Regional Studies Journal

This paper drives at studying two significant aspects of ‎the reformation in the Ottoman Empire and Modern ‎Turkey: The first is to trace back the foundations of ‎secularist trends in the Ottoman Empire highlighting ‎the salient domains and the legal procedures it ‎encompassed down to its branching off with ‎Mustapha Kemal efforts. The second is to tract the ‎policy of kemalism in the field of establishing a novem ‎state according to secularist principles which exclude ‎religious impact from politics.‎
However, the paper reached that a consequence ‎which made Mustapha Kemal Ataturk `successors ‎realize that was impossible to ignore a rather ‎significant reality that religion is one of the most ‎political and Social forces influencing Turkish Society.‎

Political Openness appeared in Turkey after World War 11 ‎through the foundation of parties and organizations. Sufi ‎methods also appeared and started their activity openly or ‎secretly according to the circumstances. The political ‎developments agree to form religious and political parties which ‎shared in the political operation, which admitted the Islamic ‎trend to grow and develop where an intensive Islamic trend tried ‎to from Islamic country in Turkey.‎
In 1985, after his refuge to Germany, Mateen Kablan ‎declared the foundation of an Intensive Islamic Organization ‎aiming for Islamic Caliphate in Turkey, trying to defeat sciential ‎judging system in Turkey. After the death of the founder, his son ‎Mateen Mufti Oghlo became the leader of the organization and ‎declared himself caliph of Moslems, after that it is developed and ‎its branches spread in all Turkey and Europe.‎
The organization practised the political activity against ‎Turkey which later started sudden arrest of its members. ‎
Turkey government jointly worked with Germany to faiht the ‎organization and drying its sources. Accordingly Mufti Oghlo, its ‎leader was arrested accusing him of encouraging Killing and was ‎prisoned 4 years.‎
Though it faced some regulations to stop their activities, the ‎organization continued the activities secretly through ‎distributing secret pamphlets to the Turkish people in Germany.‎

The research deals with the national opposition of Syria and ‎its role in the politics of Syria from the middle of 1970's till now ‎a days . it highlights on the style of Syria in developing and ‎mentioning the aspects of Syrian thoughts in achieving ‎democracy in two periods. The first is during the reign of Hafiz ‎Asad which found itself obliged in making political changes to be ‎on the head of the power. The second, after Bashar Asad was on ‎the head of the country. Thus, the notional Syrian opposition had ‎witnessed a marked activity and hoth its trends and thoughts ‎have been clarified especially after September 11th events and ‎the calls for democratic and political reforms as well as the rise ‎of what is calle . ((The Big Middle East)).‎

‎"Abstract"‎
‎ ‎
Foreign trade is a vital indicator which shows state ‎ability in productivity and competition inside international ‎market. This indicator is related to this ability in ‎exportation and income levels as well as its ability in ‎importation and how is this reflected upon the state ‎account from foreign currencies ‎‏ ‏and the effects upon ‎trade balance. ‎
Trade relations among geographical neighboring states ‎have remaimed weak and suffered from problems inspite ‎of its joint history and being Islamic states but they still ‎suffer from economic problems and the weakness of its ‎structural productivity. They export oil and need so many ‎types of goods not produced but imported from other ‎states like agricultural goods and modern technology. ‎Therefore, these states should coordinate its efforts and to ‎be specialized in certain field. Producing few goods in ‎these states might lead ‎‏ ‏to severe competition without ‎getting positive results.‎

‎"Abstract"‎
Turkish- German relations is characterized by a long ‎history relatively it comes back to the Ottoman Era and in ‎particular during the 18 th century. This matter makes such ‎relations too complicated in political, economic and cultural ‎fields. Although the se relations has passed through different ‎periods in both Weakness and strength Since the ‎establishment of the Modern Turkish Republic in 1923 till ‎today. But the best stages in the history of these relations ‎Was the period of Ordaghan government and the previous ‎government of Shroyder. It has entered a new stage of ‎growth and enlargement in all aspects. From here, this Study ‎tries to Follow up the development of these relations and ‎analyzing all its aspects‎

Abstract
‎ ‎
At the end of 1950s',King Saud Bin Abdul-Asis had ‎presented an idea Concerning with drawing Waters ‎from South of Iraq. The aim of these Waters is to ‎provide drinking Waters and Waters for irrigation for ‎the lands near by the Capital Al-Rayath,At that time, ‎Correspondence between Iraq and Saudi Arabia have ‎been exchanged ended in Contracting many primary ‎and Consultative negotiations among officials of both ‎Countries. Both Parties have agreed on fulfilling the ‎project of with drawing Waters from the Iraqi Lands ‎by choosing a suitable Location.‎
‎ The first from Euphrates and second from shat ‎al-arab.on this basis special technical designs have ‎been prepared by the relative engineering companies.‎
The project has failed due to Some problems and ‎difficulties facing it and this has led both Iraqi and ‎Saudi governments to forget it and waiting for ‎another chance to study it later.‎

Arab league has started a remarkable move in ‎preparing a strategic plan to help Iraq. This step ‎has been faced by various Iraqi views. Some ‎groups warn from any Arab role in Iraq. The ‎reasons behind the refusal of any Arab role some ‎followers return it to the years of Saddam ‎Hussein\'s regime. Those see that Arab states had ‎advocated him , while others see that the Arab role ‎was the worst after the occupation. Throughout the ‎last two years. The Arab league was watching the ‎situation in Iraq without any positive interference. ‎The Arab league has found justifications in moving ‎quickly. Some Iraqi sides wished to interfere, ‎moreover there is violence in Iraq and the ‎beginnings of civil war which may cause the ‎division of Iraq. This has been refused totally in ‎the Arab Homeland. Finally, the failure of the ‎league in finding an answer to the Iraqi crisis will ‎increase the criticism of the league itself.‎

ABSTRACT

The state is the main subject of the international ‎Law, there are three basic elements to form a state. ‎These elements are people, region, and ‎government.But the all thes elements are not enough ‎by itself and there should be a standard inside the ‎international law which characterizes the state to ‎another politcal, adminstrative and regional units.This ‎standard shuld be legal and that is what is known ‎Sovereignty. One of the most important issues that ‎raises argument is the Case where one State attacks ‎or invade another one and the later tries to Control ‎the region of the first state completely. This is what is ‎Called military occupation. The occupation does not ‎shift Sovereignty into the state which made ‎occupation.‎

Abstract
This paper is entitled (The Egyptian foreign policy ‎‎1981 – 1990) aims at following up the diplomatic effect ‎made by the government of president mubank during ‎the period of the paper. It was the most crucial one in ‎relative to the Egyptian policy. The government has ‎tried deeply to correct mistakes by the the president ‎Sadat and trying to cure the error which followed the ‎relations of Egypt regionally and internationally.‎‏ ‏‎ ‎‏ ‏
‎ The paper is divided into two parts. The first ‎first deals with the foreign policy of Egypt during ‎‎1980 on a regional. It includes the issue of the ‎main regional parts that dealt with Egyptian ‎diplomacy such as the Palestinian issue, Arab. ‎Israel conflict, Iraq- Iran war. The second part ‎deals with the foreign policy of Egypt on the ‎international level especially Egypt's relations with ‎U.S.A, the previous Soviet Urion and the European ‎continent. It talks also a bout how the Egyptian ‎diplomacy was able make a sort of balance to ‎‏ ‏this ‎relation.‎

Turgut Ozal And The New Program of
‎ Ottomanism

By: Mrs. Afrah N. Jassim

Ozal is considered one of the most important ‎characters that ruled Turkey after Mustafa Kamal ‎Ataturk. His period which lasted 1983-1993 has left ‎clear effects upon the Turkish arena. ‎
It is well known that Ozal is the director of so many ‎projects such as the new Ottomanism aims at ‎collecting the nations which talk Turkish from China ‎wall till Adryatic Sea in one nation and Turkey to be ‎the owner of that leadership. This is Central Asia, ‎Balkan, Caucasi and the middle East. ‎
At the beginning of 1990's, ther was a clear chance ‎to declare that project after the international arena ‎had witnessed the collapse of the U.S.S.R. and the ‎Islamic Republics of central Asia had got their ‎independence. This has pushed to take practical steps ‎towards achieving this project. ‎

Syrian-Lebanese Crisis And lts Regional Dimensions ‎
‎2005 – 2006‎

By: Miss Khalida I. Khalil

Syrian-Lebanese relations are significant in its ‎historical dimension. The reasons are not only historical ‎and human but also based on economic needs and mutual ‎human interests for both countries. Some changes had ‎taken place for such relation especially the Syrian ‎existence in Lebanon. They are internal changes in ‎Lebanon and regional developments from another point. ‎The internal changes in Lebanon are represented with ‎the assassination of the former Prime Minister of ‎Lebanon Rafik Al-Hariree and the rise of the Lebanese ‎opposition which demanded to end the Syrian existence in ‎Lebanon. As for the regional developments, they are ‎represented by the American existence in the eara and the ‎political changes that followed this existence. ‎