Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Abstract
This research aims to reveaI the precaution of aI Zamakhshari in his dictionary (Asas aI – BaIaghah) among other Iinguistic dictionaries, and to Know the extent of aI – Zamakhshari s purpose in this aspect that we chose, which is the semantic aspect, according to the descripticaI approach. His dictionary included many Iinguistic IeveIs, so AI – Zamakhshari was Based on the ancient in its narration of the meanings of the meanings of words, and after that this dictionary became a piIIar for modem dictionaries, This is due to its uniqueness in the approach of composing the Alphabetical approach , taking into account the first, second, and third principles of the origins, which the reIied on, his dictionary, and none of the Lexicographers precede him, so it is easy for the reader to search for it

This research aims to direct what has been syntaxed with three syntaxes or more in the book of Al-Nazir Al-Sahih on Al-Jami Al-Sahih, and to study it as a comprehensive study by citing and comparing the opinions of previous and later grammarians, commentators of the hadith and its translators, and building bridges between the sayings of the grammarians and their opinions, and the commentators of the hadith and the translators and their opinions, all with the aim of . Arriving at the strongest and most grammatically acceptable face.

Phonetic Phenomena in Amali Ibn Al-Shajari This research is one of the phonetic researches that aims to demonstrate the authenticity of phonetic research among the Arabs. Ibn Al-Shajari, and defined the field of phonetic study in his book Al-Amali, and examined the most important phonology phenomena under the most famous phonetic rules, and I mean the analogy, its forms, and the contrast and its images, and presented his phonetic efforts on the data of the modern phonetic lesson, and mentioned his most important phonetic analyzes of what he mentioned of phonetic phenomena and what he uniquely phonetic opinions. .

The aim of this research is to clarify the phenomenon of interpretation, which had an important role in expanding the circle of the grammar lesson in its various directions. In the study of Arabic, the grammarians used one theory, the factor theory, and one origin, which are listening and analogy. Therefore, the grammarians set principles and rules that govern the language of the Arabs, and control it logically, which they all follow in the light of these principles, so that nothing deviates from them. The research included the most important results that it reached, namely, that the idea of the factor originated in simple Arabic grammar, and that it is as old as this method, and that the motivation for it seems to be the syntactic errors, and the evaluation of the meaning of speech. These things were observed and done in simplicity and spontaneity, because the Arabs in their language used to follow the course of character and etiquette, and grammarians came and tried to find reasons for the influx of different movements on the end of speech and changing it according to its different syntactic positions, so they called what causes change (factor), and what is affected by it (performed).

Abstract
This paper revealed in its folds the study of the approach of Abd al-Jalil ibn Ali al-Hanafi, who died after the year 1103 AH, towards the phenomena of weighting and elaboration, and his position on the author of the text, in the beneficial book in its bright chapter, called Ghayat AL-Nahjah AL-Radhiya fi Hal AL-fadh Nihayat AL-Bahjah AL-Nahawiyah. The importance of the topic lies in the value of the text. This book, which lies in the personality of the encyclopedic expounder. In these three phenomena, Sheikh Abdul Jalil drew a specific approach that indicates the extent of his independence and the strength of his scientific personality.
The division of the approach required the study to be in two parts: the first: the preferences of the sheikh and his position on the workbook, and the second: the employment of causes through a reading in the phenomenon of the cause in Arabic and some types of causes in the explanation. Not to mention recalling the approach that the elaborator followed.
Therefore, the current paper highlighted many terms in its grammatical and semantic directions, as it used many limits that he used explicitly and included in the elaboration, for example: reasoning by transfer and famous, ugliness and ugly, work occasion, judgment, scarcity, lack of omission, and so on, and these reasons we find far from Strangeness, and its existence was only to open the closed issues, but if we go back to its explanation, we find that most of what has been used is the term origin, and he was committed in his reasoning to the short approach as presented.
The presence of accuracy in transferring the text faithfully was the key and conclusion to know what this book contained of explanatory material and many suggestions, which made this paper divided according to topics.

The blessed Surat Al-Fajr is from the inspired words of God, the Creator, to the last of the Prophets and Messengers (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family), which was conveyed to him by Gabriel (peace be upon him), in which there is news of the end of time; And whoever delves deeply into the interpretation of this great surah, he will obtain from it great benefits and wisdom, as it carried from the sermon what he preaches to all humanity; Especially with regard to the stories of previous nations, which I recounted as proverbs, so that people would learn from the fate of those who preceded them. My process was in order to understand its content. It is the indication of the context; There is no doubt that any student of the Qur'anic text, when it deals with it; It draws it to a certain understanding, derived from the contextual data on which it is based in understanding the text, and from the nature of the recipient in terms of ideological formation and the acquired culture. Therefore, I resorted to relying on the interpretation of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) according to the accounts considered from them, as well as the reasons for descending in order to reach the goal of the street with scientific and rational objectivity.

Grammarians use a lot of expressions that indicate their weightings for one of the grammatical issues, such as: the most correct, the correct, the most appropirate, and other such phrases, and Ibn al-Alaj al-Ishbili, is one of those who presented many opinions and quotes in his book (AL-baseet Fi AL-Nahu), Then he began to prefer, and choose one opinion over another, and he might agree with one of the doctrines and contradict the other, and he might be unique in his opinion without deviating from analogy, relying on the evidence that leads him to the argument and the evidence that he deems correct. It is worth noting that Ibn al-Alaj often took the opinions of the scholars of Basra and followed their tracks, and relied on their principles in his weightings, and in that he did not fanaticize one school over another, and he might prefer the saying of one of the grammarians without regard to his school, so we see him sticking to moderation in his choice of opinion. Just as he takes the opinion of Sibawayh at times, and he is from the visual school, he also takes the opinion of Al-Farra’, and he is from the Kufic school, or the opinion of the scholars of Andalusia or others, so you see it as a middle ground in his choices and preferences, and he used the foundations that he deems appropriate from hearing or analogy, as is the case with others. They preceded him from the Arab grammarians.

The science of Quranic readings is an authentic source of aspects or letters on which the Qur’an was revealed. Scholars directed these readings and stood on the causes and indications that were behind them. It had the power to give a new indication the difference in the original and in my research titled (the structures of broken plural according to Ibn Mutrif al-Qurtubi (d. 454 AH) in his book Al-Badi’ fi Sharh al-Qira’at al-sabaa.), I followed Ibn Mutarrif’s opinion in balancing it with the opinions of other scholars. Then the research was divided into an introduction and a general introduction, to introduce the author and his book in an easy way, and two requirements. And a list of the sources used in the research

The phenomenon of anaphora is one of the common linguistic phenomena in our Arabic language, and it is the result of a linguistic unit with another linguistic unit, as a result of their similarity and interdependence, or their suitability in one or more eras, whether this interdependence is accidental or continuous, familiar with and accepted by the language, and palatable by hearing, and research in Alliteration is based on phonetic foundations, so sounds are the substance of the pronunciation, and the pronunciation is not described as beautiful or ugly except by taking into account the phonetic material, and each word has a phonetic value, and what is meant by phonetic value is the timbre of the words, and (alliteration) represents a phenomenon resulting from the influence and influence between the similar sounds that make up a word.

This research aims to reveal the opinions and issues in which Abu Al-Hassan Al-Akhfash agreed with the Kufans, and which were attributed to him by Abu Al-Barakat Al-Anbari in his book Al-Insaf from Matters of Controversy, and to study these issues and opinions to find out their truth and the truth about the opinions attributed to them to the Kufans, and whether what was attributed to them was true and correct. Or did Al-Anbari fall into their attribution and that they did not say it originally and attributed to them. Wrong. Then, do these issues originally fit to be controversial and hold the dispute between the two schools of thought, or do they represent the opinions and jurisprudence of the scholars of the two schools or the scholars of the same school of thought, and whether Al-Akhfash was successful in agreeing with the Kufans and saying their saying and following them from these issues mentioned by Abu Al-Barakat Al-Anbari, or is the opinion Al-Basri was correct, with the evidence they presented and the approved principles approved by the grammarians. This research came to reveal to us the answer to these and other questions And from God is success

This study, titled (Political and National Identity in the Feminist Novelist Work - Dr. Radwa Ashour and Dr. Khawla Hamdi as an Example), attempts to reveal the work of a contemporary feminist novelist. Each of them is considered an intellectual beacon that defended the nation's identity through its narrative works, and appeared in its novels rebellious with honest pen, concerned with humanity, the image of the lost homeland and issues of history as well as women's issues, and it is described as an icon of freedom and resistance in writing. Writing is a means used by both novelists to convey their messages, and to raise the issues that move them, and they draw inspiration from their world and the framework of their personal experience.

The Holy Qur’an is a book of legislation and education, a book of guidance and reform, and it is not only a book of rules, but through the Qur’an we can set a method for the entire society, solve all problems and deal with every difficulty. Proverbs are part of the basic topics of the Holy Qur’an, and they are also one of the methods of its miraculous statement. It came in the hadith “On the authority of Abu Hurairah, may God be pleased with him, he said: The Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, said: ((The Qur’an was revealed in five aspects: permissible and forbidden, decisive and allegorical, and proverbs, so act with the lawful, and avoid the forbidden, and follow the decisive, and believe in the allegorical, and consider the proverbs))

Praise be to Allah , and prayers and peace be upon our prophet Muhammad, whom God sent as a mercy to the worlds, and upon his pure and good household, and may God be pleased with all his companions, and whoever follows them and follows their path until the Day of Judgment, and after…
The most honorable of all sciences and arts, the first of them by preference, and the highest of them by agreement is the science of interpretation. Because it is the word of God Almighty, and the great Qur’an has received more attention than any other book has, and it has been studied from various aspects. Here I am contributing – as much as my human capacity – to the Qur’an and its sciences, as the Holy Qur’an is an abounding sea of knowledge. Because it is the righteousness of the world and the religion, so whoever preoccupies himself with it and gives his time to this knowledge, he has won in this world and the Hereafter.
This is a research entitled: (The concept of AL-Fateel, AL-Naqir and AL-Qatmir in the Holy Qur’an, an analytical study). The research included an introduction in which I mentioned the importance of the topic and the research plan, and wrote five demands:
I made the first requirement: for examples of the works of the People of the Book, and their rewards.
The second requirement was: about people's conditions, and waging the duty of AL-Jihad for the sake of Allah.
Then the third requirement: entitlement to heaven with good deeds.
The fourth requirement: the conditions of people on the Day of Judgment with their leaders.
And the fifth requirement: evidence of divine powerThen the conclusion, the most prominent results, and sources and references.
I ask God to make this work purely for His honorable sake, and our last prayer is that praise be to Allah and may Allah's blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad,

By the grace of God Almighty, I have been guided to serve this great and blessed constitution, through the realization of the interpretation of the virtuous scholar, the jurist Abd al-Karim al-Tabrizi (d. 831 AH) in the service of the Islamic heritage, and to complete the project of the Department of Holy Quran Sciences at the College of Arts at the Iraqi University.
The study aims to contribute to bringing this noble interpretation into existence for the benefit of the reader and students of knowledge. And to show the scientific value of this great interpretation. As well as shedding light on the Islamic personalities and the exegetes who served the Book of God Almighty, then he presented samples of the investigation of the scholar Abdul Karim Al-Tabrizi to the footnote of Al-Kashshaf, as this manuscript is one of the rare and important manuscripts on the book Al-Kashshaf by Al-Zamakhshari, which is one of the earliest and most important books of rhetoric.

Abstract
Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the best of messengers, our Prophet Muhammad, and upon his family and companions.
The Holy Qur’an called Muslims to solidarity and cooperation among themselves in all aspects of life, especially in the economic aspect because of its great impact on human life and his psychological and social status, so that the Islamic nation would be like one body, the rich fill the need of the poor, and the strong the need of the weak. And to set an example for other nations.
Thus, my research came to show important means of interdependence between a Muslim and his Muslim brother, and I included two topics in the first topic, in which I spoke about penances and explained their meaning, types, when they are obligatory for a Muslim, and the reasons that called for them. And its amount, and those who deserve it from the poor and needy, and this is what I talked about in the first requirement, then I explained the role of these expiations in solidarity among Muslims by transferring surplus money to the needy and strengthening the purchasing power of the poor and moving demand and supply in the market and this is what came in the second requirement of the first topic.
And from the expiation legislation, it is clear to us the humanity of Islamic legislation and its keenness to develop the feature of economic solidarity among Muslims and its keenness to meet the need of the needy and the poor, and not to make them vulnerable to the loss of the necessities of life, such as food and clothing. Islam is to guarantee the needy their right to solidarity with their able-bodied brothers.
Then came the second topic showing the meaning of the will and its legitimacy in being one of the most important means of economic solidarity among Muslims, and this is what came in the first requirement, then came the statement of the role of the will in economic solidarity in the second requirement of the second topic, and finally came the conclusion that showed the most important results of this research.

One of the most important reasons for choosing the topic is to serve the Book of God Almighty, and in our hands is a manuscript that combines scarcity as it was written in the life of the author and about his copy, which makes it of great importance, as it included a number of possessions of a group of notables in reference to communication and the frequent exchange of manuscripts, as if they were They exchange manuscripts by selling, benefiting from each other\'s holdings and the scientific knowledge they have captured.
After a long search, hard effort, and going to many libraries and manuscript places , about matters related to the manuscript, and great efforts by the Imam Hussein Center (peace be upon him) to achieve the heritage of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them), I got two copies of this manuscript called: (Noor Al-Anwar Wa Misbah AL- Asrar) by its author, Muhammad ibn Muhammad Taqi al-Husayni al-Musawi al-Najafi, known as Radi al-Din.

There are many reasons that made me to choose a topic in the science of investigation, the most important of which is getting closer to God Almighty by shedding light on Islamic interpretations and heritage and contributing to the dissemination of that heritage, as well as what I found of abundant knowledge in the interpretation of Noor al-Anwar For Radhi AL-din Al-Najafi, because of what it contains of readings, hadith, language, jurisprudence, and others

I mentioned in this research what I stood on from the biography of Tariq bin Shihab Al-Bajali Al-Kufi, and showed that he is one of those who proved to him the company of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, to see him, although he did not hear from him directly, but heard from other companions about him, may God bless him and grant him peace, as I showed his lineage, and who took knowledge, and who took from him.
Then I mentioned the unique issue mentioned about it related to the issues of sales that have to do with the provisions of usury.
Then I mentioned the origin of this issue and its subordinate issues, and the statements of scholars and their differences in it, reviewing during all that their evidence with discussion, and then explaining what I think about some of them

One of the best deeds is preoccupation with knowledge, and the best of sciences is what reforms this world and the hereafter, and one of the most prestigious of them is the science of interpretation. Because its subject matter is the Holy Qur’an, with which the trustworthy spirit descended from the Most High, upon the heart of the Prophet (peace be upon him), so its treasuries are endless, and its secrets never end.
That is why scholars, interpreters, and researchers took care of studying it and groping for its meanings and secrets, so it was truly a light that God Almighty guides those who follow Him to the paths of peace, as He enlightened humanity the path of its guidance and happiness in the life and after life, so the scholars lived contemplating its verses, and extracting information from its rules, so they act in its decisiveness and believe in its similarities, and the Great Holy Qur’an in it Of the secrets that are in it, and of the wisdom, lessons and sermons that cannot be compared to it, it is renewable and the scholars are always studying it, and it is the eternal miracle of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, no one has reached its end, but rather it is the book of God Almighty that you are unable to reach its limits and . and from that came my research titled ((The Trophy its Concept and Verdict in Abd Al-Karim Al-Tabrizi's Footnote on AL-Kashaf))

since the interpretation of (Al-Dayya’in in Complementing the Interpretation of the Qur’an by the two Imams Burhan Al-Din Ibrahim bin Abi Al-Qasim bin Omair Al-Hakami (d. 959 AH) and Imam Ali bin Muhammad bin Ibrahim Al-Hakami (d. 1041 AH)) is a comprehensive interpretation of the Qur’an written in Arabic, and it is one of the useful interpretations in this science And the easiest of them, and one of the books that has gained wide acceptance among scholars, ancient and modern, as it is an important reference for students of science and researchers. The verses, their interpretation, the reason for their revelation, the difference of scholars in their interpretation, and the related jurisprudence rulings, and stripping its interpretation from the, aspects of readings, the derivation of words, their morphology, and the faces of their syntax, except in some places that need this.

Arbitration is considered the highest stage of development that the innate groups have reched and the idea of arbitration has settled in the minds of people and they have resorted to it until it has become an original habit in them However recourse to arbitration was optional and the implementation of the judgment issued is left to the disputants.
The arbitration was not binding on the arbitrator and he the wanted he would perform this task and if he refused, and the two parties had to agree to appear before the arbitrator.
Before Islam, the Arabs resorted to rulers and judges to resolve their differences and they did not rely on a written law or sharia, but rather on customs tradition and customs and these customs were not devoid of tribal nervousness in arbitration which sometimes made their decisions not devoid of in justice.
The used to solve their problems through the heads of tribes of people known for honesty, honor, wisdom intelligence and knowledge and among the most famaus arbitrators (Aktam bin Saifi) and (Amer bin Al-Darb Al- Adwani) and others, and the Arabs had special methods in the judiciary and arbitrations including: Oath, Physiognomy, Qayafah, Soothsayers and Clairvoyanis.

The historical study in topics that shed light on behavioral phenomena is one of the characteristics of modern historical writing, due to the importance of knowing the motives and reasons for the emergence of these behaviors throughout history, and thus working to reduce and limit the emergence of these behaviors as much as possible. These behaviors are the phenomenon of banditry and bandits, which appeared widely from the beginning of the seventh century until the end of the tenth century AH (13_16 AD) for many motives, foremost of which was the turmoil of the political situation in the countries of the Islamic Maghreb, These crises are accompanied by a hostile behavioral deviation on the part of some unscrupulous people, so that banditry and bandits become a regular occurrence that accompanies crises.

Anti-Semitism, which was reduced to Jews exclusively, was a basis and a chapter of Nazi racial theory and an axis on which the Nazis' view of the world turned. It was built on the conviction that the historical movement is governed by the human races conflict and that (the Jewish race) is the most dangerous, so eliminating it is one of the priorities of the Nazi theory of existence and survival through developing a systematic plan and an integrated extermination program.

The research entitled "The Kokadam Agreement of 1986 and its Impact on the Internal Situation in Sudan"
deals with the events in southern Sudan due to the Sudan People's Liberation Movement, as most of the Sudanese political parties represented by the National Assembly to save the country called for reconciliation with the SPLM on March 20, 1986 in Ethiopia In order to bring peace to Sudan, and to calm the civil war that broke out in 1983 and claimed the lives of a large number of Sudanese.

The research entitled " The Status of Turkish minorities in the Balkans.Bulgaria-Western Thrace-Macedonia, 1991-2004", dealt with the learning of the situation of the Turks and what they suffer from persecution and injustice and the control of some government authorities of those countries in all areas of life for the Turkish minority as well as the role of the Turkish authorities in standing by its subjects are from the political and economic side , and that support differs from one country to another according to the policy of those countries and their dealings with the minority, Nevertheless, the Turks proved their presence and preserved their heritage and culture.

This research deals with the dangers of landslides that Haibat Sultan road is exposed to, and its effects on humans and the environment. This is in the area of the road linking Koya and Bistana on Mount Haibat Sultan, which crosses the mountain with a zigzag road which is a main road used by cars and oil trucks. This road is exposed to the dangers of mass waste of many kinds in many places However; the most dangerous of them are the movements that the road is exposed to in its upper part, as the rocky layers tilt at a large angle of more than 60 degrees. In the direction of the slope of the mountain and adjacent to the road from the other side of a valley with a slope of up to (8-14 degrees), this road is exposed to slid, rock falls and Toppling frequently annually, especially in the rainy season. Mount Haibat Sultan's is a convex fold characterized by a strong inclination in its southwestern limb and a less severe inclination in its northeastern limb.

The integration between the multi-criteria decision-making approach or(MCDM) and geomatics techniques is considered a renewed and promising approach to solve problems related to decision-making in a wide range of areas related to environmental management،urban planning،transportation،agricultural activity،etc..،as(MCDM) provides a framework An organized methodology for evaluating many overlapping and conflicting criteria in decision-making problems،while Geomatics provides a set of tools and techniques for processing and analyzing geospatial data،storing and displaying them،and by combining both،decision makers can benefit from the rich information they need. It is derived from evaluating decision options and selecting the best ones based on the specified criteria. This integration can also help increase transparency in decision-making processes and improve the quality of results, The study produced (3) levels of land suitable for rice cultivation on the southern plain of Aqrah ،including: High suitability about (20%)،medium suitability about (52%)،and poor suitability by more than (1%). The rest of the lands of the study area appeared as unsuitable areas for the cultivation of this crop،while the total of rice production in the whole district was estimated about (7662.7) tons for the year 2022.

Water discharges are the main element in the formation of river islands along with other human factors, as the river load of sediments, silt and silt represents a major factor in the formation of the nucleus of the island, especially during low levels of the river and lack of water discharge in dry years, so sedimentary tongues form, and then barriers and small islands soon They fuse with each other, forming large islands that expand year after year until they reach a certain size. The study of river islands is of great importance in hydrological studies, as its importance appears through the river load and its impact on the formation of river islands within the course of the Euphrates River north of the city of Ramadi, and then knowing the factors that led to the emergence of these islands, as well as knowing the future directions in order to develop and exploit them in The agricultural, residential or tourist aspect, while giving solutions to address the abuses that occur within the island.

The military presence of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in northern Iraq led to security instability in the region, in light of the party's strikes in the Turkish depth and the response by the Turkish side, in addition to the military attacks from the Iranian side, which threatens Iraqi national security, as the party's presence in the territory of the Iraqi Kurdistan region prompted the Turkish government to exploit the situation and interfere in Iraqi affairs by establishing military bases in Iraqi territory and launching successive attacks inside Iraqi territories, especially since this party has the support of the residents of the southeastern Anatolia region because they are of Kurdish nationalism, in addition to the convergence of their strategic goals represented in the establishment of the Kurdish state, the Turkish military presence would achieve gains for Turkey, including those related to political and economic goals, such as creating a discord between the central government in Baghdad and the regional government in Erbil to exploit the situation politically and economically, which constitutes a threat to Iraqi national security, in light of the current situations of the Kurdish problem, three future courses were put forward with a geopolitical perspective: the path of the current situation, which is the closest to happening, the path of aggravation of the Kurdish problem, and the path of the establishment of the Kurdish state. Therefore, Iraqi politics seeks to solve the problem through diplomatic communication with the parties of the problem, externally and internally: externally, by entering into understandings with Turkey, Iran and Syria to limit military attacks inside Iraqi territories that affect Iraqi sovereignty, and internally, through cooperation with the regional government to solve the problems with regard to the issue of oil and the rights of the region of Kurdistan.

The current research aims to identify the negative effects of residential expansion, planning treatments and future expectations for population growth in the Rashidiya district, where the problem of urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural lands is one of the problems that led to a decrease in agricultural lands in the Rashidiya district due to the increasing population growth in the study area and the successive and continuous migrations From the city of Baghdad, which created different uses of land at the expense of agricultural lands.
Where many cities and regions around the world are witnessing a large housing expansion, and this has many negative effects on the environment and society, and Al Rashidiya district is no exception to that.
Urban sprawl increased after 2003, as it led to many negative effects, foremost of which was a decrease in agricultural production and the destruction of large areas of agricultural land, in addition to environmental deterioration and a decline in community services in residential areas.
The researcher reached a set of the following conclusions and recommendations:
1. An increase in population growth rates throughout the study area by 16.3%, according to population estimates for the year 2021, and this indicates a continuous increase in the number of the population and their need for new land for housing.
2. The study revealed that the most transgression on agricultural lands occurred between 2003-2021, as there were no laws limiting this.
3.Stopping urban sprawl of all kinds by creating new neighborhoods on lands unsuitable for cultivation.
4. The issuance of strict procedures by the state for trespassers on arable lands, which are among the regions exporting agricultural products in Baghdad Governorate

The study found a limited possibility of applying a water harvesting system in the region, based on geological, topographical and hydrological criteria, and by selecting the proposed optimal reservoir site for water harvesting for the purpose of storing water and benefiting from it in periods of drought for the development of agricultural lands and the cultivation of wheat crops through this harvesting and working on the use of a system Sprinklers (Dim cultivation), and determined the amount of water that can be stored in the optimal reservoir by about (1176000000 m3), and these results that were reached help in the future when applied to the development of the region in several aspects such as developing agricultural lands and expanding pastures, by highlighting the role of water harvesting as a means to compensate The shortage of water and the provision of an additional source for it is used in supplementary irrigation, during the decline in the amounts of rain or drought, in addition to its use in increasing the stock of groundwater by retaining rainwater and torrents passing through the depressions in the form of lakes and barriers that are characterized by ideal storage conditions and water retention before entering the areas of cracks and faults.

The research aims to identify the level of administrative excellence among the principals of governmental secondary schools in the three directorates of Baghdad-Rusafa Education from the point of view of faculty members, as well as to identify the level of functional support among secondary school principals and then find the correlation between administrative excellence and functional support from the point of view of members of the body. Teaching in secondary schools, and the researcher used the descriptive correlative approach as a means to reach the results of the research. As for the research community, it was the members of the teaching staff in the governmental secondary schools of the directorates of education of Baghdad Governorate, Rusafa, the first, the second, and the third, and their number was (1627) teachers. 10% of their number was (163) teachers, and the researcher set two scales (administrative excellence, which consisted of (22) paragraphs, as well as the scale (functional support, which will consist of three domains). The researcher met all the requirements for building the scale of validity and its types (apparent validity, psychometric validity, and stability in both types) until the two scales are ready for application in their final form. And Pearson's correlation coefficient, and after extracting the results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals were drawn up.

Emotional Chemistry and its relationship to the Feeling Good for Specialist Supervisors
The aims of the search are the following:
1- Measuring emotional chemistry of specialist supervisors.
2 – Measuring the difference of emotional chemistry according to the gender variable of specialist supervisors.
3 - Measuring feeling good of specialist supervisors.
4 – Measuring the difference of feeling good according to the gender variable of specialist supervisors.
5 – Measuring relationship between emotional chemistry and its relationship to the feeling good of specialist supervisors.
To achieve the aims of the research, the researcher did the below:
Constructed a scale of emotional chemistry and feeling good which consisted of (20 ) items , after finishing conditions of validity reliability and distinguishing the items , The search limits to specialist supervisors at Ministry of Education year 2022 – 2023
, the community of the search consists of ( 412 ) supervisors of ( 6 ) educational directions in Baghdad ( 236 ) males and ( 176 ) females , according to the statistics of Ministry of Education , from the original community , the selected sample consists of ( 206 ) specialist supervisors as (118 ) males and ( 88 ) females , at ( 50% ) of the community of the search unscrambled , depends on descriptive method ,to achieve the objectives of the search , the researcher has applied the 2 scales on the search sample , using the bag statistical (SPSS ) the data has analyzed
The researcher comes up to the following:
1 - Specialist supervisors have emotional chemistry.
2 – - There are statistically significant differences in emotional chemistry in favor of females.
3 - Specialist supervisors feel good.
4 – There are statistics individuals differences for the females .
5 - There is correlation between emotional chemistry and feeling good of specialist supervisors.
According to the results that the search has come out with some recommends and suggestions .

The banking sector is considered the most economic activity influenced by globalization. Therefore, it had to address the obstacles the banks are facing, particularly the financial distress and the weakening of the bank administration. It is clear, according to the trustees viewpoint, that the bank merger in the private banks is considered a solution to addressing the bank's distress. The trustee is believed the merging bank may be able to pursuit his activity as well, reducing the effort and money. Thus, the bank merge is an essential step in the bank restructuring.

The research is based on presenting a reading of modern linguistic thought among the pioneers of the London School, which was founded by the English linguist Firth. And of those who studied directly by Firth: Ibrahim Anis, Tammam Hassan, Abdul Rahman Ayoub, Kamal Bishr, and Mahmoud al-Saaran. The generation of pioneers was distinguished by the fact that it was from the children of one linguistic school, it is the London School. Most of them majored in linguistics or one of its branches at the University of London, after their return from the mission, they tackled linguistic teaching and research in Egyptian universities. Their attitudes in presenting linguistics to the Arab researcher differed clearly, we can summarize these trends in three clear currents that accompanied the introduction of modern linguistic theory, namely: Structuralism and criticism of the Arabic linguistic heritage, structural analysis of the language, and the application of modern linguistic theory to the Arabic language. In the following, we will present structuralism and criticism of the Arabic linguistic heritage.

An artistic study of the image of "I" in the poetry of Ajwad Mijbil
The image of “I” is one of the most prominent pictorial studies in modern literature, and it has won the attention of critics a lot due to its artistic aesthetic, as the poet often tries to show himself in the names of the images and embodies them in the best artistic suits. Therefore, poets took care of them from ancient times, and the poet was the finest Al-Iraqi is one of the most prominent poets in the modern era, he excelled in drawing his artistic image, and the image of "I" appeared in his poetry with a high degree of quality, and he drew in it his personal characteristics and the characteristics of his people, so we seek in this article to study the image of Anna in poetry through the descriptive analytical approach.
The research concluded that the poet Ajwad Majbil cared in his love for the image in his poetry, and the image of “I” was brilliantly manifested in his poetry, and it appeared in two types: the singular and the plural represented by the form “we.” In general, the concept of “me” in his poetry meant most of the time himself first and the Iraqi and Arab people second We find him portraying himself and his people with the best features, as well as showing some of his people’s weaknesses. “I” in the poet’s diwan carried many connotations and was characterized by many positive features, such as loyalty, steadfastness, hope, courage, forgiveness, purity, misery, cooperation, and a wide range of drawing in various similes and metaphors. ...

The fight for women's emancipation has existed for centuries, dormant in the previous era. Still, the sprouting of radical activity in the women's movement gathered impetus and peaked in the late Victorian era. The feminist agitation of the era was a noticeable feature that shocked the Victorian conservative. The term was first used by French dramatist Alexander Dumas in 1872. From the Hebrew Bible and Greek philosophy to the present, the female tends to be defined by negative reference-weak, docile, virile, and sensual. The study of Victorian feminists is a source of interest to the extent of modern feminism. The link between novelists and feminists can be discerned in their intention to bring reforms. The transition era saw a change in the very image of women; the angel in the house was slowly transforming into an assertive woman, a woman finding her voice which stimulated confusion in the very understanding of the new woman. The literature that stimulated such confusion signals their readability value. Feminism has shown interest in re-fashioning the past literature, which is a positive sign to revisit.

The study tries to shed light on the relative clauses used in literary texts namely Shaw's 'Arms and the Man'. A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies or describes an antecedent i.e. a preceding noun. Relative clauses are of great importance since they help in understanding sentences as well as providing a choice for writers to vary their texts. Relative clauses consist of three elements: head noun, modifying clause and relativizer. Literary authors shape the language of their texts to suit their purposes. The study postulates that relative clauses are common in the play and relative pronouns functioning as subject are used more than other types. It endeavors to find out how these subordinate clauses are used by the writer in order to communicate his ideas and specify or add more information about the referent. The results show that restrictive relative clauses are more common than non-restrictive as well as the use of relative pronouns functioning as a subject are the most used type in the play.