JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

The purpose of this study is to assess the credit risk of a group of Iraqi banks between (2005 and 2018). The quantitative analysis was carried out by looking at a scale, one of which is the closest to modern indicators (VAR). Then an effective comparison of the study sample banks was made. The main ratios that were employed focus specifically on the interest received to the total loans, and each bank risk was classified through the use of statistical analysis based on the value-at-risk model, as this type of analysis was used to summarize the performance of each bank based on two criteria: variance and general stability to perform each bank. The results showed that the Bank of Baghdad performed reasonably well during the period covered by the study, while the Bank of Mosul was the worst performer among the banks of the study sample, as the performance levels were low for the Bank of Mosul, while the Bank of Baghdad benefited from obtaining a higher degree of performance in general. The political conditions of the country affected the Mosul Bank after the year (2014), which led to work on improving its performance better compared to the banks of the study sample. It was among the most important characteristics of the Bank of Baghdad, and the reason is that the Central Bank chose this bank from among several banks (Ahli, Baghdad, Tejari Al-Iraqi, Assyria, the Middle East and Development) after the year (2016) to contribute to the electronic payment system for employee salaries with all their allocations and benefits for all state departments and institutions This led to a high rate of variance and, accordingly, a high rate of risk for this bank.

Weakness in achieving social responsibility that business organizations in general and the organization in question in particular should have a role in achieving because of its great importance to individuals in society on the one hand and enhancing the reputation and position of the organization on the other hand, and continuous improvement has an important role in achieving this because of the methods and mechanisms it includes Contribute to enabling business organizations to perform their tasks well. The research aims to study the impact of Continuous Improvement in achieving Social Responsibility by examining the correlation and statistical effect between the independent variable continuous improvement and the dependent variable social responsibility through its sub-dimensions (the economic dimension, the legal dimension, the social dimension, and the charitable dimension). and the Ministry of Transport and Communications was chosen as a research community, and a sample of working individuals who occupy administrative and technical positions were selected to solicit their opinions. It was complete and statistically analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and the research reached a number of conclusions and recommendations. The result is the existence of a correlation and impact relationship between continuous improvement and the dimensions of social responsibility. The most prominent recommendation was to pay more attention to continuous improvement because of its important role in achieving social responsibility.

The intellectual aspect of the study is formed through the interaction of the two variables of the study (the shattered window theory, and the success of dealing with crises). The districts of Baghdad at the present time have been characterized by developing the educational process and avoiding crises, whether they are passive or not, and the educational aspect of those directorates, so the importance of the matter has increased Pushing the education directorates in Baghdad to provide knowledge, generate it, share it, find the appropriate site for it, and make it successful. The researcher used the applied study according to the analytical descriptive approach and applied it to a sample of general managers and their assistants, department managers and heads of divisions (on the directorates of the Baghdad governorate in the Karkh and Rusafa side, in the Ministry of Education, and the number of sample members reached (450) and (400) forms were retrieved from the forms The data was collected by means of a questionnaire, and a set of statistical methods were used to process the data, including (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) for the purpose of describing the sample, the simple linear correlation coefficient (Spearman) to test the correlation hypotheses, and simple linear regression to test the impact hypotheses. From the study, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is (the administration in the Baghdad education directorates did not give any importance to containing and limiting the damage, as it represents the best side and the directorate avoids crises coming to it from abroad, and it has the ability to contribute to the directorate’s success because it contains the crisis, This leads to weak roles and impact of damage containment and limitation, which is one of the causes of the crisis.

The research aims to determine the relationship between the application of electronic management and the simplification of the administrative procedures of the organization in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, based on the research problem ““How can electronic management contribute to simplifying administrative procedures and raising the efficiency of work procedures in organizations”” and thus achieve the advancement of performance and effectiveness of investment optimal for efforts in the field of technology for effective management electronically to shorten and simplify unnecessary procedures in the chain of organization’s procedures in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil.” The research dealt with two variables, the first is the independent variable of electronic management, and the dependent variable is the simplification of administrative procedures, and a random sample of (60) individuals was taken from workers in departments and people in some departments of the ministry, and the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for data collection. Hypotheses and interpretation of the results that the research will reach There is a significant effect of statistical significance between electronic management and the simplification of administrative procedures. Through the research, a set of conclusions and recommendations will be reached, which benefit researchers and the researched organization.

The Iraqi economy faces many economic crises, which negatively affect the monetary stability of Iraq, and the research aims to know the impact of financial policy tools in achieving monetary stability, and any of these tools that have the greatest impact in achieving the goal of monetary stability, and in order to reduce the efforts made by officials About setting the financial policy in order to achieve the best results and so that they can develop future plans that have a greater impact on the economy. The importance of the research stems from the importance of monetary stability and the positive or negative effects it causes in the economy. It is concluded through the research that the effect of fiscal policy is weak in reaching the goal of monetary stability for Iraq in light of the fluctuations and fluctuations that occur in the financial policy tools. However, public expenditures as a tool for fiscal policy have the greatest impact compared to other tools of fiscal policy in the field of monetary stability.

The issue of food security is one of the important issues facing agricultural policy makers in many countries, considering it an advanced rank in the basic needs of members of society, and Iraq is one of the countries that suffer from the phenomenon of commodity dumping, especially after (2003), when the Iraqi markets witnessed a great openness to Imported goods, which are cheap in price and of poor quality, which led to their competition with local agricultural products.
The research aimed to measure and analyze the relationship between food security represented by agricultural domestic product and commodity dumping represented by agricultural and food esters in Iraq during the period (2004-2018), where the descriptive and quantitative method was used in analyzing the relationship above, and the indications of the research results using the joint integration method and the ARDL model). The co-integration parameter is negative and significant in light of the short-term relationship, and it is clear from the results of the analysis that the model is unable to explain the long-term relationship, since the coefficients of the variables are not significant, and this indicates the existence of an irrational integrative relationship, as well as the low percentages of GDP contribution during the research period The research recommends the necessity of encouraging the production of agricultural commodities that were imported from abroad by setting an agricultural policy that supports import substitution, and working on investments for advanced foreign companies to enter into a partnership process with the private sector in agricultural production to take advantage of modern technical capabilities and train workers in the agricultural sector.

This research aims to know the role of strategic planning in harmonizing the outcomes of Iraqi university education and the requirements of the labor market and ways to bring about this compatibility. Work, this is due to the lack of prior planning for what the labor market needs from these graduates, and in the light of which a number of solutions and proposals have been developed. On the other hand, to ensure that graduates get job opportunities suitable for their specializations and qualifications.

Liberal philosophy is the mother incubator of economics. According to its principles, the first foundations of economic analysis were laid with its famous features (freedom of human activity and competition), but there are no phenomena in this world, including individual intellectual movements, as an objective equation must achieve balance and stability, and regarding our topic was Socialist thought is that equivalent that, according to the combination of its philosophy and liberal philosophy, built modern and contemporary economic systems in most countries of the world, and at every stage the results of experiments were subject to review, so that imbalances were monitored and the treatments necessary to overcome them were identified until reform policies became the sustainable basis for managing economies and framing their movement, and this It is the case of the Iraqi economy, which our study comes to trace its development process according to liberal foundations and its repercussions on the general trend of its faltering growth, which we divided for the purposes of full familiarity with all its approaches into five axes: Temporary while the third axis dealt with development attempts according to modern liberal philosophy after 2003, while the fourth axis focused on the analytical readings of reform attempts during the period 2004-2020, and we concluded our study with conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is that the Iraqi economy is characterized by fragility and the inability to apply and implement the policies of international organizations that are applicable when contracting and the absence of political and security stability, the spread of the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption, which negatively affected the continuity of implementation of reform programs. The recommendations came to liberalize all aspects of the economy, diversify sources of income, address the rentier phenomenon in a serious and radical manner, and take steps to ensure by the government to eliminate financial and administrative corruption and implement the automation project (electronic collection) at border crossings and tax collection Taxes to prepare the ground for sustainable development.

The agricultural sector in Iraq is characterized by the presence of tens of thousands of small projects, some of which are due to agricultural ownership and tenure laws, and the other part is due to inheritance laws, while there are several thousand small agricultural projects due to agricultural reform laws, as well as the presence of several thousand poultry fields, fish lakes and cow stations, which It contributes to the provision of food at high rates and its contribution to the formation of the gross domestic product and its employment for tens of thousands of workers and depends on the state in the financing process through the agricultural bank mainly.
The process of financing small projects is an urgent necessity in order to serve agricultural development due to the weak financial capabilities of the owners of small projects, so you find that when granted loans, they promote production and employment of the unemployed, while in periods of low financing and loans, production decreases due to the suspension of thousands of agricultural, plant and animal projects, leaving behind them. Thousands of unemployed people, so the financing is the dynamo that drives the activity of small agricultural projects.

The urgent need for sustainability and sustainable development arises due to the continuous deterioration of environmental systems at an increasing speed. The sustainable development management needs tools and methods to calculate the demand for environmental resources as well as to know the ability of these resources to be sustainable. The ecological footprint is one of the sustainability measures in the world. Environmental footprint analyzes also assist in decision-making regarding the use of environmental resources and identify areas in which pressure on the environment can be reduced.
The purpose of calculating the ecological footprint is to provide an environmental account statement that evaluates the ecological services provided and matches their demand on the global biosphere in order to provide resources and absorb waste.
The most important results that were reached in this research using environmental indicators are that all factors combined for which data are available need further maintenance and development in order to improve environmental performance through environmental indicators.