Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Eighty five samples of complete unopened gall bladder were collected from calves immediately after slaughtering at Mosul
slaughter house for detection of any pathological lesions that might be present through gross and histopathological
examinations. These examinations revealed various pathological changes which included lymphocytic inflammation (8.2%),
fibroma (1.1%), gall stones (2.3%), bilirubin pigmentation (1.1%), congenital deformities (1.1%) appeared as Y shape gall
bladder, growth disturbances manifested by hyperplasia (14.1%), coagulative necrosis as a metabolic disturbance (1.1%),
hyperemia (20%), petechial hemorrhage (7%) and atherosclerosis (1.1%) of the total samples.

Six sheep farms in Mosul city, Iraq randomly selected, were surveyed for gastrointestinal nematodes resistant to
Albendazole. On each of 6 sheep farms, 20 lambs were randomly distributed into two equal groups untreated control group,
and albendazole (benzimidazole) group (10 mg/kg BW). Faecal egg counts and larval cultures were done at 7, 14, and 21 days
after anthelmintic treatment. Resistance was apparent for albendazole on 4 farms out of 6 (66.7%). Post-treatment larval
cultures indicated: Strongyloides papillosus, Marshalligia marshalli, Nematodirus spathiger and Haemonchus contortus.

A preliminary study was conducted to investigate the effects of the extracts of eight plant species collected from Ninavah
governorate on the second instar of larval stage of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal. Three out of the eight plant extracts
Azadirachta excelsa Jack, Cleome glaucescens Dc. and Quercus infectoria DL. caused 100% mortality of larvae at a
concentration of 200 µg/mL after 3days of treatment. The LC50 values were less than 150µg/mL (62.5µg/mL-140µg/mL). The
A. excelsa leave extract showed mortality on larval and pupal at low concentrations 40µg/mL-10µg/mL also affected in
delaying larval development. The extracts of Achillea santolina L., Ammi majus L. and Ricinus communis L. caused high
mortality to the larvae after 7 days of treatment, but the Datura stramonium L. and Carum petroselinum Benth extracts did not
cause any mortality to the larvae at the same date.

Standard wounds were made in the backs of 18 rabbits. The rabbits were then divided into 6 equal groups. Rabbits of
group (1), constituted a control group and their wounds were treated with physiological saline solution. In group (2), the
wounds were treated with Cefotaxime at a concentration of 500 mg. Wounds of the third, fourth, and fifth groups were treated
with 5%, 3.75%, and 2.5% apple cider vinegar respectively. Wounds of the sixth groups of rabbits were treated with a
combination of equal amounts of Cefotaxime and apple cider vinegar 3.75%. All of the wounds were infected with various
isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the time of infected. Wound treatment was done each 48 hours until complete healing.
Results of this study indicated that using apple cider vinegar 3.75% gave results similar to those obtained by using the
antibiotic (same rates of bacterial reduction). However, using a combination of equal amounts of apple cider vinegar and the
antibiotic lead to more rapid and more better healing than using each one of them alone.

The aim of this study was to evaluate operative laparoscopy in comparison with conventional laparotomy for intestinal
resection and anastomosis in dogs. Eighteen adult dogs were equally and randomly divided into 3 groups: Group I: Intestinal
anastomosis was performed extracorporeally, by laparoscopic-assisted surgery, in which a 5cm loop of small bowel was
exteriorized through a mini-laparotomy opening (an enlarged trocar incision 1.5-2 cm in length), then surgically resected and
anastomosed by simple interrupted suture 3-0 polygalactine. Group II: Underwent laparoscopic intracorporeal intestinal
resection and anastomosis, in which the loop of the small bowel was suspended into the ventral abdominal wall, then it was
resected and anastomsed with simple continuous suture by polygalactine 3-0. Group III: Small bowel resection and
anastomosis was conducted by conventional laparotomy technique with simple interrupted pattern by polygalactine 3-0 suture.
The result showed that laparoscopic intestinal resection and anastomosis by either intra- or extracorporeal techniques can be
applied in dogs safely and have less morbidity rate. Intra abdominal adhesion of the omentum and even the bowel to the
abdominal wall occurred in group III but not in groups I and II. The post operative hospitalization time was earlier in group I
and II, as indicated by the earlier return of intestinal motility and appetite, in comparison to group III where it was delayed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the females of the local
breed buffaloes. A 400 sera samples were collected from 49 herds from different nine geographical area in Ninavah province
by using latex agglutination and modified latex agglutination tests. The results shows that the total prevalence rate of the
antibodies was 30%, and this percentage was differ according to the region. The highest percentage appeared in Badosh and
Qnetra at 52.3%, 51.2% respectively, while the lowest was in Hawiaslan 4.3%. The antibodies titer most appear was 80 in
percentage 30.5%, while the titer 640 was lowest in percentage 1.7%. Also recorded that numbers of the active cases was
highest in percentage 81.4% compared with inactive cases was lowest in percentage 18.6%, also noted that the seropositive
samples decreased with age.

The leukocyte-migration inhibition test for the evaluation of cell-mediated immunity was developed for the use in chickens
vaccinated with newcastle disease vaccine and other infected with local virulant strain of newcastle disease virus. Results
indicated that the leukocyte migration test was reproducible and relatively easy assay to be performed .Serological antibody
titers were determined to study the correlation between haemagglutination inhibition titers and leukocyte-migration level using
the HI macro-assay .By results of this study cellular immunity level very important for evaluation the level of immunity beside
the humoral immunity.

Heavy breed day-old chicks fed Isonitrogenous-Isocaloric diets supplemented with 0.0, 2.0 and 4.0% fresh bovine bile
liquid, for three weeks. The three types of diets comprised the experimental dietary treatments, from which the effect of
including bile liquid in heavy breed chicks diet on their most prominent economical traits were studied. Results showed that
the three groups of birds, consumed almost the same amount of feed during the three weeks of experimental period. However,
a significant increase in daily growth rate(DGR)occurred as a result of bile liquid in starter diets. The estimated superiority of
this traits, DGR, was found to be 10.76% on an average basis, higher than that of the control group. A good reflection of this
phenomenon on feed conversion ratio was observed, as birds fed diets contained 2.0 and 4.0% bile liquid surpassed the control
group by 8.75 and 10.63%, respectively. Body weights at third week of age were 8.06 and 10.60% heavier for the two treated
groups, respectively, than the control one. Results indicate that the nutritive value of starter diets supplemented with bile liquid
warrant further investigation based on long term experiments to make a decision in this direction.

Through examination of 176 samples of the fresh water fish Liza abu obtained from Tigers River in Mosul city 2005, the
percentage of total internal parasites infection was 57.38%. They were the trematode larval stage Diplostumum spathaecum
44.88%; the cestode larval stage of Ligula intestinalis 32.95%, oocyst of Cryptosporidium spp. 28.97%, oocyst of Eimeria
spp. 23.29%. Cryptosporidium was recorded for the first time in Mosul city during examination of intestinal contents. They
appeared after staining with modified Zeihl- Neelsen as bright red spherical oocysts with a diameter of 3-7 µ. The effect of
season on types of infection was also studied.

Three experiments were conducted to elucidate the alleviation effects of Mycofix plus 3.0 on Newcastle antibody
formation during aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Three levels of Mycofix (0.05%, 0.15%, and 0.25%) and aflatoxin (2.5ppm,
3.5ppm, and 5ppm) were used. Chickens were vaccinated at 8 and 18 days of age. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and
Haemagglutination inhibition tests were employed for determination Newcastle antibody titers at 28 days. The results showed
that, Mycofix , and only at its high level of addition (0.25%) was effective in ameliorating the negative effect of aflatoxin at
the rates 2.5ppm and 3.5 ppm levels of inclusion on antibody production but not at the high level of 5ppm on antibody
production, comparing with titers in control groups.

The work was designed to study the effect of vitamin E ( 500 mg /kg diet ) on the central nervous system function and
landmarks development in offspring of rats whoser mothers treated with cadmium (50mg/L of drinking water) during lactation.
Cadmium chloride caused a significant increase in righting reflex , olfactory discrimination tests in pups (aged one week) and
in the onset of movement test in weaned pups. The results indicated a significant reduction in motor activity in the open field,
cliff avoidance, click response and weight in weaned pups. Cadmium chloride caused a significant increased in negative
geotaxic in weaned pups. Cadmium chloride did not affect significantly on landmarks development ( opening of eyes and ears ,
appearance of teeth and hair) with the exception of a significant increase in descending time of testis and a significant
decrease in appearance time of vaginal opening . Administration of vitamin E caused a significant increase in motor activity in
the open field. and significant reduction in the onset of movement test, negative geotaxic and weight of weaned pups and in
descending time of testis . It is concluded from this study that vitamin E caused positive effects on central nervous system and
some landmarks development in pups whose their mothers treated with cadmium chloride.

A total of 51 cases of bovine clinical mastitis in Sulaimani district were investigated for their bacteriological causative
agents; 76 milk samples were cultured on primary and selective media and the isolated bacteria were tested for their
susceptibility to antimicrobial agents used in commercial intramammary infusion products. Eighty two bacterial isolates
were obtained and further identified using biochemical tests. Escherichia coli was the most common bacteria followed by
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactia and coagulase–negative staphylococci. Two other bacterial species
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcucs uberis) were also isolated but in a lower proportion. Antibacterial
susceptibility testing showed that the use of florfenicol, cephalexin and gentamicin may be useful for the treatment of
clinical mastitis cases in cows.

One hundred and sixty male broiler chicks were fed at one day of age aflatoxin (AF) at a rate of 3.5 mg/kg alone, or with
groups injected with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocysts (40000) at 14 days of age. Adsorbent (Mycofix®
plus 3.0) was
incorporated at a rate of 0.25% in the above mentioned groups from one day of age till the end of the experiment. The study
was conducted to reveal the effect of a aforementioned different diets and treatments on live body weight, feed consumption,
feed conversion ratio, blood parameters (total red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume), biochemical profile of serum
(alkaline phosphatase and β-carotin), liver weights, bursal and thymus indexes, caecal lesion scores and mortalities. The results
indicated that AF was responsible for a significant (P<0.05) reduction. in body weigh gain (BWG), feed consumption, and an
increase in feed conversion ratio. Afllatoxin was also responsible for reduction in blood parameters, β-Carotin, bursal and
thymus indexes. While relative liver weight and alkaline phosphatase level were significantly (P<0.05) increased. Groups that
fed AF at a rate of 3.5 mg/kg feed and exposed to sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella show a high significant (P<0.05)
reduction in BWG, feed consumption and an increase in feed conversion ratio. Aflatoxin was also responsible for significant
blood parameter, β-carotin, and also a significant (P<0.05) increase in caecal lesion scores, mortality, alkaline phosphatase
level and relative liver weight, while they showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in bursal and thymus indexes in comparison
with injected groups with E-tenella sporulated oocysts alone. The study approved that the groups maintained on mycofix plus
3.0 (0.25%) and contaminated with aflatoxin 3.5 mg/kg, revealed a positive noticeable effects in amelioration on BWG, feed
consumption and feed conversion, blood parameter, β-carotin, alkaline phosphatase level, relative liver weight, bursal and
thymus indexes in comparison with group fed aflatoxin alone. On the other hand, the groups fed on aflatoxin with mycofix
plus 3.0 (1%) and injected with Eimeria tenella sporulated oocystes, showed some improvement in BWG, feed consumption,
feed conversion, blood parameter, β-carotin, ALKP, bursal and thymus indexes, when compared with those fed AF and
injected with doses of sporulated oocysts. It was concluded that the addition of mycofix plus 3.0 to broiler feeds had an
alleviating effects in reducing the severity of coccidiosis during aflatoxicosis.

In this study one hundred Awassi sheep were examined clinically and bacteriologically for isolation and identification of
the bacterial agents of otitis externa in sheep. The main clinical signs appeared included weakness, pale mucus membrane,
auricular discharge, cough, anorexia, emaciation, and nasal discharge. Results revealed isolation of bacteria from (45%)
examined swabs. The most being from right ear. Younger animals were more frequently infected than older animals.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Mannheimia haemolytica, Staph. epidermidis, Pasteurella multocida,
Streptococcus spp., Acintobacter spp., Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia were isolated. The results revealed that the
most bacterial isolates were resistance to the bactericidal effect of the normal serum included Streptococcus pneumonia,
Staphylococcus aureus, Mannheimia haemolytica. While the most bacterial isolates were produced hydroxymate siderophore
included Staphylococcus aureus, Mannheimia haemolytica, Streptococcus pneumonia. The obtained results indicated to the
importance of determination of serum resistance as a bacterial virulence factor in otitis externa in sheep.

Ten broiler flocks claimed to be suffering from aflatoxicosis in Ninavah governorate were subjected to study the
correlation between natural contamination of feed samples with aflatoxin and European production efficiency factor (EPEF).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was adopted for estimation of AF level in broiler feeds. Growth
performance parameters were recorded including final body weight, mortality, feed consumption and conversion ratio.
Aflatoxins levels in feeds were ranged from 31 to 2381.8 ppb and EPEF was between 91.55-151.05. There was a highly
negative correlation between AF concentration in broiler flock feeds and their EPEF (-0.828).

In this study 75 Awassi ewes 3-5 years old were used for the study of the following parameters; milk productionو time
required for complete milking were recorded for each ewe twice a day. Fat and protein percentage were determined weekly,
and somatic cell count was estimated one time each two weeks. The week effect on average milk production and time required
for complete milking were significant (P<0.01), in favor of the first week which was the best one on milk production and a
time needed to complete milking. Their values were 876.17 ± 22.94 gm/day and 67.23 ± 1.73 second/kgm respectively, while
the effect on the percentage of fat and protein was significant for the favor of the last week of the study and were 7.1 ± 0.05
and 6.42 ± 0.06 respectively, compared with those of the first week of 3.43 ± 0.05 and 2.84 ± 0.04 respectively. It is concluded
that milk production, time needed for complete milking and somatic cell count were affected by age. Better results have been
seen in five years old ewes.

The study was carried out to investigate the effect of diazepam in drinking water on some productive and
physiological traits of hybrid (Cobb500) broiler chickens. Forty birds (male and female) were used at age of three weeks to
determine the suitable concentrations of diazepam per milliliter of drinking water which can be practically employed to calm
down the birds , without producing too much sedation. Two levels of diazepam were chosen (0.02 and 0.04 mg/ml) from the
four levels tested (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08 mg/ml). At four weeks of age, 90 birds (45 males and45 females) were chosen,
relatively homogenous in body weights, and divided into three groups. The first group (the control) was given drinking water
free of diazepam, the second and third groups were given 0.02 and 0.04 mg of diazepam / ml of water, respectively. Data
indicated that there was an increase in the average body weights for the groups treated with diazepam at age of five, seven and
eight weeks .Also an increase in the amount of feed consumed ,an improvement of feed efficiency ,and an increase in dressing
percentage for groups treated with diazepam. No significant differences were found between any of the treated groups for the
diazepam and the control groups, in the levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides.

Data of twenty one local breed bull calves (Sharabi and Janoubi) were collected from previous work for this study, their
ages ranged from 8-18 month with initial live body weight of 125-300 kg. They were fed for 100 days period a standard ration
which consisted of 60:40% concentrate to roughages ratio and contained 12.4% crude protein, 19.9% crude fiber and 2.2
Mcal/kg ME. Feed was offered at 3% of live body weight. Calves weights were sorted out into three groups, according to their
means of body weight and were 140, 210 and 280 kg. The first group of calves had a significant increase daily gain more than
the other two groups and were 1200, 850 and 830 g, respectively. Also, feed conversion rate of the first group was better than
the other two groups, and were 6.2, 8.9 and 9.9 kg. ration/1 kg weight gain, respectively. Cost of feeding to produce one kg of
weight gain in the first group was more efficient than the other two groups, and were 1860, 2670 and 2970 I.D., respectively.
No differences were found in carcass traits among the three groups of calves. The results of this study suggest that it is better
to choose local bull calves at live weight less than 200 kg for fattening purpose, to obtain more economical benefit.