Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

The current research aims to identify:1. Engagement in learning among university students.2. Cognitive curiosity among university students3. The relationship between engagement in learning and cognitive curiosity among university students.4. Differences in the relationship between engagement in learning and cognitive curiosity among university students according to the gender variable (males - females).5. Differences in the relationship between engagement in learning and cognitive curiosity among university students according to specialization (scientific - humanities).To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the scale (Fredricks et al 2004), which was translated by (Khazal 2018) to measure engagement in learning, which in its final form consists of (15) items and the scale (Berlyne 1954) and translated by (Khair 2014) to measure cognitive curiosity, which ultimately consists of (40) items. After extracting the psychometric properties of the two scales in terms of validity and reliability, the researcher applied the two scales to a sample of (200) male and female students from the College of Education/Al-Mustansiriya University who were chosen randomly.The results showed that the students are engaged in learning compared to the theoretical average and that they enjoy a high level of cognitive curiosity. The results also showed that there is a positive direct relationship between engagement in learning and cognitive curiosity. The results showed differences in the relationship according to the specialization variable, while no differences appeared in The relationship according to the gender variable. In light of the results, the researcher gave some recommendations and suggestions

The current research aims to identify the quality indicators of confirmatory factor analysis applied in the theses and dissertations of graduate students at Al-Mustansiriya University for the Colleges of Education and Arts, and the Psychology departments for the years (2018-2023). The researcher followed a descriptive research method - survey studies in the current research, and used the evaluative review method for the theses and dissertations that applied confirmatory factor analysis within their procedures. The research sample size was (18) theses and dissertations, and after the evaluative review of the applied quality indicators, the results showed that the most commonly used indicators in the theses and dissertations are the probability ratio of chi-square with a percentage of (100%), the ratio of chi-square to degrees of freedom with a percentage of (100%), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) with a percentage of (100%). This is followed by the adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI) with a percentage of (83%), the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) with a percentage of (83%), the normed fit index (NFI) with a percentage of (78%), and the comparative fit index (CFI) with a percentage of (78%). The results also showed that the use of the remaining indicators is almost negligible.

The aim of this paper is to study the reality of specialized support in Tunisian educational institutions, the extent of its implementation in classrooms, and the challenges it faces in improving the educational process, especially in terms of academic achievement for students with special needs. The paper also seeks to explore the relationship between specialized support and the improvement of learners' results. The research is based on the assumption that there is a connection between specialized support for students with special needs and improved outcomes.The study relies on a quantitative approach, involving the distribution of a questionnaire to 70 teachers. The results are analyzed using Excel programming. Additionally, a qualitative method is employed through interviews with some teachers.The findings indicate that specialized support plays a crucial role in motivating students with special needs. A high percentage of teachers, 57%, affirm that the Tunisian school system implements inclusive education programs. Moreover, a significant proportion, 67%, believe that the inclusion of students with special needs contributes to academic success..

Human societies need constant review to confront the human weakness that afflicts a person during his confrontation with the battlefield of life. If this confrontation does not occur between a person and himself, this leads to a major division that becomes clear over time in the form of serious psychological disorders, and the issue of psychological reform becomes difficult and the internal psychological and educational reform approach becomes apparent. For the Muslim person through the great biography of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), which the current research takes as a living and authentic model during his rule.The difficulty of reform appears through two major trends that cannot be overlooked: -1- The culture of resistance to change, which means clinging to the status quo, as nothing is possible to be more creative than it was, and this is what hangs the door to reform, especially in matters of religion and issues of ijtihad, and this is what the Imam, may God be pleased with him, confronted.2- The existence of power centers that benefit from the current situation and fear development to protect their interests and for this reason. It fights reform and renewal. This is what the Imam faced as a condition for assuming the reins of power in preserving the biography of the two sheikhs. He only rejected this trend.In order for the individual to be psychologically reformed, the following must be done:1-Leadership initiative to confront existing conditions and provide guidance to society and the individual.2-A culture of openness and reform.3-Audience interaction. The current research will shed light on the policy of the Imam, peace be upon him, in establishing the principles of internal psychological and educational reform for the Muslim person as a true condition for faith, as he is the true pioneer of the issue of reform and psychological and educational organization for the soul that believes in God, His Messenger, and his fragrant biography, during the period in which the Imam assumed power. The leader is the one who institutes reform. An approach to the daily life of the society he ruled, and this is what distinguished the period of the Imam’s rule, and what other rulers abandoned in general and largely in order to preserve the seat of government at the expense of truth, justice, and belief in what is right and forbidding what is wrong, which was completely far from the philosophy of their rule, which sought the world and its joys.1-The research will present the most important prominent signs in the Imam’s rule, through which we seek to achieve reform and distance him from what angers God Almighty and the life of His Most Noble Prophet, through his taking completely bold steps, which are:2-1-Isolating unfit governors.3-Recovering the public treasury from dishonest hands.4-Establishing supervision over governors and workers, and using strictness with regard to any deviation or violation.5-Equality in giving among the subjects, regardless of who they represented in a previous era. The research reached the eloquent difficulties that faced the Imam (peace be upon him) in order to achieve his principles for which he persevered despite all the thorny challenges. This is through his saying (You command me to seek victory through injustice against those over whom I have been appointed? By God, I will not improve with him what Samir has nailed and what a star in the sky has completed. If the money was Sweden’s among them, then how about the money is God’s money) and had it not been for his tremendous ability and exceptional immunity in achieving the principles of psychological and educational reform. For man to please God and achieve His principles, which he owes to man when he was able to achieve this eloquent victory despite the hardship, oppression, misunderstanding and great accusations from those around him, the results of which were the wars of the Camel, Siffin and Nahrawan. The research concluded that the Imam’s biography during his assumption of the reins of power was characterized by a great legacy and turning points. It arouses astonishment and astonishment for a great person that cannot be repeated in his treatment of the vocabulary of reform, forbidding evil, and confronting the passions and ambitions that every human being faces. Thus, he has presented to humanity (an extraordinary experience) in practicing the psychological and educational internal reform of the human being, and establishing the foundations of rational justice, as he said about it. Peace be upon you (O people, for I have continued nothing but temptation, and no one else would have dared to do so after its temptation had set in and its anger had grown strong.) The legendary Imam provided the greatest role model for human psychological and educational reform, to the point that he sacrificed his life as the price for this eloquent approach, in his place of prayer. May God’s peace be upon him, the day he was born, the day he was martyred, and the day he will be resurrected alive.The research attempts to present him as an effective model, despite the objective awareness of the difficulty of emulating even some of what was covered in his fragrant biography, and it is sufficient for us to present him with love, pride, and trust in God and his creation.” Hopefully, this will provide some remembrance and spark an ideal image

Education is considered a broad and broad field and the basis for moving towards promoting a culture of tolerance, especially in our Arab Islamic societies, and given the differences in references in developing educational curricula and their direct influence on prevailing political pressures and programmers, therefore, the issue of adopting systematic and rational methods for teaching tolerance is a necessary requirement that initially includes revealing... On the causes of intolerance as a prevailing culture that contradicts the essence of the divine religions, and then researching the roots of the culture of violence and extremism, which is the culture most hostile to the culture of tolerance, and then we show the indicators that indicate tolerance. Therefore, policies and educational programs, and at the various stages of education, starting from Kindergarten and even university urgently need to include programs that promote solidarity and understanding And also between ethnic, social, cultural, religious and linguistic groups, and between nations. Given the importance of the issue of teaching tolerance, one of the paragraphs of the United Nations Declaration of Principles indicated: “Education in the field of tolerance must aim to resist the influence of factors that lead to fear of others and their exclusion.” And to help young people develop their abilities to have independent opinion, critical thinking, and moral thinking. Hence, this research came in an attempt to study the concept of tolerance and its goals, and to identify the most important strategies that can be used in learning and teaching the concept of tolerance.The current research aims to identify: 1 - The concept of tolerance 2 - Manifestations of tolerance and their social indicators 3-Manifestations of intolerance and its behavioral indicators 4 - The importance and importance of learning and teaching tolerance 5 - Educational strategies for learning the concept of tolerance

The goal of the research was to identify learning among school students in biology in the intermediate stage, after the study included (60) teachers and schools from the Department of Education, and then to achieve the goal of the research, intentionally building a construction tool of (38) items that represent the preferred principles of learning, and it was done. Verifying its validity and stability, I used the principles of descriptive and analytical learning, and it did not produce average-level research results for my biology students. They did not learn much, but the benefit of the college was not to a high degree.

Personality is the important and basic aspect in studying all psychological aspects of individuals. The narcissistic trait has become present in all individuals nowadays, but it varies in levels from one individual to another. It has been noted that the narcissistic personality has aroused the interests of researchers specializing in the field of psychology because it carries more than one trait. One of these traits is the trait of narcissistic rivalry, and that narcissistic rivalry may be normal or a disorder.The researchers built a measure of levels of narcissistic competition, relying on the model of Buck et al. (2018), and built a measure of school excellence, relying on McCland’s theory (1974). The two measures were applied to middle school students in the Diwaniyah Education Directorate, for the academic year (2023/2024). The most prominent results that were obtained Reaching it.1- The current research sample uses levels of narcissistic competitiveness (moderate, high, low).2- The sample of the current research has academic excellence3- There is a statistically significant correlation between levels of narcissistic competition and academic excellence.4_ There are no statistically significant differences between the levels of narcissistic competition and academic excellence depending on the variable of gender (males, females) and specialization (scientific, humanities).

The current research aimed to identify the level of ambition among university students. The research sample consisted of 120 randomly selected male and female students from the original research community, using stratified random sampling method, with equal representation from the humanities departments at the College of Education in Al-Mustansiriya University. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a tool to measure the level of ambition, comprising a final set of 20 items. The ambition measurement scale created by the researcher underwent psychometric testing for validity and reliability.After applying the research tool to the students and statistically analyzing the data, the results indicated that university students exhibit a high level of ambition despite challenging circumstances. Based on these results, the researcher drew several recommendations and suggestions

The current study aimed to identify the level of mental health among Yemeni, Syrian, and Sudanese refugee children in Egypt in light of the variables (gender, age, country, number of years of residence in Egypt). The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and the study sample consisted of (251) male and female children from Yemeni, Syrian, and Sudanese refugee children in Egypt were selected using the available method, and the Mental Health Inventory-18 (MHI-18) scale was used.The results of the study showed that the level of mental health on all dimensions of the scale was average. The results also indicated that there were statistically significant differences between males and females in the level of anxiety in favor of females, and that there were no statistically significant differences in the rest of the dimensions of the scale (depression, behavioral control, positive affect). There are no statistically significant differences in the level of mental health attributable to the age variable, in addition to the absence of statistically significant differences in the level of mental health attributable to the variables of nationality and length of residence on the dimensions of anxiety, behavior control, and positive affect, and the presence of statistically significant differences on the depression dimension in favor of Yemeni children compared to Syrian children, and in favor of the length of residence. (2-4) years compared to the length of residence of more than 4 years.

We consider the United Arab Emirates to be one of the countries that support volunteer work and develop it, as it provides many job opportunities for volunteers, is interested in these activities, and tries to find solutions to the challenges facing volunteer work. Therefore, the current research attempted to identify the reality of volunteer work in the United Arab Emirates (Emirate of Sharjah) by identifying On the problems that it suffers from from the point of view of teachers in secondary schools, to be developed, especially since the UAE supports and encourages such activities, and to raise the moral value and psychological need represented by the love of giving, and to achieve the goal of the current research, a questionnaire was prepared for this purpose, consisting of (20) items. It was applied to a sample of (50) male and female teachers. The current research has concluded that one of the most important reasons preventing the participation of a large number of young people is (personal reasons). The current research has mentioned a number of recommendations and proposals.

This study aimed to assess the entrepreneurial performance of senior academic leaders at Baghdad University by evaluating various dimensions, including Risk, creativity, entrepreneurial culture, and competitive advantage. Additionally, the research sought to understand the influence of these dimensions on strategic excellence, specifically in the areas of opportunity exploration and investment. The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology, developing a questionnaire based on established scales from previous research. The study population consisted of heads of scientific departments, including branch heads, totaling 172 department heads. The researcher collected 125 valid responses, with 83 in paper format and 42 electronically.The study results revealed a favorable level of entrepreneurial performance among senior academic leaders, while the level of strategic excellence was deemed moderate. Furthermore, the findings indicated a statistically significant impact of entrepreneurial performance dimensions on strategic excellence. Based on these results, the study recommends a focus on enhancing both opportunity exploration and investment strategies to promote excellence in strategic performance.

The current research aims to measure cognitive failure among secondary school students The study explores differences in cognitive failure based on gender and specialization ,The research sample consisted of 400 male and female secondary school students adopted and translated the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire developed by Broadbent (1982). The questionnaire comprised 25 situational items, and its psychometric properties, such as reliability and validity, were examined. The reliability coefficient of the cognitive failure scale, obtained through The Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient was (0.84). Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation coefficient and one-sample t-test. The results indicated that secondary school students exhibit a low level of cognitive failure. There were statistically significant differences in cognitive failure based on gender, favoring females. However, no significant differences were found based on specialization (scientific, literary). Additionally, there was no significant interaction between gender and specialization, In light of these results, the researchers provided recommendations and suggestions for future research.

The concept of active learning appeared in the last decade of the twentieth century, and interest in it has increased in the twenty-first century. It is one of the contemporary educational and psychological trends that has a significant positive impact on the learning process inside and outside the classroom by students in schools, institutes, colleges and universities. Active learning is one of the most important principles that... The constructivist theory is based on it, as it emphasizes the learner’s activity and knowledge that he stores individually or in his neighborhood and building his current knowledge. The learner modifies the cognitive concepts that exist within his mental structure and processes those concepts and information to express this cognitive structure. Therefore, this concept deserves to be given care and employment. Inside and outside the educational institution, it is good to raise interest for students.The current research aims to identify Active learning among university students, Statistically significant differences in active learning among university students according to the gender variable (males - females), Statistically significant differences in active learning among university students according to the specialization variable (scientific - humanities). To verify these objectives, the research and study sample was selected from students of the College of Education at Al-Mustansiriya University from the departments of computers, Arabic language, and educational and psychological sciences, as the number of its members reached (136) Male and female students were randomly selected from the College of Education students. The active learning scale was applied, which was built by the researcher and has good psychometric properties for reliability and validity. After completing the data collection, the means and standard deviations of the performance of the sample members were calculated using the t-test. ) for independent samples to test differences between gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - humanities) in the active learning scale.The results of the current research revealed: There are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average performance of the sample members and the average of the community, in favor of the sample members, and that the research sample has active learning, The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average performance of males and the average performance of females in active learning, The results of the research revealed that there were statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the average performance of the scientific and humanities specializations and in favor of the scientific specialization in the active learning scale.

The current research aims to identify the extent to which the chemistry textbook for the third intermediate grade achieves the comprehensive quality standards for the 11th edition of 2023. For the purpose of defining the research objectives, the researcher built and prepared a list of comprehensive quality standards that must be available in the chemistry textbook, and it included four areas, namely (the quality of objectives, quality of content, quality of evaluation methods, quality of book production), and the research tool consisted of (4) main areas and (121) indicators. The validity and reliability of the tool were verified, and the reliability rate was (87%). The research population and its sample was the book Chemistry for the third intermediate grade, edition (11) of the year 2023. The book was evaluated in light of the proposed comprehensive quality standards, and to answer the research questions, the researcher used statistical methods (Holsti equation, weighted mean equation, relative weight equation, percentage equation). ) in order to know the extent to which the areas of comprehensive quality standards are achieved in the researched book. The results were reached, and the degree of verification for all areas of comprehensive quality standards and indicators adopted in the research for the chemistry textbook for the third intermediate grade reached (1), which is an acceptable degree of verification with a percentage weight of (50%). The standards were achieved in the field of book production quality in first place with a percentage weight of (76.12%), then in the field of content quality in second place with a percentage weight of (70.44%), then the quality of goals in third place with a percentage weight of (67.2%), and in the end the quality of evaluation methods in fourth place. With a percentage weight of (54.09%), and in light of the research results, the researcher proposed a set of proposals and recommendations.

Investigating the relationship between the dimensions of learning and teaching environments and the dimensions of readiness for change (cognitive and emotional) among Urmia University students

The aim of the current research is to Identifying the level of Time management among middle school principals--Identifying the significance of differences in Time management among middle school principals (males, females-Statistically significant differences in the level of time management among school principals according to the variable length of service (less than 10 years - 10 years and more)The sample was selected in a stratified random manner with an equal distribution method from male and female middle school principals. To achieve the research objectives, a time management scale was prepared. To treat the research data statistically, the researcher used appropriate statistical tools. The research tool was applied using appropriate statistical tools and the validity and reliability values of the research tool were extracted. At the end of the research, the researcher reached a number of conclusions and recommendations

Secondary school students suffer from many problems related to learning the English language, and a number of high school students withdraw from distinguished schools due to the difficulty of studying in the English language. Therefore, the study aimed to identify writing anxiety among secondary school students, and the difference in writing anxiety between students in traditional schools and students in distinguished schools. To achieve the objectives of the study, the comparative descriptive approach was used, and the scale (Al-Fartusi, 2017) was adopted after adapting it to the secondary stage and extracting validity and reliability. A stratified random sample was selected from the secondary schools of the Baghdad education directorates, amounting to (200) male and female students. The results of the study concluded that secondary school students suffer from writing anxiety and that there is a difference in writing anxiety in favor of distinguished schools. The study recommended a number of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to know:1-Moral Elevation for secondary school's teachers. 2-Are there any Statistically significant differences in moral Elevation according to the gender variable (males – females).The research sample consisted of (400) secondary schools' teachers. To achieve the research's objectives, the researchers adopted the moral Elevation scale which is prepared by Wan Ding et al., 2014 (Wan Ding at all, 2014), that consisted of (21) situational items and extracted psychometric properties such validity and reliability. The reliability coefficient of the (Moral Elevation) scale extracted by using the (re-test method) reached (0.77), while the extracted reliability reached Cronbach’s alpha is (0.79), and the results were analyzed by using statistical methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, Pseudo-test, two-sample t-test, Pseudo-test). The results were as follows: - Secondary school's teachers have a moral level. There are statistically significant differences according to the gender variable (males - females) in favor of males. In light of the research results, the researchers made some recommendations and some proposals.

Spencer was famous for his ethical doctrine, which was known for (evolution and aascension). As we see him dealing with the moral phenomenon in terms of it being a phenomenon of development, as he considered morality to be a universal system subject to development, and whenever the whole develops, this is evidence of the development of the parts, and morality falls within The framework of humanity and humanity is part of this universe with its solar system and what appeared on the surface of the Earth with all its components. Therefore, it would have been better for morals to develop with the development of the beings included in this universe.The research aimed to identify the basic principles established by Spencer in moral education, which aim to make good moral behaviour the one that develops the lives of the individual and others. This only happens by using self-education or what Spencer calls self-deterrent. The research led to Herbert Spencer applying his moral and educational views based on his evolutionary philosophy.

The current research aims to identify the attitudes of internal department students towards the work of a social researcher . The researcher adopted a questionnaire specifically for the work of the social researcher by Ghassan (2008). After confirming the validity and stability of the research tool , it was applied to a sample of (72) students, including (38) female students and (34) male students from the internal departments at Middle Technical University for the academic year (2023-2024). and after applying the research tool, the data were collected and analyzed statistically using the following statistical methods : Pearson correlation coefficient , total frequencies , arithmetic mean , and percentage . The results of the research revealed that there are high positive attitudes among students (females and males) towards the work of a social researcher in internal departments.Based on these results, the researcher presented the following :Recommendations : The necessity of emphasizing the importance of the role of the social researcher in the internal departments, in order to achieve psychological health that aims to maintain the cohesion and unity of the university student’s personality and the student’s self-acceptance and acceptance of other students, all of which results in a feeling of psychological comfort within the internal department.Suggestions : Study the attitudes of internal department students towards the work of internal department supervisors .

The current research aimed to identify Impostrisim among university students and the differences in fraudulence - according to gender (males, females) and the differences in Impostrisim according to stage. To achieve these goals, the researcher adopted the Clance-Polian scale (1985), which consists of twenty items, and after verifying the stability and validity of the scale, it was applied to A sample consisting of (400) male and female students from Al-Mustansiriya University. The researchers followed a descriptive research approach, and after processing the research data with statistical methods that are compatible with the nature and objectives of the research, the results of the research indicated that the female gender is higher in the level of Impostrisim than the male gender, and that there is a significant difference. Statistics on Impostrisim according to gender, and there is no statistically significant difference according to stage. Based on what was reached, the researchers cut a group of feet

The research aimed to determine the effect of a proposed strategy according to the constructivist theory on achievement and lateral thinking among second-year intermediate students in mathematics. The following two null hypotheses were formulated:1. There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and the scores of the control group students in the achievement test.2. There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students and the scores of the control group students in the lateral thinking skills test.The sample members were selected from the second intermediate grade students at Dar Al-Ma’rifa School, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad, Al-Karkh II, for the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023. It included (60) students. Section (A) represented the experimental group and included (30) students and sections. B) The control group will include (30) students, The researcher rewarded the two groups on the variables (first grade average grades in mathematics, lateral thinking skills). (44) plans were prepared, including (22) according to the proposed strategy for the students of the experimental group (22) according to the usual method for the students of the control group, and (20) items were prepared for the multiple-choice type achievement test. And (25) items to test lateral thinking skills, which included (15) objective items and (10) essay items. Both tests were administered on Thursday, 4/22/202. The researcher used the statistical package to process the results.The recommendations were identified, including: - The importance of training in preparing teachers and introducing the proposed strategy in training courses, which has a positive impact on mastering thinking skills.

The research aimed to use the one-parameter Rasch model in constructing a chemistry test for first-year intermediate students. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed the steps represented by identifying the topics included in the test. After that, (50) behavioral goals were formulated, and then one paragraph was formulated for each type of goal. Multiple choice. To verify the logical validity of the paragraphs, they were presented to a group of arbitrators. The test was applied to (400) students in the first intermediate grade in schools affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate. The researcher used the Biology program and the SPSS 25 program and relied on the Rasch model in analyzing the test items, and the model’s assumptions were verified. The test was verified. Both individuals and items matched the model, and the results did not indicate non-matching for any of the individuals, except that two items were deleted from the test. The test’s validity and reliability were verified; the results indicated that the test’s reliability reached (0.820) and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research aimed to use the one-parameter Rasch model in constructing a chemistry test for first-year intermediate students. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed the steps represented by identifying the topics included in the test. After that, (50) behavioral goals were formulated, and then one paragraph was formulated for each type of goal. Multiple choice. To verify the logical validity of the paragraphs, they were presented to a group of arbitrators. The test was applied to (400) students in the first intermediate grade in schools affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate. The researcher used the Biology program and the SPSS 25 program and relied on the Rasch model in analyzing the test items, and the model’s assumptions were verified. The test was verified. Both individuals and items matched the model, and the results did not indicate non-matching for any of the individuals, except that two items were deleted from the test. The test’s validity and reliability were verified; the results indicated that the test’s reliability reached (0.820) and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research aimed to use the one-parameter Rasch model in constructing a chemistry test for first-year intermediate students. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed the steps represented by identifying the topics included in the test. After that, (50) behavioral goals were formulated, and then one paragraph was formulated for each type of goal. Multiple choice. To verify the logical validity of the paragraphs, they were presented to a group of arbitrators. The test was applied to (400) students in the first intermediate grade in schools affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate. The researcher used the Biology program and the SPSS 25 program and relied on the Rasch model in analyzing the test items, and the model’s assumptions were verified. The test was verified. Both individuals and items matched the model, and the results did not indicate non-matching for any of the individuals, except that two items were deleted from the test. The test’s validity and reliability were verified; the results indicated that the test’s reliability reached (0.820) and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research aimed to use the one-parameter Rasch model in constructing a chemistry test for first-year intermediate students. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed the steps represented by identifying the topics included in the test. After that, (50) behavioral goals were formulated, and then one paragraph was formulated for each type of goal. Multiple choice. To verify the logical validity of the paragraphs, they were presented to a group of arbitrators. The test was applied to (400) students in the first intermediate grade in schools affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate. The researcher used the Biology program and the SPSS 25 program and relied on the Rasch model in analyzing the test items, and the model’s assumptions were verified. The test was verified. Both individuals and items matched the model, and the results did not indicate non-matching for any of the individuals, except that two items were deleted from the test. The test’s validity and reliability were verified; the results indicated that the test’s reliability reached (0.820) and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The research aimed to use the one-parameter Rasch model in constructing a chemistry test for first-year intermediate students. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed the steps represented by identifying the topics included in the test. After that, (50) behavioral goals were formulated, and then one paragraph was formulated for each type of goal. Multiple choice. To verify the logical validity of the paragraphs, they were presented to a group of arbitrators. The test was applied to (400) students in the first intermediate grade in schools affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Directorate. The researcher used the Biology program and the SPSS 25 program and relied on the Rasch model in analyzing the test items, and the model’s assumptions were verified. The test was verified. Both individuals and items matched the model, and the results did not indicate non-matching for any of the individuals, except that two items were deleted from the test. The test’s validity and reliability were verified; the results indicated that the test’s reliability reached (0.820) and the researcher reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to identify:1-Expectations of success and failure among middle and university students.2-Differences in expectations of success and failure based on the stage variable (middle school – university). The researcher adopted the Veblen and Hall scale (1978) based on Rotter’s theory after verifying its validity and reliability applied to a sample of middle school students (fifth grade) in Baghdad/Al-Rusafa Al-Thaniyah and university students in Baghdad, including both genders (males and females) totaling 400 students, with 200 students from middle school and 200 students from university. The results showed that university students and middle school students have higher expectations of success than failure. The results also revealed differences in expectations of success and failure in favor of university students. As a continuation of the current research, the researcher provided a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The study\'s focus is centered around the need for competent and proficient administrative leaders who possess a fresh and unique administrative mindset to effectively address the challenges faced in this stage. This is particularly relevant in educational systems, encompassing private primary schools and other educational institutions, in the context of the information revolution and the advancements in their administration. The objective of the study was to determine the correlation between administrative modernization and administrative excellence as perceived by principals of private primary schools. Additionally, the study aimed to identify any significant differences in the levels of administrative modernization and administrative excellence among these principals. The study has been restricted to the headmasters of privately-owned elementary schools operating in Al-Rusafa District 2, located in Baghdad Governorate, during the academic year 2023-2024. The overall number of participants was 195 persons. The researchers established a comprehensive set of terminology pertaining to the topic matter and tackled them within the theoretical framework of the study using collection of studies pertaining to the study subject. A series of protocols have been employed to describe the research community and its sample. A sample of 50 persons was gathered, representing 6.27% of the research community. By thoroughly analyzing previous literature and studies, the researcher constructed a unique instrument for the study. The tool underwent rigorous assessment of its validity and reliability via open-ended questioning. Then, the research yielded a multitude of findings, which were then presented and evaluated. Subsequently, the researchers formulated a series of deductions, suggestions, and propositions for the investigation.

Abstract

The current research aims to identify: 1.Expectations of success and failure among university student.2.Differences in expectations of success and failure among university students according to the variables of gender (male_female) and specialization (scientific_humanities). The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the scale of expectations of success and failure by Fibel and Hale,1978 which consists of (30) items, and psychometric properties such as validity and reliability were extracted, as the reliability coefficient of the scale (expectations of success and failure) extracted using the alpha method reached Cronbach (0.798), while the reliability extracted by the test-retest method reached(0.779), The results were analyzed using statistical methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test ,t_ test for two independent samples, Two-way analysis of variance)، and the results were as follows: University students have high expectations and failure for success, and there are no statistically significant differences between expectations of success and failure according to gender (males – females) and specialization (scientific–humanities)، The researcher recommended some suggestions and recommendations.

The study's focus is centered around the need for competent and proficient administrative leaders
who possess a fresh and unique administrative mindset to effectively address the challenges faced in
this stage. This is particularly relevant in educational systems, encompassing private primary schools
and other educational institutions, in the context of the information revolution and the advancements
in their administration. The objective of the study was to determine the correlation between
administrative modernization and administrative excellence as perceived by principals of private
primary schools. Additionally, the study aimed to identify any significant differences in the levels of
administrative modernization and administrative excellence among these principals.
The study has been restricted to the headmasters of privately-owned elementary schools operating
in Al-Rusafa District 2, located in Baghdad Governorate, during the academic year 2023-2024. The
overall number of participants was 195 persons. The researchers established a comprehensive set of
terminology pertaining to the topic matter and tackled them within the theoretical framework of the
study using collection of studies pertaining to the study subject. A series of protocols have been
employed to describe the research community and its sample. A sample of 50 persons was gathered,
representing 6.27% of the research community. By thoroughly analyzing previous literature and
studies, the researcher constructed a unique instrument for the study. The tool underwent rigorous assessment of its validity and reliability via open-ended questioning. Then, the research yielded a multitude of findings, which were then presented and evaluated. Subsequently, the researchers formulated a series of deductions, suggestions, and propositions for the investigation

Abstract

The current research aims to find out the effectiveness of teaching English language subjects using listening and speaking skills in the achievement of fifth-grade primary school students. The researcher adopted the experimental research approach. The research sample was (50) students who were chosen randomly. The research tool is the achievement test, the paragraphs of which were prepared from the type of objective tests. The multiple choice items with three alternatives reached (20) items after the validity and reliability of the tool were extracted. When the researcher finished the application, the experimental and control groups were tested in the post-achievement test, and after collecting the data, the results of the research showed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program that the students of the experimental group to whom the English language subjects were applied excelled in the skills of listening and speaking over the control group to which they were applied. They were taught them the same subject topics in the traditional way, and was concluded that teaching according to the listening and speaking skills is more powerful and reliable than the usual method in raising the level of achievement among female students. The researcher recommended the need to train primary school teachers on new teaching methods, including the method of teaching according to the listening and speaking skills for the purpose of using them. In teaching English language subjects, the researcher suggested conducting future research similar to the current research on stages, study materials, and other dependent variables in developing other thinking skills.

Abstract

In general, Arab-Islamic education in Senegal has gone through several stages: from ancient books, then schools and institutes, to contemporary (modern) Qur’anic schools.As for government schools, each of the successive governments after independence played a special role, particularly in the Arabic language and Islamic education, between development and disruption in government educational institutions.Accordingly, this research briefly studies the situation of the Arab-Islamic education that Senegal followed before the advent of European colonialism. When the latter came, it completely removed everything related to Arabic from the administration, and tried to close Quranic schools and prevent Arabic education in government schools. Before leaving the country, he prepared his successors and established a secular Christian state in Senegal When these people assumed the leadership of the state, it was as if they had followed his (colonial) approach, even if their approaches differed. Therefore, we wonder: What is the position of the presidents of Senegal towards Arab-Islamic education with the secularization of the state? What is the position of the Senegalese people regarding Arab-Islamic education? What position does Arab-Islamic education occupy in Senegalese political systems? To answer all these questions, the research will address the status of the Arab-Islamic education that Senegal taught.

Abstract

Job burnout is a phenomenon prevalent in our societies, and it is a feature of the current era and part of the reality of life that may lead to a decrease in the performance level of workers and then the performance of the organization. Also, many workers at various administrative levels suffer from a set of pressures that cannot be avoided as they affect in all members of the organization, whether they are administrative leaders, subordinates or employees, as they are to varying degrees, and each person differs from the other.As for the role conflict, it had a positive moral effect on both the emotional exhaustion dimension, the feeling of low achievement, and it was not proven that there was a moral effect on the dimension of bad dealing with others. The results of data analysis also proved that there are no statistically significant differences between the opinions of the research sample about job burnout among workers in the Emirate of Asir region due to personal and occupational variables (age, gender, educational level, experience). In the emirate, taking into account the accuracy in job descriptions for employees in the emirate with a clear definition of authority, responsibility, duties and unity of command to reduce the ambiguity of their role because of its impact on the feeling of job burnout.

Abstract

ognitive Flexibility is the first to delivered, and the second to be delivered to each individual for trying to make sense of it . The current research sought to recognize cognitive flexibility and differences between the sexes and specialization . The research sample amounted to (108) male and female under graduate students .The cognitive flexibility scale was prepared and the psychometric characteristics of the scole were calculated , After analyzing the data statistically, it was found that undergraduate students have Cognitive Flexibility

Many statisticians and researchers agree that determining the type of sample chosen that must be capable of giving results with a certain accuracy at the lowest possible costs or with the highest accuracy at specific costs depends on the nature of the study, the type and composition of the population from which the sample will be drawn, the method or tool used in collecting data, and the destination. The researcher looked at himself Samples can be classified on the basis of the randomness factor in selection into two main sections: The first section includes random samples, the design of which the researcher relies on probability theory in giving equal opportunities to members of the population to appear in the sample, while the second section includes intentional (non-random) samples in which The researcher's bias is evident in choosing the sample items by giving unequal opportunities to the items as a result of his intentional selection of some items and not others from the items of the population he wants to examine. Each of the two sections has multiple and diverse types of samples

Due to the increasing reliance on the use of statistical methods in analyzing research data in general and educational and psychological research in particular, and the frequent occurrence of these research errors in the use of statistical methods at a time when these methods are diverse and increasing in complexity, from here emerges the problem of the current research and its importance in that it sheds light on these errors and attempts to address them from Through its goal of identifying incorrect statistical methods used in educational and psychological research. The research sample included 30 published research papers, 20 master’s theses, and 10 doctoral dissertations for the period from (2008 to 2012). To collect the necessary data for the research, a special form was designed, and its validitywas confirmed by presenting it to a number of specialists, and the descriptive analytical method was used.
Analysis of the data after calculating the frequency of statistical errors revealed that the incidence of sample selection errors ranged from 70% in theses to 93% in published research. As for the error rate in using the weighted mean, it was 100% in published research and master’s theses, and this method was not used in theses. The error in using the Likert scale is 40% in dissertations, 60% in research, and 80% in dissertations. The error rate for using the T-test for one sample was 80% in published research and 100% in dissertations and dissertations, while the error rate for using the T-test for two independent samples was 30% in research, 60% in dissertations, and 80% in dissertations. The percentage of error in using the Pearson coefficient was 15% in published research, 28% in dissertations, and 33% in dissertations, and the error percentage in using chi-square was 10% in published research and 25% in dissertations and dissertations. As for the error in using the Alpha-Cronbach equation, it was 40% in dissertations, 50% in dissertations, and 60% in published research. The Spearman-Brown corrective equation was used with an error rate of 86% in dissertations, 75% in published research, and 50% in dissertations. The results of the interaction of variables in relationship research were extracted. Although this research does not aim to measure the effect of interaction between variables. Also, in research to find effectiveness in theses and dissertations, the equation for extracting effectiveness has not been adopted, but rather the statistical procedure is limited to finding the effect only.
The current research has identified alternative statistical methods for invalid methods based on what was determined by the theoretical literature in statistics references, scientific studies published in foreign journals, and the researcher’s experience in teaching applied statistics

The research aims to identify The level of smartphone addiction among university students ;The prevalence of digital dementia among university students ;The statistical significance of the correlation between smartphone addiction and digital dementia among university students ;The prediction rate of smartphone addiction and digital dementia among university students .To achieve the aims of the research, the researchers selected a random sample from the research community, the students of the University of Babylon for the academic year (2023/2024), morning study, and used the Thomson equation to extract the sample size. The result of the equation was that the sample size amounted to (378) male and female students, and the sample was distributed in a random manner with a proportional distribution. Applying the two research tools and using appropriate statistical tools and extracting the validity and reliability values of the two research tools, the results were reached, and in light of them, the researchers developed several recommendations and proposals.

The research aims to know the impact of teaching in the Kagan strategy in developing sports thinking skills for fifth -grade students in physics and to achieve the research goal. The researcher built a sports thinking test tool consisting of (42) objective objectives of the type, the current research community represented the students of the Fifth Scientific in the Okaz preparatory for boys, who numbered (174) students, which is one of the preparatory schools of the Directorate for Rusafa, the first /north of Baghdad for the academic year (2024-2023). Teaching the tool was applied and the data was statistically treated using the SPSS program. The results appeared that students who studied the Kagan strategy were better than students who studied in the usual way in testing sports thinking skills, and in light of these results the researcher presented a number of recommendations, including the benefit of teachers and teachers of physics from study plans The stomach according to the Kagan strategy for its impact on students learning the skills of sports thinking, and a number of proposals, including studies to identify the effectiveness of using (Kagan Strategy) in other variables such as (trends - tendencies - creative thinking - logical thinking - contemplative thinking - learning concepts)