth were considered for participation in this study. In total, 25 patients
who met the inclusion criteria were selected (6 males and 19 females, mean age: 20.9 at the
time of restoration placement), and 3 patients were excluded. Participants were divided
into four groups based on the type of composite resin used for restorations. Group 1
nanohybrid Ips Empress direct (Ivoclar Vivadent)](IPS) (13 restorations/6 patients), group
2 microfilled [Essentia (GC cooperation Japan)](ES) (14 restorations / 7 patients), group 3
supra-nano filled [ Estelite ∑ Quick (Tokuyama, Tokyo, Japan)](EQ) (17 restorations / 7
patients) and group 4 nanofill [Filtek Ultimate (3M ESPE)](FU) (13 restorations / 5 patients).
Baseline Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer immediately after
finishing and polishing (baseline), and after one year of recall, color change (ΔE) from
baseline values and after one year of follow-up of DCVs were calculated according to
CIELab color coordinates. For this, a silicone mold was fabricated for each patient and used
as a guide for each measurement to standardize the site of the readings. Statistical analysis
of the data was applied using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn-Bonferroni posthoc test
after controlling the distribution of data in terms of normality with the Shapiro Wilk
test. Results: At the end of one year,25 participants(57restorations) were followed up. The
mean ΔE of IPS, EQ, and FU composites were higher than the ES composite resin, but there
was no statically significant difference between all types of composites (P> 0.05). There was
no statistically significant difference in the mean ΔL* between any types of composite resin
(p> 0.05). There was a significant change in Δa* and Δb* after a one-year recall for all the
types of DCV restorations (p < 0.05). Conclusion: After one year of follow-up, the
spectrophotometer measurements of direct resin composite veneer restorations, it was
concluded no difference between the mean ΔE of ES, IPS, FU, and EQ resin composite. ES
(Microfilled hybrid) showed a lower mean ΔE value compared to the other groups. All
groups of resin composite showed color changes within clinically acceptable levels after a
one-year follow-up.

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the surface roughness and
dimensional accuracy of commercially obtainable alginate impression material in terms of
imbibition after immersion in two different media. Materials and method: Two disinfecting
agents, ethanol 70% and povidone-iodine 4%, were used to access the dimensional accuracy and
surface roughness of alginate impression material. Weights of specimen discs of alginate
impressions were measured before and immediately after immersion to gain a measure of
imbibition. For surface roughness, disinfected specimens rectangle was examined before and
after disinfection. Results: Minimal changes in weight were observed after disinfection, but a
statistically non-significant difference was found before and after immersion. It did not affect
the surface roughness of alginate impression material Conclusion: Disinfection of alginate
impression material with ethanol and povidone iodine had no significant effect on dimensional
accuracy and surface roughness.

Background: This review aimed at explaining different methods of canine
retraction along the archwire. Methods: Searching for different methods of canine retraction
using fixed orthodontic appliances was carried out using different databases, including
PubMed Central, Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, the Cochrane Library, Textbooks,
Google Scholar, Research Gate, and hand searching from 1930 till February 2022. Results:
After excluding the duplicate articles, papers describing the methods of canine retraction
along the archwires were included. The most commonly used methods are NiTi closed coil
spring and elastic chain. Conclusions: Various methods of canine retraction along the
archwires were explained in detail regarding their advantages, disadvantages, and
comparisons among different methods supported by clinical trials, systematic review, and
meta-analysis. The preferred method is canine retraction with NiTi closed coil spring with
150 and 200 gm. Elastic chain is considered an alternative, low-cost option.