JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

The purpose of this study is to assess the credit risk of a group of Iraqi banks between (2005 and 2018). The quantitative analysis was carried out by looking at a scale, one of which is the closest to modern indicators (VAR). Then an effective comparison of the study sample banks was made. The main ratios that were employed focus specifically on the interest received to the total loans, and each bank risk was classified through the use of statistical analysis based on the value-at-risk model, as this type of analysis was used to summarize the performance of each bank based on two criteria: variance and general stability to perform each bank. The results showed that the Bank of Baghdad performed reasonably well during the period covered by the study, while the Bank of Mosul was the worst performer among the banks of the study sample, as the performance levels were low for the Bank of Mosul, while the Bank of Baghdad benefited from obtaining a higher degree of performance in general. The political conditions of the country affected the Mosul Bank after the year (2014), which led to work on improving its performance better compared to the banks of the study sample. It was among the most important characteristics of the Bank of Baghdad, and the reason is that the Central Bank chose this bank from among several banks (Ahli, Baghdad, Tejari Al-Iraqi, Assyria, the Middle East and Development) after the year (2016) to contribute to the electronic payment system for employee salaries with all their allocations and benefits for all state departments and institutions This led to a high rate of variance and, accordingly, a high rate of risk for this bank.

Weakness in achieving social responsibility that business organizations in general and the organization in question in particular should have a role in achieving because of its great importance to individuals in society on the one hand and enhancing the reputation and position of the organization on the other hand, and continuous improvement has an important role in achieving this because of the methods and mechanisms it includes Contribute to enabling business organizations to perform their tasks well. The research aims to study the impact of Continuous Improvement in achieving Social Responsibility by examining the correlation and statistical effect between the independent variable continuous improvement and the dependent variable social responsibility through its sub-dimensions (the economic dimension, the legal dimension, the social dimension, and the charitable dimension). and the Ministry of Transport and Communications was chosen as a research community, and a sample of working individuals who occupy administrative and technical positions were selected to solicit their opinions. It was complete and statistically analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, and the research reached a number of conclusions and recommendations. The result is the existence of a correlation and impact relationship between continuous improvement and the dimensions of social responsibility. The most prominent recommendation was to pay more attention to continuous improvement because of its important role in achieving social responsibility.

The intellectual aspect of the study is formed through the interaction of the two variables of the study (the shattered window theory, and the success of dealing with crises). The districts of Baghdad at the present time have been characterized by developing the educational process and avoiding crises, whether they are passive or not, and the educational aspect of those directorates, so the importance of the matter has increased Pushing the education directorates in Baghdad to provide knowledge, generate it, share it, find the appropriate site for it, and make it successful. The researcher used the applied study according to the analytical descriptive approach and applied it to a sample of general managers and their assistants, department managers and heads of divisions (on the directorates of the Baghdad governorate in the Karkh and Rusafa side, in the Ministry of Education, and the number of sample members reached (450) and (400) forms were retrieved from the forms The data was collected by means of a questionnaire, and a set of statistical methods were used to process the data, including (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation) for the purpose of describing the sample, the simple linear correlation coefficient (Spearman) to test the correlation hypotheses, and simple linear regression to test the impact hypotheses. From the study, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is (the administration in the Baghdad education directorates did not give any importance to containing and limiting the damage, as it represents the best side and the directorate avoids crises coming to it from abroad, and it has the ability to contribute to the directorate’s success because it contains the crisis, This leads to weak roles and impact of damage containment and limitation, which is one of the causes of the crisis.

The research aims to determine the relationship between the application of electronic management and the simplification of the administrative procedures of the organization in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, based on the research problem ““How can electronic management contribute to simplifying administrative procedures and raising the efficiency of work procedures in organizations”” and thus achieve the advancement of performance and effectiveness of investment optimal for efforts in the field of technology for effective management electronically to shorten and simplify unnecessary procedures in the chain of organization’s procedures in the Iraqi Ministry of Oil.” The research dealt with two variables, the first is the independent variable of electronic management, and the dependent variable is the simplification of administrative procedures, and a random sample of (60) individuals was taken from workers in departments and people in some departments of the ministry, and the questionnaire was adopted as a main tool for data collection. Hypotheses and interpretation of the results that the research will reach There is a significant effect of statistical significance between electronic management and the simplification of administrative procedures. Through the research, a set of conclusions and recommendations will be reached, which benefit researchers and the researched organization.

The Iraqi economy faces many economic crises, which negatively affect the monetary stability of Iraq, and the research aims to know the impact of financial policy tools in achieving monetary stability, and any of these tools that have the greatest impact in achieving the goal of monetary stability, and in order to reduce the efforts made by officials About setting the financial policy in order to achieve the best results and so that they can develop future plans that have a greater impact on the economy. The importance of the research stems from the importance of monetary stability and the positive or negative effects it causes in the economy. It is concluded through the research that the effect of fiscal policy is weak in reaching the goal of monetary stability for Iraq in light of the fluctuations and fluctuations that occur in the financial policy tools. However, public expenditures as a tool for fiscal policy have the greatest impact compared to other tools of fiscal policy in the field of monetary stability.

The issue of food security is one of the important issues facing agricultural policy makers in many countries, considering it an advanced rank in the basic needs of members of society, and Iraq is one of the countries that suffer from the phenomenon of commodity dumping, especially after (2003), when the Iraqi markets witnessed a great openness to Imported goods, which are cheap in price and of poor quality, which led to their competition with local agricultural products.
The research aimed to measure and analyze the relationship between food security represented by agricultural domestic product and commodity dumping represented by agricultural and food esters in Iraq during the period (2004-2018), where the descriptive and quantitative method was used in analyzing the relationship above, and the indications of the research results using the joint integration method and the ARDL model). The co-integration parameter is negative and significant in light of the short-term relationship, and it is clear from the results of the analysis that the model is unable to explain the long-term relationship, since the coefficients of the variables are not significant, and this indicates the existence of an irrational integrative relationship, as well as the low percentages of GDP contribution during the research period The research recommends the necessity of encouraging the production of agricultural commodities that were imported from abroad by setting an agricultural policy that supports import substitution, and working on investments for advanced foreign companies to enter into a partnership process with the private sector in agricultural production to take advantage of modern technical capabilities and train workers in the agricultural sector.

This research aims to know the role of strategic planning in harmonizing the outcomes of Iraqi university education and the requirements of the labor market and ways to bring about this compatibility. Work, this is due to the lack of prior planning for what the labor market needs from these graduates, and in the light of which a number of solutions and proposals have been developed. On the other hand, to ensure that graduates get job opportunities suitable for their specializations and qualifications.

Liberal philosophy is the mother incubator of economics. According to its principles, the first foundations of economic analysis were laid with its famous features (freedom of human activity and competition), but there are no phenomena in this world, including individual intellectual movements, as an objective equation must achieve balance and stability, and regarding our topic was Socialist thought is that equivalent that, according to the combination of its philosophy and liberal philosophy, built modern and contemporary economic systems in most countries of the world, and at every stage the results of experiments were subject to review, so that imbalances were monitored and the treatments necessary to overcome them were identified until reform policies became the sustainable basis for managing economies and framing their movement, and this It is the case of the Iraqi economy, which our study comes to trace its development process according to liberal foundations and its repercussions on the general trend of its faltering growth, which we divided for the purposes of full familiarity with all its approaches into five axes: Temporary while the third axis dealt with development attempts according to modern liberal philosophy after 2003, while the fourth axis focused on the analytical readings of reform attempts during the period 2004-2020, and we concluded our study with conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which is that the Iraqi economy is characterized by fragility and the inability to apply and implement the policies of international organizations that are applicable when contracting and the absence of political and security stability, the spread of the phenomenon of financial and administrative corruption, which negatively affected the continuity of implementation of reform programs. The recommendations came to liberalize all aspects of the economy, diversify sources of income, address the rentier phenomenon in a serious and radical manner, and take steps to ensure by the government to eliminate financial and administrative corruption and implement the automation project (electronic collection) at border crossings and tax collection Taxes to prepare the ground for sustainable development.

The agricultural sector in Iraq is characterized by the presence of tens of thousands of small projects, some of which are due to agricultural ownership and tenure laws, and the other part is due to inheritance laws, while there are several thousand small agricultural projects due to agricultural reform laws, as well as the presence of several thousand poultry fields, fish lakes and cow stations, which It contributes to the provision of food at high rates and its contribution to the formation of the gross domestic product and its employment for tens of thousands of workers and depends on the state in the financing process through the agricultural bank mainly.
The process of financing small projects is an urgent necessity in order to serve agricultural development due to the weak financial capabilities of the owners of small projects, so you find that when granted loans, they promote production and employment of the unemployed, while in periods of low financing and loans, production decreases due to the suspension of thousands of agricultural, plant and animal projects, leaving behind them. Thousands of unemployed people, so the financing is the dynamo that drives the activity of small agricultural projects.

The urgent need for sustainability and sustainable development arises due to the continuous deterioration of environmental systems at an increasing speed. The sustainable development management needs tools and methods to calculate the demand for environmental resources as well as to know the ability of these resources to be sustainable. The ecological footprint is one of the sustainability measures in the world. Environmental footprint analyzes also assist in decision-making regarding the use of environmental resources and identify areas in which pressure on the environment can be reduced.
The purpose of calculating the ecological footprint is to provide an environmental account statement that evaluates the ecological services provided and matches their demand on the global biosphere in order to provide resources and absorb waste.
The most important results that were reached in this research using environmental indicators are that all factors combined for which data are available need further maintenance and development in order to improve environmental performance through environmental indicators.

The use of the hexagonal diffraction methodology helps in improving processes by using effective analytical and statistical tools and methods. This research sought to apply the hexagonal diffraction methodology to improve the quality characteristics of the yoghurt production process and reduce the costs of internal failure in the Rafidain Factory / Dairy Department.
For the purpose of applying the hexagonal diffraction methodology, the following stages were carried out:
Definition: The critical quality characteristics of the yoghurt production process were described and the acidity characteristic was selected. Measurement: Five potential factors affecting the acidity of yoghurt have been identified.
Analysis: The experimental design method was used to discover the important factors that affect the acidity values of yoghurt.
Optimization: The optimal process parameter settings were determined by using the preference function method.
Control: The settings of the optimal process factors are attached to the checklist for verification operations within the audits.
The results of the research showed that skim milk powder and incubation time were significant factors on the acidity values of yoghurt, and the optimal settings for these factors were 11,1287 g/100 g for skim milk powder and 2,5538 hours for incubation time.

Although linear time series models have wide applications for economic phenomena in general, they are not able to capture the behavior of many economic phenomena and applications, especially financial ones. As this type of series is characterized by modeling the kinetic state of the phenomena of asymmetry, structural changes, threshold, and others. Therefore, this shortcoming in linear modeling led to the emergence of non-linear models, which are models of various formats and not a model in one general format, as is the case in linear modeling.
In order to overcome this shortcoming, most recent studies have adopted non-linear modeling, and (Tong, 1978) was one of the first who made a qualitative leap in the application of this type of models that depend on the analysis of the dynamics of financial and monetary time series and others, including autoregressive models of the self-threshold. (SETAR).
This research aims to apply the (SETAR) model to a sample that represents the series of the percentage change in the shares of the Iraq Stock Exchange for the index (ISX60) for a group of companies, and then make an applied comparison of the methods of the mentioned model.
Through the results of the applied side, it was found that the appropriate model for the research sample is the model SETAR (2;2,0) with the threshold (\gamma = 0.25). The model has outperformed SETAR (2;2,0) for having the lowest values of the criteria (AIC, BIC, pooled-AIC, MAPE), and this model also outperformed the linear model AR (1).
Research extracted from a master's thesis

The asymmetric Laplace distribution (AL) has a fundamental and important role in developing mathematics and statistics and applying its properties in the financial field. Quadratic, assuming gamma and exponential precedence functions for each of the parameters of skew and scaling, respectively. Whereas the maximal potential estimators and Lindley approximation were used efficiently in the Bayesian estimation. Based on the simulation method to generate random samples with four different sample sizes (n = 15, 30, 60, 100 and recurrence). The value of L=1000 with taking default values of the two parameters k, \\sigma and initial values for a, b, c, depending on the mean integral error squares (IMSE), where the comparison was made between the squared error loss function and the method of greatest possibility, where the results showed that the estimator of Baseline for the parameters of skewness and measurement under the squared error loss function is better than the method of greatest possibility.

This research deals with one of the types of models suggested by Box Jenkins, which is the ARMA (1,1) mixed model. Which can deal with time series, whether stable or unstable. The model was reviewed and its functions defined when the random error follows the abnormal distribution, and the exponential distribution with two parameters, which is a continuous distribution, was used. The appropriate tests were presented for the study and the parameters of the ARMA (1,1) model were estimated by the greatest possibility method. The parameters of the two-parameter exponential distribution were also estimated by the (MLS) method, and because the system did not have a solution even when using numerical methods, the moment method was resorted to. A set of real data representing wind speed in Iraq was analyzed, showing the appropriateness of the distribution of the data and verifying that the series is almost stable. In diagnosing the model, it was found that the proposed model is ARMA (1,1).

The research aims to study a very important topic, which is the classification of a group of factors affecting maternal mortality at birth, using one of the important statistical methods in classification, which is the hierarchical cluster analysis method, which in turn depends on data analysis and its adoption in classifying factors based on the clusters extracted from the analysis. Cluster analysis has many features and characteristics that facilitate the process of classification and aggregation, consisting of clusters whose vocabulary is similar to some characteristics and differs with the vocabulary of other clusters. Hierarchical cluster analysis can also display clustering results based on tree diagrams that show the steps of clustering, using hierarchical clustering methods (single link method, comprehensive linking method, central linking method, median linking method, hierarchical linking method) from the results of the hierarchical analysis methods. We note that these methods were similar in their results, all of them unanimously agreed that Salah al-Din governorate is the most affected by factors leading to maternal mortality, followed by the northern governorates (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah, Duhok), Anbar, and then the central regions represented by (the Nursing Home and Medical City).

The aim of the research is to study models of change with a focus on the ADKAR model and its application in the Tourism Authority and to measure it with the study of approved change strategies and measure the status of dealing with them and the resulting impact on performance. As well as studying areas of change and measuring the link between them and the reflection model, and the effect of these areas on performance, the research adopted the descriptive and analytical approach, and the case study approach and adopted several quantitative and qualitative statistical methods. The first such as: percentage and relative importance, the relative weight of the mean, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Spearman’s ranks correlation coefficient, Alpha Cranach’s test, percentage weight, hypothesis testing and includes the use of simple correlation matrix and regression analysis. The checklists were used as a qualitative measure of areas of change and applications of the ADKAR model. The research came out with a set of results, including: the search of varieties and patterns of change in the performance of the Tourism Authority proved that the level of importance of the study sample answers on the paragraphs of the patterns of change and its classes tended towards agreement, and with standard deviation of 0.924, indicating the presence of dispersion. For the data on its arithmetic mean, while the relative importance of this variable was recorded at 80% which indicates the agreement of the study sample members on the paragraphs of the study sample members on the paragraphs of the patterns of change. The ADKAR model proposed to be applied as a model for change has proven its ability to expand the base of change efficiently with the areas of change in the performance of the authority, with a statistically significant correlation value of 0.66, which is a positive and significant direct value at the level of 0.013. And that all the reasons had their role in the necessity of responding to the change, whether they were causes related to technical support, the structure of the Tourism Authority, the technical and informational side, administrative and financial reasons, or anything related to the development of the performance of the Authority. The study came out with a set of recommendations.

The performance of tourism companies has received a lot of interest from researchers in various fields and intellectual trends (sociology, psychology, economics) in order to improve and develop their performance and measurement tools to suit different circumstances. The ability of tourism companies to continue facing their surroundings in which they operate does not depend only on plans and good preparation by the administration, but must be accompanied by continuous monitoring and follow-up of human resources and the methods of work followed and how to implement their plans and objectives required to achieve the desired results to increase the internal tourism movement, and points out The practical reality indicates the increasing importance of the performance of tourism companies as they are one of the most important sectors that contribute to the development of tourism activity.
From the above, the main question can be raised (Can tourism companies influence the development of domestic tourism?)
The researchers reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that tourism companies have a strong relationship with the development of domestic tourism, and the methods of work used by the administration have an impact on the development of domestic tourism and that domestic tourism preserves the local currency and achieves economic benefits for the country and reduces the leakage from the local economy.
The study also concluded with a set of appropriate recommendations that can benefit the relevant authorities in this field, including the need to develop domestic tourism through (coordination with the authorities concerned with infrastructure such as transport and with appropriate standards) and (the necessity of providing a work turnover system among employees for the purpose of business continuity) and (promotion of In social media)

This study sought to know the role of total quality management in re-engineering operations to achieve excellence in Iraqi banking performance and to know any of the variables and dimensions most influential in achieving performance, and the questionnaire was used to collect data, and a sample of managers, heads of departments, and employees reached number 110)) People and the hypotheses were tested through the use of some statistical treatments, and the most important hypotheses were (the overall quality management is affected and influenced with the re-engineering of the processes by removing them).
In light of the results, the study reached a set of conclusions represented in the fact that most of the managers in the research banks have shown a clear interest in the two main variables under the current research, namely total quality management and re-engineering processes to achieve good results at the level of performance, but it is clear that most banks did not pay sufficient attention The sub-dimensions are all subordinate to each basic variable, as some deficiencies have arisen in the performance of a group of banks than in other banks that have shown more interest, due to the lack of interest of some banks in providing skills, expertise, and techniques for implementing comprehensive quality management programs and restoring Engineering processes to the weakness of the possibilities available. As for the most important recommendations of the study, it is represented by the necessity of all banks adopting the approach to total quality management and their compatibility with programs for process engineering re-provision by providing mechanisms for implementing these two vital approaches through adopting an appropriate strategy in a manner that leads to achieving enormous improvements in performance to ensure keeping pace with the continuous change in the business environment.