Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

This article was conducted to evaluate the role of therankeron and methylprednisolone on the healing and regeneration process of the damaged sciatic nerve by crushing in dogs. Eighteen adult dogs were used. The animals were divided into three equal groups. The sciatic nerve of the left hind limb in all experimental animals was damaged by crushing forceps for two minutes. In group one, the damaged nerve was left without any medical therapy, while in groups two and three, methylprednisolone and therankeron were used to treat the crushed sciatic nerve, respectively. The Clinical signs and histopathological changes depended on the 30th and 60th postoperative days to evaluate the degree of nerve repair. In group one, all animals did not use their affected limb with loss of sensation completely, while early and pronounced enhancement in the hind limb function was shown, especially in group three than in group two. In group one, the histopathological changes were characterized by the presence of areas of nerve fiber necrosis and disconnection of it, inflammatory cell infiltration with blood vessel congestion, and edema formation between the nerve fibers in both following periods. The same changes were shown in groups two and three, in addition to the presence of nerve fibers' regeneration, especially in group three, superior to group two. In conclusion, the results of this article revealed positive clinical and histopathological effects of both theranekron and methylprednisolone on the healing and regeneration of the crushed sciatic nerve, with priority for therankeron in dogs.

This study was conducted on a sample of 41 cows (6 local, 21 crosses, and 14 Holstein Friesen) raised in Iraq aged 3-4 years. The study included blood and milk samples. The sequencing technique was used to determine mutations in the DGAT1 gene to determine the effect of genotypes on the quality of fatty acids in cow's milk for all breeds. The GC-MS device was used to measure the levels of milk fatty acids. The study showed the presence of a replacement mutation, as the change was in bases 148 and 149 in the entire coding region of the DGAT1 gene. Where the two bases AA in (Allele 1) changed to GC in (Allele 2) and then to GA in (Allele 3). This mutation led to the change from lysine (K) in allele 1 to alanine and glutamine in Alleles 2 and 3, respectively. The local breed outperformed the percentage of saturated fatty acids over the cross and Holstein-Friesian. While monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, crosses and Holstein-Friesian significantly outperformed the local breed. The first allele significantly exceeded (p<0.01) the other alleles of all breeds in the percentage of saturated fatty acids. In comparison to the first allele, the second allele of cross cows displayed higher levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Regarding unsaturated fatty acids, the third allele of the Friesian breed outperformed the other alleles. Therefore, individual patterns of the DGAT1 gene can be relied upon as markers in the selection process for milk quality purposes.

Listeriosis is a severe infection caused by consuming food contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, the primary cause of human listeriosis. This study aimed to identify L. monocytogenes phenotypically and genotypically using inlA and hlyA virulence genes, followed by DNA sequence analysis and antimicrobial sensitivity in food resources and human samples. 345 Samples were obtained randomly from different markets and supermarkets in Qena, Egypt, including 115 fish, 25 fish containers, 90 vegetables, 90 diarrheal samples, and 25 hand swabs from patients and fishermen, respectively. L. monocytogenes was confirmed in 11.30% (39/345) and 3.48% (12/345) of the examined samples using culture and conventional PCR methods, respectively. The frequencies of L. monocytogenes in fish, fish containers, vegetables, and humans were 8.70, 3.48; 20, 8; 18.89, 1.11 and 6.09, 4.35% by both methods, respectively, with a statistically significant difference. Although L. monocytogenes predominated in 5-17 and 31-43-year age groups, the age risk factor for patients was statistically insignificant from an epidemiological perspective. Higher incidences were found in females and urban areas 7.27 and 4.76% than in males and rural areas 0 and 3.70%, without a statistically significant difference. The inlA was identified in all isolates, but the hlyA was identified in 41.67%. The highest multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index 0.625 was found in a diarrheal swab; all collected isolates were completely resistant to ampicillin. Additionally, 25% of L. monocytogenes stains were multidrug-resistant. According to phylogenetic analysis, the local isolates obtained from samples of tilapia, catfish, fish containers, cauliflower, and humans shared plenty of similarities.

Age is an essential factor that causes histological changes in the body's cells, tissues, and organs, affecting the functioning of all body systems. This study aimed to assess the histological changes of the pancreas during the stages of its lifetime. Seventy-two male rats of different ages were used in the present investigation to study the histological changes of the pancreas during age progress from birth until puberty with an impact on alpha and beta cells. The samples were categorized into six groups according to the postnatal ages; 1, 7, 14, 21,30, and 70 days. The results showed that the pancreas did not appear clearly in rats of one day and 7 days old, while the shape and lobes of the pancreas were clearly observed in rats of 14 days old and the subsequent ages. Histologically, the serous acini, duct system, and islet of Langerhans were ill-developed in the first two ages and became well-developed at 21 days old. Statistical analysis showed that the number of alpha and beta cells in histological sections of the pancreas of the islets of Langerhans shows a decrease in the alpha cells with age progress. At the same time, it was observed that the number of beta cells increased gradually with age advancement; at the same time, serum insulin level increased, and glucagon decreased with age advancement. The current study revealed that pancreatic tissue histogenesis continues in postnatal life, at least through the first 2 weeks in rats where dramatic changes in pancreatic tissue occurred, including the endocrine portion.

Vibrio alginolyticus causes high mortality in white shrimp, leading to significant worldwide losses to the aquaculture industries. Vaccine development has become a priority to prevent the spread of disease by activating the immune responses of aquatic organisms. This study aims to compare the efficacy of two types of whole killed Vibrio alginolyticus cells vaccines; formalin killed cells (FKC) and heat-killed cells (HKC), on the immune responses of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) via oral administration. The shrimp immunization for seven days, the vaccine provided with food twice per day. All shrimps challenged by injection with 0.1 mL of culture contain 1.5×106 CFU mL-1; of V. alginolyticus and monitored for ten days. Total haemocytes count (THC) and the relative percent of survival (RPS) recorded. The shrimp immunized with HKC showed a significant increase in THC than shrimp immunized with FKC and the shrimp in control groups. In addition, the RPS values show significantly higher survival rates, 82.14% and 60.71%, in the immunized groups with HKC and FKC, respectively, compared to the control group 6.68%. This study found that the HKC vaccine offered a good immunity in shrimp against the infection of virulent V. alginolyticus.

Although the avian female genital system has been studied in several birds, it's yet not been done regarding peacocks. Thus, this study approved recognizing its morphological architecture of it during laying and non-Laying periods with blood supply. The left ovary during active season showed three types of follicles: small, medium, and large; the same in non-laying with less measurement. The left oviduct was more convoluted in laying than in non-laying; its length is double that of non-laying. Both included six regions. The infundibulum had two parts; funnel and neck. The funnel internally showed a translucent rough surface, with not very well noTable folds changed into obviously distinguished folds towards the neck. Neck: very low longitudinal mucosal folds started to increase in depth towards the magnum, which was the longest and the most highly coiled part, compared to other regions with huge mucosal folds of wavy borders separated by indentations. Isthmus appeared shorter, thinner, and less coiled, with longitudinally mucosal folds straighter and lower than magnum; however, they were more prominent in laying than in non-laying. The uterus was the thickest and the widest region, its mucosal folds arranged longitudinally, intersected by 4-5 transverse furrows, in non-laying it was less thickness and size with the same arrangement. The (UVJ) in both laying and non-laying peahens is a very short region connecting the uterus into the vagina and protruding above lumens, characterized by numerous short mucosal folds. The vaginal mucosal folds were continuation to those of the junction region and appeared whitish and longitudinally oriented.

In this study, Calcium hydroxyl was fabricated from quail egg-shell and autogenous plasma-rich fibrin (PRF) to reconstitute the mandibular gap in dogs. In this study, 27 dogs of both sexes were used, enrolled in three groups, nine of each. A defect as a circular gap experimentally induced on the ventral surface of the lower mandible with a diameter of (14,0.5 mm). Clinical and Radiographical examinations were evaluated at (0,15,30 and 60 days post-surgery), and the XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer), Field Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDS) analysis were performed. Clinically there was normal mastication and no award complications. Radiographically in 1st group treated with Ca(OH)², the healing near completed, and the opacification of the bone defect in the caudal body of the mandible, with a sclerosed margin representing maturating callus with complete trabecular bridging, whereas in 2nd group at same period representing good maturating callus with complete trabecular bridging, there is disappearance of gap and complete opacification. The XRD scanning of the quail eggshell proved the hexagonal crystalline shape of calcium hydroxide containing essential elements of natural bone calcium, oxygen, and Carbone. At the same time, FESEM demonstrated the characteristic hexagonal shape of the particles, allowing identifying them as calcium hydroxide in Ca(OH)2 group with no porous in PRF. In conclusion, using fabricated calcium hydroxide quail egg shell and prepared autogenous PRF demonstrated an effective bioactive agent with superior biocompatible properties of PRF for reconstitution mandibular defect in dogs; there was increased radiographic density of defective bone.

Infectious bronchitis is an acute respiratory disease of poultry associated with reduced egg production and heavy economic losses in chicken flocks. Rabid and accurate detection of IB virus (IBV) is essential for controlling and preventing the infection. In this study, we developed a rapid, accurate, and instrument less assay to detect IBV. For the first time, reverse transcription- Recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) coupled with CRISPR/Cas13 (SHERLOCK) was used to rapidly visualize IBV. The novel assay was tested in timing, sensitivity, and specificity. The spike gene (S gene) was used as a target gene for detecting the virus. Three samples were used to optimize the assay; sample form confirmed infected chickens with IB, positive sample (full synthesis of S gene), and negative sample from free IB infected chickens. The results show that the Sherlock-based Cas13 platform is a highly specificity and sensitivity assay for detecting infectious bronchitis virus. The assay detected ten copies per µL of the input RNA. No false positives or cross-reactions were seen when bovine coronavirus (BCV) was used instead of IBV in the tested sample. Readout of the results needs just fifty minutes, including RNA extraction. Furthermore, No instrument was used, and amplification of the virus's nucleic acid was performed at room temperature. Sherlock-based Cas13 should clinically use for rapid diagnosis of infectious bronchitis in chickens. However, further studies and experiments are needed to perform the assay at the sample base without extraction of RNA.

This study aimed to determine and evaluate the effect of the g4467 G>A SNP on the expression profile of IFN-γ and miRNA 125b in dairy buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) with and without hemoparasites. Molecular diagnosis was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on 145 buffaloes for Babesia spp., Trypanosoma vivax, and Anaplasma marginale. All buffaloes were investigated for the presence or absence of the polymorphism and genotyped using the restriction enzyme. Real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) quantified the expression of IFN-γ and miRNA 125b. All buffaloes were negative for Babesia spp. and A. marginale, and only 12 were positive for T. vivax. The genotypes GG, GA, and AA were found in proportions of 3.4%, 2.1%, and 94.5%, respectively. The A allele was the most frequent (95.5%). The SNP showed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (P<0.05) and a deficit of heterozygotes with FIS 0.759. All animals of the found genotypes expressed both genes, except for GG positive for T. vivax. IFN-γ expression was higher for GA and GG negative (P<0.05) and AA positive. However, miRNA 125b expression was lower for AA and GA positive and higher for AA, GA, and GG negative. AA-positive buffaloes for T. vivax may exhibit susceptibility due to higher IFN-γ expression and lower miRNA 125b. GG and GA-negative buffaloes exhibited higher expression in both, suggesting they have greater resistance to positive ones.

In the present study, the role of silver nanoparticles (AgNP)-loaded S. costus was investigated in an atherosclerosis Albino rat model by testing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) genetic pathways and related biomarkers, including apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), serum amyloid A (SAA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), visfatin, and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme (LDH). This pathway has been identified as a key regulator of cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis. Also, it is linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease that affects arterial walls and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease. Nanoparticles in medicine have gained attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. One such nanoparticle that has shown promising results in treating atherosclerosis is silver nanoparticles. The costus extract was prepared and characterized to do so, followed by the synthesis of costus-loaded nanoparticles. The synthesized product was characterized by various methods, including UV-visible spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, Atomic Force Microscopy, and Energy dispersive spectroscopy. Rats were treated with costus-loaded nanoparticles. The results of AMPK gene pathways and related biomarkers (ApoA1, SAA, oxLDL, visfatin, and LDH) were measured and compared between positive and negative control groups. The results have confirmed that costus-loaded nanoparticles have greatly influenced and reduced AMPK gene pathways and related biomarkers (ApoA1, SAA, ox-LDL, visfatin, and LDH) compared to the positive control group of atherosclerosis rat models. The study concluded that costus-loaded nanoparticles are important in atherosclerosis and improve rat status by reducing the genetic and proteomic pathways linked to atherosclerosis.

This study was targeted to evaluate the infection rate of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cows in Mosul city-Iraq, using microscopic examination (ME) of the blood smears and nested polymerase chain reaction (N-PCR) technique to evaluate the efficiency of different diagnostic methods used in this study and to determine the parasitemia with the more common leucocytes infected with A. phagocytophilum. 50 blood samples were collected from cows in Mosul city. Blood smears were prepared for the primary detection of inclusion bodies (Morulae) inside leukocytes. The remaining blood was used to confirm the infection using the N-PCR technique. Results revealed that the infection rate of A. phagocytophilum in Mosul City was 58 and 72% using the ME method and N-PCR, respectively. Substantial compatibility was observed between the ME method and N-PCR technique based on the Kappa value 0.699 with a sensitivity of 80.55%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 86% of the ME method compared with the N-PCR technique. Infected cows with A. phagocytophilum were suffering from acute disease. Based on the ME of the blood smears, the total parasitemia of A. phagocytophilum inside the leukocytes ranged between 6-29%, with a mean of 17%. The highest significance of parasitemia in neutrophils was 40%, followed by lymphocytes was 25% compared with mononuclear cells, basophils, and eosinophils, which showed no significant change of parasitemia among them. In conclusion, A. phagocytophilum is widespread in cows in Mosul- Iraq; the ME method and N-PCR technique efficiently detect the A. phagocytophilum and neutrophils, which are mostly infected with bacteria.

The study aimed to research the genetic variation of the Awassi and Naimi sheep breeds using the two genes myostatin (MSTN) and calpastatin (CAST). Blood samples were collected from 100 animals of the two breeds, and then DNA was extracted using a commercial kit. We used the PCR and RFLP techniques to determine genotypes and allele frequencies. The results showed that the MSTN and CAST genes are polymorphic. The MSTN gene has allelic frequencies (M and m) of 0.81, 0.19, and 0.76, 0.24 in the Awassi and Naimi breeds, respectively. The frequencies of the genotypes MM, Mm, and mm in the Awassi breed were 0.70, 0.19, and 0.11, but in the Naimi breed, they were 0.67, 0.13, and 0.20, respectively. Moreover, the number of alleles observed (Na), the effective number of alleles (Ne) and observed (Ho), and expected (He) heterozygosity were found to be 3, 2.30, 0.24, and 0.35 in the Awassi breed and 2, 1.62, 0.17, and 0.26 in the Naimi breed, respectively. The allelic frequencies (M and N) of the CAST of the Awassi and Naimi breeds are 0.86, 0.14, and 0.88, 0.12, respectively. The frequencies of the genotypes MM, MN, and NN in the Awassi breed were 0.94, 0.04, and 0.02, respectively, while for the Naimi breed, they were 0.95, 0.02, and 0.03, respectively. Also, the Na, Ne, Ho, and He were found to be 2.8, 1.72, 29.6, and 28.57 in the Awassi breed and 1.10, 1.23, 0.17, and 0.15 in the Naimi breed, respectively. According to the chi-square of MSTN and CAST genes, both breeds were not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium balance.

Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) possess a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA and are classified into different strains based on their level of pathogenicity. Due to slight differences in the molecular makeup of the viral genome among these strains, employing a pair of primers for molecular diagnostics becomes essential. This study aims to establish a new approach to detect potential NDV infection by developing molecular methods. This was accomplished by performing a single RT-PCR reaction utilizing a newly designed universal primer set targeting a remarkably conserved area within the viral M gene. Various tools and resources were utilized to generate a set of primers, including the NCBI database and the Geneious Inspirational Software for Biologists. Ninety-four oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 66 chickens and 28 pigeons showing signs of ND. Viral RNA was extracted from samples, and M genes were amplified using conventional RT-PCR and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), followed by genomic sequencing and bioinformatics. The designed primers exhibited good quality, as indicated by a Delta G value of less than -5. This suggests that the primers are unlikely to cause any issues during the PCR process. Moreover, the amplification of the M gene was achieved successfully in both conventional RT-PCR and RT-PCR for approximately all collected samples from chickens and pigeons. This successful amplification was further verified through genomic sequencing and subsequent sequence analysis. These findings provide confirmation that the designed universal primers can effectively identify and quantify NDVs using PCR assay.

Genetic depiction of Mycoplasma isolates was done by a PCR approach from the upper respiratory tract and conjunctival infections in domestic dogs in Mosul City. This was accomplished by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene, which is specific to the Mycoplasma genus. 100 domestic dogs of various ages, sexes, and breeds participated in the study from 1/2/2022 to 1/1/2023. There were 300 swabs total, including conjunctival, nasal, and oropharyngeal swabs. The swabs were subjected to mycoplasmal culturing in suitable conditions. The growing colonies were examined by light and a dissecting microscope. The DNA of growing colonies was extracted and amplified then migrated in agarose gel to observe the bands. The study's findings revealed the isolation of 58 Mycoplasma isolates, with an overall swab isolation rate of around 58% and a high rate of 68% from nasal swabs, then from oropharyngeal swabs and conjunctival swabs 58 and 45% sequentially. PCR technique showed that 34 isolates from the total of 58 isolates were assured for the 16S rRNA gene and yielded a band at 270bp, these findings are regarded as distinctive for the genus Mycoplasma. DNA Sequencing results of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that twenty-three 67.65% out of thirty-four Mycoplasma isolates were indicated as Mycoplasma cynos strain SM-MY-M23 which was dumped in the GenBank nucleotide sequence database under accession number OQ446513, so current results are considered as the first record of Mycoplasma cynos in dogs in Iraq.

Chronic respiratory disease is famous in poultry farming, mainly in broiler farms. The disease is caused by Mycoplasma species in participation with E. coli. Our study was conducted on CRD of broiler chickens to isolate and determine the resistance of Escherichia coli Seventy-four swabs of the internal organs of broilers (severe respiratory signs) were collected from different areas of Mosul from September 2021 to March 2022. MacConkey agar was used with cefotaxime (1 μg/ml) to grow the isolates, and they were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Colonies were identified according to standard bacteriological methods. The cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates underwent DNA extraction. The polymerase chain reaction of Escherichia coli isolates was used for confirmation. The results of the existing study revealed that 61 samples appeared positive for bacterial isolation from 74 (82.4%). All isolates were resistant to an arsenal of antibiotics when testing their sensitivity to antibiotics, including azithromycin, levofloxacin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol…ext. Molecular detection of resistance genes showed that all isolates contained the CTX-M gene by 100%. In comparison, the TEM gene appeared in 52 isolates (85.25%), and only 9 (14.75%) isolates showed the SHV gene. In conclusion, our results shed light on the serious problem in poultry fields, which showed that Escherichia coli isolates contain genes with high resistance to antibiotics, which are the most widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections in these farms, which means the demand for introducing more novel antibiotics in the cure of poultry health problems.

This experimental study aims to repair induced cleft hard palate of puppies by means of two different techniques. Eighteen puppies are divided into two equal groups. After the induction of general anesthesia by injecting a mixture of 2% xylazine at dose 2mg/kg and 10% ketamine HCL at dose 10 mg/kg., a cleft about (1x 2 cm) in diameter is established in the hard palate for each puppy. The induced cleft is closed in the first group with a polypropylene mesh, while in the second group the cleft is closed with a piece of ear cartilage autograft. In both groups, histoacryl is used. The results of the study are evaluated by monitoring clinical signs after operation. The gross and histopathological changes in both groups at the 15th, 30th, 45th postoperative days are studied, jointly with a statistical analysis for histological scoring. No sign of aspiration pneumonia and water or milk leakage from nostrils is seen postoperatively, except some animals in group one suffered from mild, interrupted degrees of sneezing that disappeared after one week postoperatively. Grossly, the induced cleft hard palate is closed for all animals at the end of the experimental study and the implanted subjects infused and interlocking is done with tissues of the hard palate. The histopathological changes in both groups are represented by granulation tissue formation, few infiltrations of inflammatory cells and good mucosal regeneration. Finally, it is concluded that we can use these materials for closing the induced cleft in the hard palate of puppies with priority for ear cartilage.

Dyslipidemia is one of the leading causes of heart disease in human and pet animals. This study aimed to induce experimental dyslipidemia in adult male rats by a simple method via a high-fat diet. The 30 adult male rats were grouped as follows: The first group (G1) was feds a standard diet orally for five weeks as a control, while the second group (G2) was given a high-fat diet (dyslipidemia group) for five weeks. Serum lipid profile confirmed the induction, in which there were elevated cholesterol, triacylglycerol, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and depressed high-density lipoprotein, so, the atherogenic index in the dyslipidemic group was more significant than the control rat group. Low-density lipoprotein receptor plays an essential role in the metabolism of lipids in the blood. Thus, there was an upregulation (about seven folds) in the expression of genes of the receptor of low-density lipoprotein corresponding with the elevated receptor protein concentration (18.6 ng/ml) when compared with the control group (1.91 ng/ml). It could be concluded that experimental dyslipidemia could be induced in adult rats by consuming a high-fat diet within five weeks, and it is related to gene expression upregulation and protein elevation of a receptor of low-density lipoprotein, and this may be a compensatory mechanism to challenge hyperlipidemia.

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic disease affecting ruminants caused by mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), characterized by the iceberg phenomena, as many cases are subclinical and underdiagnosed. An early diagnosis is imperative; however, no reliable single test is available, leading to delayed culling. Furthermore, using more than one test increases the rate of positively diagnosed cases. The current study aimed to detect subclinical PTB in dairy cows in El-Minia governorate, Egypt, using ELISA jointly with the detection of MAP by PCR. The positive cases were also subjected to pathological examination to determine whether lesions were present and their severity. A total of 145 cows of different breeds (Baladi, Mixed, and Holestins) and ages were tested by ELISA and PCR. Our results showed that the positive PTB cases detected by ELISA and PCR were 17.24% and 20%, respectively. Holestins have a significantly higher infection rate 31.70% than Baladi and Mixed breeds. In contrast, the native (Baladi) breed has the lowest infection rate 11.47%. Moreover, PTB is more common in cows aging (age ≥ 1.5- <2.5 is 28.2% and age ≥ 2.5- <3.5 is 22.91%). Among PCR-positive cases, 58.62% showed gross lesions, mainly thickening and folding of the intestinal mucosa and swelling of mesenteric lymph nodes. Histopathologically, 86.20% had chronic granulomatous enterocolitis and lymphadenitis. Furthermore, acid-fast bacilli were observed in 82.75%. Thus, subclinical PTB diagnosis could be more accurately confirmed when multiple diagnostic tools are used together.

This study aims at evaluating the role of skin autograft and bovine skin xenograft to reconstitute an induced cleft in the hard palate of puppies. The number of animals in this study are eighteen puppies. The puppies are divided into two equal groups: group one (skin autograph) and group two (bovine skin xenograft). The protocol of general anesthesia used includes a mixture of 2% xylazine at dose 2mg/kg and 10% ketamine HCL at dose 10mg/kg. A cleft about (1x 2 cm) in diameter is established in the hard palate of all animals. In group one, the cleft is reconstituted using a piece of skin taken from the same animal as autograft, while in group two, a piece of bovine skin as xenograft is used. The results are evaluated through recording postoperative clinical signs with gross and histopathological changes at the 15th, 30th, 45th postoperative days. Also, the statistical analysis of histological scoring is studied. No sign of respiratory distress, especially aspiration pneumonia is observed postoperatively for all animals. Grossly, in both groups the induced cleft in the hard palate disappeared at the end of the experimental study and the implanted skin infused with the host tissue. In both groups, the histopathological changes are represented by a new granulation tissue formation and infiltrations of inflammatory cells, especially in group two than group one at early stages of the healing process, then subsides at the end of the study with a good mucosal regeneration. It is concluded that we could use skin autograft and xenograft for repairing the cleft in the hard palate of puppies.

The dog was an essential source of Salmonella (S.) transmission. One hundred sixty-five rectal swabs were taken from apparently healthy dogs 90 and diarrheal dogs 75 in Baghdad province, Iraq. The Salmonella species was found using standard bacterial culture, biochemical tests, an analytical profile index API-20, the VITEK2 compact system, and serotyping. Salmonella isolates were screened using the disc diffusion technique for susceptibility to ten antimicrobials. Findings indicated that the Salmonella species prevalence rate was 6.06% from dogs’ fecal samples, with three species identified; the most common serovar was S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Muenchen, which was isolated for the first time from dogs in Iraq. Statistically significant risk factors concerning the diarrheal state, breed, feeding, and body condition were found. High occurrences were in diarrheal dogs 10.66% compared to non-diarrheic dogs 2.22%; the large dog breed had a higher isolate rate of Salmonella than the small breed. Thin body condition dogs were more at risk than fatty dogs, and the dogs consuming uncooked feed had a higher percentage of Salmonella isolates and were more at risk than those consuming mixed food. Non-significant differences were found according to the gender, age, and educational status of dog owners. Salmonella isolates exhibited high resistance to cefotaxime, ampicillin, azithromycin, gentamycin, and tetracycline but were sensitive to norfloxacin. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) except S. Muenchen. In conclusion, diarrheal and apparently healthy dogs carry and shed resistant Salmonella spp., a potential public health risk.

Parrots are susceptible to the viral infection known as Beak and Feather Disease of the Psittacine (PBFD). The causative virus belongs to the Circoviridae family under taxonomic genus Circovirus. In the province of Nineveh, no previous research has found Circovirus in parrots. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to ascertain whether the virus is present in parrots. using cytopathology, histopathology, PCR techniques and genetic sequence from feather follicles. The results showed that 47% of the parrot birds were infected with the disease, which showed brittleness of feathers, loss of its weight, feather blade shattering from its follicles, and the cytological and histological diagnosis showed the presence mixed cell inflammation and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies with atrophy of the feather follicles with necrosis and degeneration in the liver cells. Circovirus was detected by PCR with 717 bp. Targeting VP1 capsid genes from 20 positive samples were sequenced and documented in the GenBank-NCBI under accession numbers of OQ925390 and OQ925391. The phylogenetic tree diagram reveals that the sequences of the VP1 capsid gene has identical to 100% genetic match with the strains utilized Poland and Brazil fixed in the Gen Bank.

This study showed that total percentage of infection with Theileria species in 100 blood samples of cattle in Mosul City was 38% with no significant differences between male and female of cattle. Cattle older than 1 year old had a high percentage of Thieleria infection 40% compared to younger cattle 34.28%, with no significant variations in Thieleria infection and age groups of cattle. Theileria measurement in red blood cells ranged from 0.5 to 2 microns, while parasitemia levels ranged from 0.2 to 15%, with an average of 6.572%. The results of molecular diagnosis confirmed the detection Theileria genus, Theileria annulata, and Theileria parva in blood samples of examined cattle and PCR revealed that the amplification products were 237bp, 690bp, and 700bp, respectively. In this study, we recorded new strains of Theileria in cattle of the Nineveh governorate by using the BLAST program consisting of three strains of T. annulata, one strain of Theileria ovis and two strains of Theileria parva which differs from the normal isolates in many nucleotides in different worlds. The phylogenetic tree showed the relative relation among the Theileria spp, the results matching species between 8 and 11, 1 and 4, 6 and 10, 3 and 9, and 2 and 12; the species 7 were more closely linked to 11 and 8, the species five similar to 6 and 10.

One of the more common dechlorinated agents is Sodium thiosulfate. However, the toxicity on the aquatic animals was unknown, this study aims to determine the adverse effects of random usage and high sodium thiosulfate concentration in carp fish rearing in an earthen pond in Hawy -Al-Kanesa in Mosul city. The sodium thiosulfate used at 10 gm /L led to fish mortality of 80% through 96 days of exposure. The semi-quantities score analysis of histopathological alteration of gill represented a biological indicator for toxicity estimation, which reveals the significant alteration index (P≤0.05) in the vacuolar degeneration and hemorrhage while highly significant alteration index (P≤0.01) represented in the other vascular disturbances (edema, congestion, and aneurysm), hyperplasia, hyper trophy of cells, shortening, loss and fusion of secondary gills lamellae with abnormal cartilage morphology. Chloride and mucus cells were ++ and +++ for Periodic acid Schefft and Masson Trichrome, respectively, and apoptotic cells have been detected via caspase-3 activation, which was prominently detected mainly in the cells structure of the secondary gill lamella rather than primary filaments. This study concluded that sodium thiosulfate is toxic in high concentration to fish and leads to a pathological alteration in the vital organs such as gills. The semi-quantitative analysis is one of the modern techniques through which significant pathological changes are determined in histological sections of the gills and immunohistochemically and technique to determine programmed cell death.

Levamisole effects on the biochemical, hematological, and Histopathological parameters on heat stress fish.40 Cyprinus carpio fish were distributed into 4 groups, raised in a glass aquarium, and provided with a basic diet for ten days. Control groups as G1 and three treated groups were tested G2 with the elevated water temperature at 30°C, G3 was treated with a concentrated dose of 125 mg/L of levamisole, and the water temperature was25°C. At the same time, G4 elevated water temperature to 30°C and treated with the same dose of levamisole. At the end of the experiment, all groups were euthanized. Blood samples were collected for packed cell volume, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, cortisol, glucose, immunoglobulin, albumin, and histopathological investing from all groups also done. The results showed that the G2 and G3 showed highly significant variation in the level of glucose and albumin in contrast to others, as well G4 showed highly significant variation in the level of the biochemical parameters, G4 showed a higher level of biological parameters changes in contrast to the other groups. At the same time, the hematological value was higher in the G3. The pathological alterations of G2, G3 and G4 represented vascular changes such as hemorrhagic congestion, disturbances of growth infiltration of inflammatory cell, necrosis, hyalin cast and dilution of bowman’s capsule; all these changes were graded as mild, moderate, and severe changes and were more severe in G2.Our results refer that immune stimulant agents enhance the biochemical and hematological parameters, but it leads to changes in the liver and kidney due to the effects of heat stress.

The histological, histomorphometrical, and macroscopical properties of the pancreas in local partridge (Francolinus francolinus) were the objectives of this study. Twelve adult partridges were purchased from the market of Baquba city. The gland was examined in situ macroscopically, and multiple sections of pancreatic tissue underwent microscopic analysis after preparation and staining with different stains. Macroscopic findings of the partridge pancreas determined the presence of the gland between the ascending part and descending part of the duodenum arms, and it consists of four lobes, which were ventral, splenic, third, and dorsal lobes. Three pancreatic ducts were detected. Histologically, it was noted that a thin capsule of connective tissue was surrounding the partridge\'s pancreas, and many septa were sent to the parenchyma, forming several lobules. The average thickness of the capsule was 12.54±0.65 µm. Two portions were identified within the gland\'s parenchyma: the endocrine and exocrine portions. The endocrine part occupies a smaller area in the gland when compared with an exocrine one. Islets of Langerhans in various sizes and forms were observed, which represented the endocrine part. Cells of beta, alpha, and delta were located in those islets. The mean diameter of islets was 70.51±4.75, 65.75±4.1, 53.65±3.85, and 45.22±3.20 µm in different lobes, respectively. The exocrine contained cells are arranged in acini, associated with the ductal system. In conclusion, the present research gives a window for histomorphometry and anatomical properties of the pancreas in local partridge. Nevertheless, more examinations as immunohistochemical and ultrastructure should be conducted on partridge\'s pancreas in future investigations.

Moniezia expansa worms are a significant source of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes. The current study presents a simple and reproducible ALP and AChE purification method from Moniezia expansa helminthes by precipitating the proteins with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on the Sephacryl S-300 column. The M. expansa ALP purified at 1070.8 U/mg, displaying 6.0 purification folds and 53.6% yield, while M. expansa AChE is at 5250 U/mg, displaying 2.0 purification folds and 43% yield. The M. expansa ALP isoenzyme displayed its optimum activity at pH 9.6, while the M. expansa AChE isoenzyme displayed its optimum activity at pH 8.0. The affinity of M. expansa ALP for several substrates revealed that p-nitrophenyl phosphate preferentially cleaved with a Km value of 4.4 mM. M. expansa AChE preferentially cleaved acetylthiocholine iodide with a Km value of 0.9 mM. M. expansa ALP is strongly stimulated with Co2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Mg2+and reduced with Zn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, EDTA and DTT. On the other hand, M. expansa AChE is significantly induced with Co2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+and inhibited with Mg2+, Ca2+, EDTA, 1,10-phenanthroline and eserine. The antisera of the purified M. expansa ALP and AChE found effective for determining the two enzymes in different unknown sera from different animal species, including humans, sheep and fish. These results may provide a possible future application of such enzymes in producing ALP and AChE-coated ELISA plates for research purposes.

Monkeypox, a recently developed viral infectious disease, has become a concern for the general public. This predicament has emerged because of the increased incidence of human monkeypox infections. It was previously a serious zoonotic virus native to just sections of Central and Western Africa and was never recorded outside endemic areas. In this review, the author presented considerable data on this disease and offered a detailed summary of MPXV. More recently, as of October 27, 2022, Monkeypox cases spread quickly across the globe, infecting 76713 people globally, with the majority of cases from Europe, the United Kingdom, North and South America, Asia, and the Middle East. By October 27, 2022, the disease had spread to almost 109 countries. In the United States, there were 28244 (36.82%) cases of Monkeypox; in Brazil, 9045 (11.79%); in Spain, 7317 (9.53%); in the United Kingdom, 3698 (4.82%); in France, 4094 (5.34%); in Germany, 3662 (4.77%); in Colombia, 3298 (4.29%); in Peru, 3048 (3.92%); in Canada, 1436 (1.87%); in Belgium, 786 (1.02%) and Portugal, 944 (1.23%). In terms of the overall number of deaths, 36 deaths were reported, with the maximum eight deaths being from Brazil (22.22%), seven from Nigeria (19.44%), and six deaths from the United States (16.67%). However, human Monkeypox epidemiological trends are rapidly changing, leaving endemic areas and moving to non-endemic countries. Therefore, international health authorities must implement priority-based preventive measures to prevent the spread of Monkeypox infection worldwide.

Mice are laboratory models used for evaluating anesthetic drugs; the combination of more than one drug to achieve general anesthesia was very common; orphenadrine considered as a special remedy because of its multiple pharmacodynamics properties in variant pathways and is use mainly as a muscle relaxant to treat muscle pain and muscle spasm. The purpose of our research was to appraise the effect of concomitant administration of orphenadrine and ketamine on the quality of general anesthesia in male albino mice. Male mice were used to assess the combination of orphenadrine and ketamine at the onset of anesthesia, duration, and recovery, as well as the presence or absence of notable reflex responses and the analgesic action of a mixture of ketamine and orphenadrine was evaluated by determining the median effective dose by using the up and down method in the tail immersion test. The combination of orphenadrine and ketamine formed a significant decrease in the onset of anesthesia compared with ketamine alone, a significant rise in the duration of anesthesia, and a significant decrease in the recovery time compared with ketamine alone; this mixture led to the disappearance of almost all reflex responses, which that presence in mice anesthetized, with ketamine alone. Our results showed a synergistic analgesic effect when orphenadrine and ketamine were administered together, depending on the calculated value of Y. We demonstrated the possibility of using orphenadrine as an alternative to xylazine when administered with ketamine to induce general anesthesia, and the analgesic action was synergistic when a combination of ketamine and orphenadrine was administered. Therefore, these results open new horizons for the use of orphenadrine in the field of anesthesia. Therefore, we recommended conducting more studies on this topic.

Orphenadrine is an anticholinergic drug used in clinics as a muscle relaxant. It acts on several receptors, including muscarinic, histaminic, and NMDA. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatment with orphenadrine on the anesthesia indices of two essential parenteral anesthetic drugs in mice. Three experiments were performed with 15 mice per experiment. All experiments used orphenadrine at 10 mg and 20 mg/kg/IP b.wt as a pretreatment drug. Propofol (100 mg/kg/IP), thiopental (50 mg/kg/IP), and their combinations were used in the first, second, and third experiments, respectively. The indices of anesthesia, represented by the latency to onset of anesthesia, duration of anesthesia, and recovery from anesthesia, were recorded. Orphenadrine at doses of 10 mg and 20 mg/kg/IP as a pretreatment drug showed a dose-dependent decrease in the latency to the onset of anesthesia and an increase in the duration of anesthesia compared to the control groups of all three experiments (propofol 100 mg/kg, thiopental 50 mg/kg, and combinations of propofol and thiopental) respectively. We conclude that orphenadrine affects anesthesia indices, which are recorded for the first time, laying the foundation for further studies and the possibility of using it as an anesthesia co-treatment.