Journal of Engineering

Due to their variable and intermittent nature, the integration of renewable energy sources
poses control challenges related to voltage and frequency stability in isolated microgrids.
This paper proposes an enhanced dynamic droop control strategy optimized in active time
along with a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) comprising Battery Energy Storage
System (BESS), supercapacitors (SUPCA), and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
(SMES) to improve microgrid stability. The Dynamic Droop Gains (DDG) are continuously
tuned using the rapid-converging SECANT numerical method to enhance transient response
and steady-state performance, this was achieved using MATLAB/Simulink. The HESS
combines the complementary characteristics of BESS, SUPCA and SMES to balance steady
power supply and temporary overload capacity. Detailed simulation studies on a microgrid
test
system verify that the proposed control strategy significantly enhances
voltage/frequency regulation, power sharing accuracy, BESS lifespan and overall stability
compared to conventional droop techniques. The SUPCA further improves the transient
performance and power quality by mitigating fluctuations. The research demonstrates an
innovative way to harness advanced control algorithms and emerging storage technologies
for next-generation resilient and sustainable microgrids.

The important way to obtain lightweight concrete with compressive strength, density, and
thermal insulation properties that differ from normal concrete was by adding materials with
cementitious properties to the concrete mix instead of cement or using lightweight
aggregate. In most cases, the compressive strength of the lightweight concrete produced was
less than that of normal concrete. The aim of this research was to conduct three main
objectives. The first objective is to produce lightweight concrete with good compressive
strength compared to the same type of concrete by adding chemical additives (Super
Plasticizer S.P and Carbon Powder C.P) to the lightweight concrete mix. The second objective
is to recycle the residues of the local brick and use them as coarse aggregates in the
production of lightweight concrete. The third objective is to increase the thermal insulation
rate of concrete by adding the same r additive. The results were good, concrete was produced
from this work with the lowest density (????) of up to (1810 kg/m3) and the highest
compressive strength of up to (31.240 MPa) when only carbon powder was added in certain
proportions and the density of up to (1944 kg/m3) and compressive strength of up to
(31.946 MPa) when adding (Super-Plasticizer) to the same percentages of carbon powder.
Compared to ordinary lightweight concrete without chemical additives, its density reaches
(1894 kg/m3) and compressive strength (24.848 MPa) at the age of 28 days. In addition, the
thermal conductivity values reached about (0.507 W/m.oC), compared to ordinary
lightweight concrete (2.242 W/m.oC).

The study area, which consists of carbonate, is located in the unstable Mesopotamian basin
on the Arabian plate, which makes it a field with high heterogeneity. It has a discrepancy in
its bubble point pressure, which raises concerns about the faults or reefs that caused it. The
study's main objective is to determine how faults and reefs impact production performance
and pressure behavior under a future development strategy. This goal will be achieved by
completing the necessary seismic, static, and dynamic models. After re-evaluating the
seismic survey data, the seismic analysis detected many irregular amplitudes of reflected
events and abrupt discontinuities, indicating either a reef or a fault. The static model was
built based on seismic possible results and to make them as inputs for building the reservoir
model. Based on the history-matching results, faults were detected, while reefs were ruled
out. The development plan was implemented for the next 20 years in four cases, and case
four had the most favorable results among all the cases, with production plateauing at 140
MSTB/D and a cumulative volume equal to 1.09 MMMSTB. The reservoir pressure behavior
shows a hierarchical drop in all cases, with some differences, including a sharp decline in the
area of the proposed wells and the fault, which has become a compartment that prevents
reservoir compensation from adjacent regions.

Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC) exhibits many characteristics of both asphalt and rigid
pavements, but their use is restricted. Many reasons led to this decision, including the fact
that RCC is a type of concrete mixture that requires a specific consistency. It should be firm
enough to be compacted by a roller compactor but also have enough moisture to ensure even
distribution. The lab-field performance difference of RCC is another reason for decreasing its use.
The laboratory RCC mixes are prepared using the modified Proctor compaction method.
Subsequently, specimens are fabricated utilizing a vibratory hammer (VH) to evaluate their
strength properties. Nevertheless, in the construction industry, pavement is built utilizing static,
pneumatic, and vibratory rollers. Consequently, quality control is carried out by acquiring
pavement samples and comparing them to laboratory samples. Each of these procedures employs
different processes and energies, resulting in variations in field and laboratory behavior. In this
investigation, some studies will be discussed about the RCC behavior under field and lab
conditions using various design methods, such as the vibrating table (VH), vibratory table (VT),
gyratory compactor (GC), and modified proctor (MP). These studies showed a difference in RCC
mechanical and macroscale properties between laboratory compaction methods. For instance, VH
specimens led to a higher evaluation, while GY specimens produced a less favorable estimation of
the hardened properties observed in the field. While the MP and VT compacted specimens had a
comparable structural arrangement to the field, they exhibited notable differences in terms of
porosity and strength. Other studies revealed the essence of the curing stage in terms of RCC
mechanical properties and indicated that some curing processes, like compound curing, may
improve RCC performance.

Battered piles are beneficial when used as foundations where significant lateral resistance
is required, which could result from extreme water waves, winds, soil pressures, massive
hits of explosions, or earthquakes. Experimental and numerical research must focus on that
direction to reveal how these foundations behave under different loading conditions. The
present study reviews the investigations conducted on the performance of batter pile
foundations and attempts to understand and cover various aspects related to this issue; after
conducting the review, the results indicate that the negative battered piles provide an
efficient lateral stiffness corresponding to positive battered piles and a vertical one. Also,
lateral bearing capacity improved with the inclusion of battered piles. Moreover, batter piles
respond better than vertical piles in liquefiable soil under seismic excitation. The current
study also showed that the pullout capacity of batter piles increased with the batter angle.

This paper aims to develop a framework for differentiating the selection of welding
processes using specialized knowledge-based expert systems, which are particularly useful
in dealing with issues that require complex decision-making. A program was created and
programmed using the process information maps (PRIMAs) matrix in Visual Basic Access for
selecting welding processes in a study. The program is in two stages. In the first stage, it
excludes non-candidate operations according to several criteria, the most important of
which is the type of metal and its thickness. The second stage is arranging operations using
multi-criteria methods for decision-making through research to resolve complicated
problems involving multiple factors. The hierarchical analysis process (AHP) was used. It is
considered one of the most frequently used multi-criteria decision-making methods. The
selection of analytic hierarchical process. AHP criteria depend on experience and knowledge
rather than specific data for selecting alternatives and determining weights. The
methodology is straightforward, easy to comprehend, and applicable to various domains
needing intricate decision-making. The program results are compared with those of a
previously published case to choose the best welding processes for a study case, which is a
home radiator, and results matching the candidate processes were discovered.

The fixed orthodontic appliance may enhance devious pathogens and increase biofilm
accumulation around the orthodontic molar tube (OMT) surface, which may cause
demineralization of the tooth surface. However, the stainless-steel OMT coated with ZnO
nanoparticles may enhance antimicrobial efficacy and reduce biofilm accretion. The study
aimed to identify the optimal parameter for coating orthodontic molar tubes with
antimicrobial ZnO nanoparticles by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD)cell. 36 orthodontic
molar tubes were included in this study. The coating process was carried out using an EPD
cell. Various concentrations (7.5, 10, 20, 33) g/L of ZnO nanoparticles suspension were
conducted in this study, in addition to multiple times and voltages. After the coating process,
the samples were left to dry for 24 hours at room temperature. To confirm the coating and
adhesion a qualitative tape test and the Scanning Electron microscope were used to study
the morphological, topographical, and surface characteristics and the size of nanoparticles
on the surface of the coated OMT. The innovative ZnO nanoparticles exhibit promising
antibacterial properties against oral pathogens, leading to a decrease in plaque buildup,
which may decrease tooth cavities and gingival irritation through orthodontic treatment.
There was an increase in nanoparticle surface adhesion on the orthodontic molar tube
surface at 2 mins deposition time while reduced surface adhesion as increased deposing
time. The coating process was verified at a currency voltage of 30V, reducing nanoparticle
agglomeration. A concentration of 10g/L of ZnO suspension shows the most stable and
homogenous suspension.

The grouted ground anchor is the most used geotechnical element to transfer the tension
load from the superstructure or the soil mass in front of the potential failure surface
(active zone) to a deeper, efficient soil layer for its reliability and feasibility. It was
originally constructed by inserting the tendon, usually a steel strand, into an already
drilled borehole filled with cement grout. It was successfully used in the Cheurfas dam in
Algeria in (1934). According to the load transfer mechanism, there are two types of
ground anchors: tension-type and compression-type. The names of these two types of
anchors refer to the developed stresses in the grouted body. The present work presents
a literature survey about the load transfer mechanism for both types of anchors: tension
and compression embedded in granular soil. Many factors affecting the load transfer
mechanism have been reviewed. The main factor affecting the load transfer mechanism
is the confining pressure of the borehole. The recently developed methods of estimating
the ultimate pullout capacity of the anchor have been reviewed and discussed.

The aircraft landing phase, marking the finishing of a flight plane, is a critical yet dangerous
aerial maneuver. Even though it might seem simple, predicting the complexities of
performance during landing presents a big challenge due to the dynamic characteristics of
the phase, interaction with piloting methods, as well as inherent uncertainties in
aerodynamics. Landing is executed in close proximity to the ground at reduced airspeed, the
landing phase entails an escalated safety risk. Notably, incidents and accidents, particularly
overruns where aircraft fail to slow sufficiently on the runway before landing, underscore
the imperative for advanced landing technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive
review of research spanning from 2000 to the present exploring smart techniques like fuzzy
logic and machine learning, an array of control strategies ranging from classic PID control to
sophisticated hybrid control approaches, and optimization procedures utilizing diverse
optimization algorithms. The primary objective is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of
the existing research landscape, offering insights that can propel the evolution of strategies
for safer and more efficient landings and making sure the plane touches down safely.

Drought is a dangerous situation that lowers individual standards of living. It is considered
a devastating natural event. This study intends to thoroughly examine the occurrence and
characteristics of drought events in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate from 1985 to 2015. The
study employed three standardized indices: the standardized precipitation
evapotranspiration index (SPEI), the standardized precipitation index (SPI), and the
Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). These indices were utilized at different periods,
namely 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. According to findings, the maximum percent of extremely dry
highlighted in Sulaymaniyah and Dukan stations for SPI index and time scale three months
was 48% and 30%, respectively; the maximum percent of severely dry highlighted using RDI
index and time scale three months with 41%, 32%, 44% in Sulaymaniyah, Dukan, and
Darbandikhan stations respectively. Results revealed that the years 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007,
2008, 2009, and 2010 saw a drought for the used indices, Dukan station has the maximum
severity of 112.25 for SPEI12 for the event happened from Nov. 2007 to Sep 2015. The
maximum durations were observed at Dukan station using SPI and SPEI as well, and
Darbandikhan station has the highest drought frequency. The correlations of drought
indices, using the coefficient of determination (????2) showed the lowest and highest
agreement between SPI-SPEI and SPI-RDI, respectively. The findings revealed that water
resources in the study area are at risk of depletion due to drought. Therefore, water
management techniques are required to mitigate drought in the study area.

The purpose of this research presents the research results obtained from a numerical
simulation using the ABAQUS/CAE version 2019 finite element software. This study tested the
shear behavior of T-beams made of reinforced concrete (RC). The structure is reinforced with a
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bar embedded through a section (ETS). The numerical
validation approach implicated using numerical analysis on the experimental data collected
from twelve reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams divide into two groups each group include
reference beam, the field of numerical analysis was expanded to encompass the examination of
many aspects, such as the impact of the diameter of CFRP bars. The main objective of this project
is to create a computational model that accurately transcribes the complex nonlinear properties
inherent in beams. This work conducts a comparative investigation of computational and
experimental models, with a specific focus on their load-deflection features and cracking
patterns. The study found that the average ratio
of ultimate load to deflections in numerical
model simulations for beams was 1.011, whereas in experimental testing it was 0.928. The
research findings establish a clear correlation between the diameter of CFRP bars and the
stiffness of a beam, assuming a constant angle of inclination and spacing.

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) assists automobiles in preserving a safe following distance
and adhering to speed limits. This advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) modifies the
car's speed to keep a safe gap from oncoming traffic. All vehicle types include combustion
engines, pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and methods of operation;
controllers are designed to react to cruise control signals and provide an efficient route
profile according to the surrounding environment and instantaneous vehicle performance
characteristics. ACC uses a perception system to measure the forward vehicle's current
distance, speed, and acceleration relative to the host vehicle. Some of these systems use
lasers, radar, cameras, or a combination of these sensors to determine the distance and
speed of the leading vehicle. Other systems even use wireless communication to collect data
from surrounding vehicles. ACC can help reduce stress on long drives, increase road safety,
prevent accidents, and enhance traffic flow energy efficiency. This paper aims to introduce a
comprehensive study of the research on ACC and mention different controlling techniques
used to deal with the problem. Furthermore, a discussion of each method with its cons and
pros is mentioned too. First, an introduction to the ACC system and control approaches with
a brief discussion of their main principle is presented. Next, various application cases of ACC
are presented. These applications include lateral dynamics, wireless technology, energy
vehicles, navigation data, and practical experimental tests. At last, future guidance and
challenges are discussed.