Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences

One of the essential foundations that help strengthen the cultural identity of holy cities cultural
identity is to preserve their physical and cultural components, tangible and intangible, that distinguish
them from other cities.
It was introduced as a temporary or permanent case to address some service aspects in the holy
cities, which made the city lose the architectural features that distinguish it—losing the place's
spirituality and the city's memory. The study examines the main reasons that led to losing cities' identity
by introducing renewal projects as a temporary or permanent situation to address some aspects of the
service in the holy cities. Thus, losing the place's spirituality and the town's memory.
The research aimed to preserve the identity of the sacred cities by setting standards for
development projects that should respect the specificity of Najafi architecture. The research results were
calculated based on the principles of urban sustainability. One of the most critical conservation criteria
is to know the quality of the implemented and proposed projects through field surveys and studies dealing
with these projects.
The research came up with several recommendations. First, preserve the architectural elements
that characterize Najafi architecture. Second, Respect the context and not deviate from it. Third, knowing
the model and standards for renovation and restoration projects, the original model must be simulated.
The research came out with several recommendations, including Preserving the architectural
elements that characterize Najafi architecture, Respecting the context, and Knowing the model and
standard in renovation and restoration projects. The research came up with several recommendations.
ISSN: 2709-6718
Vol. 02, No. 04 (2022)
First, preserve the architectural elements that characterize Najafi architecture. Second, Respect the
context and not deviate from it. Third, knowing the model and standards for renovation and restoration
projects, the original model must be simulated.
By dividing the research into several parts, it dealt with clarifying the most important planning
and design foundations that preserve the heritage values of the ancient cities by reviewing the essential
foundations for planning in Islamic cities, which led to formal formations of the main landmarks with
certain characteristics that reflected the nature of life in Islamic cities through their relations with each
other. While the other parts dealt with the study of urban development projects in the old city and
subjecting them to the most important standards of urban sustainability, and then verifying whether these
projects are considered under urban sustainability.

Deaf people use movements and physical expressions to reveal their ideas and feelings to their
world. These expressions are called ‘sign language’, and like natural languages, there are many forms
of signs worldwide. Deaf use one or two hands and sometimes use other body parts like the head, lips
or eyes. Their gestures are by either static or dynamic hands, and they are a bit of complicated
language. Therefore, other people need to understand the meaning of each of these signs and gestures
to communicate with the Deaf community successfully. Human-computer interaction is an effective
tool and an excellent trend to facilitate the communication and comprehension of the different sign
languages used worldwide. The research community has tried to review the most important techniques
and models used in deciphering and understanding sign languages. Every new research effort is
directed towards improving these ways of communication. Some proposed models dealt with isolated
signs, and others focused on continuous signs. This article represents a summary of multiple
comprehensive reviews that studied different literature conducted on sign language recognition. The
discussion in this review focuses on the systems and approaches that only deal with static hand gesture
recognition. This work aims to provide a guide for researchers and practitioners to relate their work to
existing research and gain insights into what their work can contribute to the field.

This article proposes to design and simulate a smart relay. These relays are installed devices that
can be added to an electrical circuit and allow remote control. The main purpose of the proposed smart
protection is to improve the dynamic performance of the IEEE 9-Bus network and reduce the number of
interruptions and outages due to emergencies or accidents in the transmission system. The installation
of a protection system with a smart relay using fuzzy logic control. Artificial controllers used to protect
the electrical system by separating the parts that have malfunctioned while keeping the parts that did not
fault by issuing a disconnection signal or directing the circuit breaker. Therefore, the protection system
must be active and resolute by separating the symmetrical and asymmetrical faults from the transmission
system and within the local and international standard specifications. It is worth noting that the
MATLAB program and mathematical simulation were used to demonstrate the performance of the
system. The proposed system is used to protect the transmission line using distance relays as main
protection, and the overcurrent relays as a backup. A backup protection relay is used in case of failure
main relay. The most important results depict that the time delay due to the logical relay is about 35ms;
the proposed smart relay has a faster response than the logical relay.

Natural fibers have economic and environmental advantages, offering attractive alternatives for
different applications such as automotive parts, door inserts, dashboards, seats, etc. In this research, the
flexural properties (using 3 point bending test), S-N curve and endurance limit values were evaluated
for composite materials. The blend contains 90% epoxy and 10% polyurethane by the weight fraction
was used as matrix, cotton, jute and silk natural woven fibers were used as reinforcement, which was
laminated by 0/90 and by a combination of 0/90 and 45/-45 Angle orientation for each type
reinforcement. Then, the cotton layers were hybridized by three types of arrangement, which include:
cross interfering between jute woven and unidirectional flax fiber as interplay (JF) woven (HCajf),
short fibers of jute and silk distributed randomly (HCajs) and silk woven (HCas). A vacuum infusion
system (VIS) was used to prepare the sample. SEM was used to investigate the characterization of
microscopy images. The evaluated results showed that the mechanical properties, fatigue life and
endurance limit value of a composite laminated with 0/90 Angle orientation is higher than the
composites laminated by a combination arrangement of 0/90 and 45/-45 Angle orientation.
Hybridization of the cotton composites by three-type arrangement (HCajf, HCajs and HCas) improved
the mechanical properties, fatigue life and endurance limit increased by 38.229 %, 21.017 % and 6.303
%, respectively, the hybridization with natural silk fiber has a significant effect on the mechanical
properties and ductility of the composite material. SEM tests for fatigue samples detected several types
of damage mechanisms related together, which caused degradations growing on different scales.