JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

The present study aimed to discover the histopathological of the Monosodium glutamate (MSG),
and Sodium nitrite (NaNO2), on the embryonic development of the eyes of albino mice Mus
musculus. On the fourteenth and eighteenth day of pregnancy, the stage of organogenesis in these
animals. A concentration of 9 g/kg of MSG, a concentration of 110 mg/kg of NaNO2, and the interaction
between them used. The results of the study showed the presence of pathological changes to the eyes of
the fetuses. The eye on the 14th day of pregnancy, when 9 g/kg of MSG used, there were retinal
duplication, increased vascularization in the retina, condensation of some nuclei of the inner nuclear
layer and ganglion cells, and necrosis in the vicinity of the lens. When treating with NaNO2 110 mg/kg,
there was an irregularity in the lens, corneal distortion, hyperplasia of the retinal nerve tissue. When the
two materials overlapped, the corneal tissue necrosis, the lens fiber, and the inner plexiform layer were
observed. On the 18th day of pregnancy, when treated with MSG 9g/kg, the most significant overall and
striking damage was retinal duplication and optic nerve necrosis. When treated with NaNO2 110 mg/kg,
the corneal stroma and dissociation were seen in the photoreceptor cells. In the case of their overlapping,
extensive necrosis and reduction appeared in all layers of the retina. The study concluded that
consuming MSG and NaNO2 more than the permissible limit during pregnancy leads to tissue lesions
harmful to the eye.

This study accomplished to determine levels of salivary Alpha-Amylase (sAA) in Iraqi children with
positive family history of hypertension, Hypertension was believed to be a risk factor in 18% of all deaths
in 2010 (9.4 million globally). This study included one hundred children from primary school aged 6 to
13 years, with a focus in child welfare and family health history, with an emphasis on close relatives'
hypertension reputations, with hypertension close relatives record categories identified by 1st and 2nd
relatives, after documenting the full details, the burden was assessed for the children's families. The
influence of age is confirmed by a correlation study of our own numbers, which shows a positive
correlation. The disparity between age and salivary amylase level was important, with age group (12-13)
years students having a higher mean salivary amylase level (309.7 U/L) than age group (6-7) years
students (270.6 U/L). The gender outcome did not exceed statistical significance, but the gap was not
important, which may be due to the limited sample size.

Volatile oil extracted from Salvia officinalis showed significantly more effective e against
growth of T. rubrum isolated from ulceration otitis externa with inhibition significant percentage
96.42% in concentration 1/25 then the concentration 1/50 with inhibition percentage 95.83%, two
concentrations 1/75 and 1/100 showed low effects which inhibited fungal growth in percentage 89.28%
and 81.54% respectively, While the volatile oil extracted from Zingiber officinale showed inhibited
effect in percentage 92.26% in concentration 1/25 and 82.73% in concentration 1/50; The inhibition
percentage was 79.76% and 77.97% in concentration 1/75 and 1/100 respectively. Volatile oil extracted
from leaves of Apium graveolens was significantly more effective in concentration 1/25 then the volatile
oil extracted from Zingiber officinale in the same concentration with a significant inhibition percentage
85.11% so volatile oil of leaves of Mentha piperita in concentration 1/25 with a significant inhibition
percentage 81.54% and the concentration 1/100 from volatile oil of leaves of Mentha piperita Lower of
all concentration inhibition of fungal growth above with inhibition percentage 70.23%.
Volatile oils extracted from Salvia officinalis was more significant effect against growth of
yeast C. albicans isolated from ulceration otitis externa so the inhibition percentage was 85.11%
followed with volatile oil of leaves of Apium graveolens with percentage 80.35% in concentration 1/50
then volatile oil of leaves of Mentha piperita with inhibition percentage 79.16% in the concentration
1/25 while inhibition percentage of volatile oil extracted from Salvia officinalis ranged between
79.76% and 69.64%, While volatile oil of leaves of Apium graveolens inhibition percentage between
78.57% and 70.23% respectively in concentrations 1/25, 1/100; Volatile oil of Zingiber officinale was
lower effect which inhibited fungal growth with percentage 78.57% and 61.30% in higher and lower
concentrations respectively, While different volatile oils extracts shows a different inhibition effects
against T. Mantagrophytes isolated from skin scraping, So volatile oil extracted from leaves of Mentha
piperita showed more effective in concentration 1/25 with inhibition percentage 97.16% then volatile
oil extracted from Salvia officinalis with percentage 77.38% in same concentration, There were no
significant difference in concentration 1/25 and 1/50 of volatile oil extracted from Zingiber officinale
with inhibition percentage 73.80% for both concentrations and volatile oil of leaves of Apium
graveolens was less effective which inhibited T. Mantagrophytes in inhibition percentage 69.04% and
64.88% at the concentrations of 1/25 and 1/50 respectively. There was no significant difference between
concentrations 1/75 and 1/100 with a percentage of 59.52% for both of them.

The present study investigated the effect of the Neodymium- Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd:
Y3AL5G12) Laser eradiation 1000 mw, against infection with secondary hydatid disease in BALB/c mice
by inoculating the animals with protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus exposed to laser irradiation,
for various periods 40,60,120 and 240 minutes, with viability of 70%,57%,50% and 40%, respectively,
contrasted to the control set (mice inoculated with unexposed protoscoleces) along three months,
depending on the evaluation of the total count of WBCs and assessment of acquired cell- mediated
immunity, demonstrated by delayed type hypersensitivity test (DTH).
The results showed considerable increase (p<0.01) in the total WBCs counting, in mice injected with
irradiated protoscoleces, up to 13962 cell/cm3
, in comparison to the control group 5420 cell/cm3
, after 120
minutes, two months post infection. Moreover, there was considerable excess (p<0.01) in the foot pad
thickness in treated mice, 2.94 mm after 120 minute (24hour post antigen injection), two months post
infection, 2.86mm after 120 minutes (24 hours post antigen injection), 1 month post infection and 2.64
mm, 120 minutes (24 hours post antigen injection), three months post infection, compared with the control
group 1.18mm, 1.80mm and 1.72mm, respectively.
Results revealed that irradiation of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces with laser had a significant
influence on the production of WBCs and stimulation of delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in mice.

In this study Streptomyces were isolated from 50 bacterial isolates taken from 30 soil samples, these
samples were collected from various locations in Iraq's various regions. The species of Streptomyces
were isolated using starch casein agar and diagnosed microscopically and morphologically by Gram
staining and glass slide. The sequence analysis 16S rRNA is used to report 11 Streptomyces. 10 bands
of DNA gene, a result of specific polymerase chain reaction PCR, are elected from bacterial local
isolates where 1000 base pairs within one volume, The PCR products of DNA samples were chosen
from 11 local isolates based on nitrogenous base sequences. These organisms are revealed as a result of
the study and by using DNA Blast NCBI as fellows; Streptomyces gancidicus, S. werraensis, S.
griseorubens, S. hawaiiensis, S. thermocarboxydus, S. cyaneus, S. misionensis, S. bellus, S. parvulus, S.
labedae,

In order to understand the medical effects of heavy metals, the antimicrobial effect of Cd (II) metal ion,
Zr (IV) metal ion, Ligand and their complex compounds resulting from their combination, was studied
on the growth of gram negative and positive bacteria as well as yeast. It turns out, that all bacterial
isolates (Bacillus subtilus, Stapphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri and the yeast Candida
albicans), have a high resistance of 100% to Colistin (10µg/disc) and Nystatin (10µg/disc), while the Zr
(IV) metal is better than Cd metal in its effect on inhibiting the growth of different types of pathogenic
bacteria isolated in this study.In the study of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of metal Cd (II),
Zr (IV) and, Ligand complexes, on the growth of bacterial isolates, it was also shown that Cd and
Ligand 4-bromobenzaldazine (BrA) at the concentration 0.00025g/ml, had an effect of 88 and 100% as
the lowest inhibitory concentration for the growth of all bacterial isolates of different species.

Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most prevalence and dangerous zoonotic parasitic disease in the
world. Iraq is one of the most countries that affected by this disease. Surgery is usually the most effective
therapy and can be used with injection of drugs in hydatid cysts before surgery to kill protoscoleces to
avoid anaphylactic shock as a result of spilling of hydatid cyst fluid into peritoneal cavity, as well as this
reduce the chance of secondary hydatid cysts production. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate
the effectiveness of Saussurea costus extracts on protoscoleces viability of Echinococcus granulosus ,
where the protoscoleces of E. granulosus exposed to four different concentrations of Saussurea costus
extracts at four different exposure times including; 15, 30, 45 and 60 min in vitro, The results of ethanolic
extract showed highest efficacy at concentration 20,30mg/ml in 45,60min and 40mg/ml at all times. The
highest scolicidal effect of petroleum ether extract was reported at 10 and 15mg/ml during 60min, while
20mg/ml reported similar effect at 45 and 60min. The data of cool aqueous extract showed reduction of
protoscoleces viability to 0% at 200 and 250mg/ml in 45 and 60min, respectively, while 300mg/ml showed
same reduction of viability at all experiment time periods. The data of hot aqueous extract showed 100%
kill rate by using 350mg/ml at 60min and 400mg/ml at 45 and 60, as well as 450mg/ml at all experiment
period times. Comparing to the control group. Generally, Saussurea costus extracts have concentration
and exposure time-dependent effect on protoscoleces viability.

In this study, thirty-six local isolates of rhizobial bacteria were isolated from root nodes of
different leguminous plants collected from different areas in Nineveh Governorate/Iraq. The rhizobial
colonies were purified and their agronomic and biochemical characteristics were studied. Results of
this study showed that the local isolates had the ability to consume different sugars as a carbon source.
Also, the antibiotic sensitivity test showed that only one isolate, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.
phaseoli AS12 was resistant to the antibiotic Azithromycin 15 µg/ml, and the isolate Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. phaseoli AS14 showed resistance to the antibiotic Gentamycin 10 µg/ml, and the
rest of the isolates showed different rates of resistance and sensitivity for the rest of the antibiotics.
The local isolates showed different NaCl tolerance levels up to 8.0 %, while no tolerance was observed
for Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae AS11 isolate at any of the studied concentrations. Results of
heavy metal salt tolerance study showed that the isolates of Ensifer meliloti AS34 and Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. viciae AS36 were sensitive to ZnSo4 at a concentration of 25 µg/ml, while the
tolerability of the other isolates to the studied heavy salts differed at concentrations higher than 25 µg
/ml. All the studied isolates showed a positive result in staining with Congo red and Aniline blue dyes.
Maximum exopolysaccharide production was 494 mg/Li by Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae
AS35. Antimicrobial activity test showed maximum inhibition zone 17 mm by Rhizobium
leguminosarum bv. viciae AS36 against Proteus vulgaris.

The HbA1c test and the blood glucose test were compared in order to diagnose type 2 diabetes and
determine the best cut-off point for the HbA1c test for optimal sensitivity in the population of Mosul
city (inside it and some rural areas around it). The test was performed on a group of people between the
ages of 40 and 85 who came to our laboratory after being diagnosed with or without type 2 diabetes by
specialists in internal medicine and endocrinology. The HbA1c and FBS analysis were carried out
between January 2020 and January 2021. And, by using ROC curve, the results for 80 individuals with
an average age of 56 years produced a HbA1c test with a value of 6.8 percent, a sensitivity of 94
percent, compared to the result of 126 mg/ml for FBS as a diagnostic criterion , and the optimal cutoff
point for HbA1c was reached for 6.86% in diagnosing disease diabetes type 2 was given the highest
Yuden index by ROC curve analysis. Conclusion: We recommend that the optimal value of Hb2 with a
percentage of 6.86 percent be used as the best test in diagnosing type 2 diabetes and obtaining the best
medical and health care for the Mosul population.

The present study includes identification of (9) cultivars of the species Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.
Which were Early Grand , Babcock , Giant Babcock , Mammoth , Elberta , Cardinal , Blanko , Novadona
,and Transvalia cultivated in Ninevah \ Iraq by using random genetic primers in amplification
polymorphic DNA (RAPD). (9) random primers were used and amplifications were deported within the
agrose . The results showed that the amount of the nucleic acid ranged between (20-25) µg/ml of the leaves
extract and reactions of the randomly amplification were carried out with (9) primers, all of them migrated
within agarose gel, and generated an amplified bands of DNA. The results have admitted to the Computer
and analyzed using private statistical program PAST. The results have showed that the genetic discrepancy
value reached )0.7264( in Transvalia cultivar whereas the minimum value of the genetic variant reached
to (0.108) in the cultivar Cardinal. The dendrogram was also showed that the cultivar Babcock, Giant
Bacock, Transvalia and Novadona were the most similar to each other, whereas cultivars Cardinal was the
most variant from the other cultivar studies.

Rhizobia represents one of the most important types of beneficial soil bacteria, as it contributes
to fixing atmospheric nitrogen. In the present study, twenty four isolates of rhizobial bacteria were
isolated from root nodules of six leguminous plants. These are Medicago sativaو Trigonella foenumgraecum, Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba, Lens culinaris and Lupinus spp. which planted in four regions of
Ninevah province (wire farm house in the Education College / Mosul University , Ba'shiqah town and
Sadaa & Bauazh) for the agricultural season 2010-2011. These isolates were put in six groups depending
on diagnostic tests and type of plant host (alfalfa , fenugreek, chickpeas, bean , lentils and lupine) from
which the bacteria isolated from their root nodules. These groups are RhM , RhT , RhC , RhF , RhL and
RhLu respectively.
RAPD – PCR technique with four random primers were used to draw the genetic Dendrogram
in order to demonstrate the relationships among the species of rhizobial bacteria isolated from the root
nodules of different host. The results revealed that there are genetic diversity among these species and
also diversity still exist among the isolates of the same species but at low level. According to the results
of diagnostic tests, RAPD – PCR technique and specificity of rhizobial bacteria to infect their hosts, we
can relate the isolates in the suggested groups to their scientific names as follow: Sinorhzobium meliloti
(RhM) , Sinorhzobium meliloti (RhT) , Rhizobium legumenosarum bv. cecir (RhC) , Rhizobium
legumenosarum bv. vicia (RhF) , Rhizobium legumenosarum bv. lentil (RhL), Rhizobium lupini (RhLu).

This study was carried out in the laboratories of the Research Unit of the Department of Biology /
College of Education for Pure Sciences / University of Mosul/Iraq. Sinorhizobium meliloti bacteria were
isolated from the root nodes of alfalfa plants cultivated in two areas of Nineveh Governorate, which are
the wire house in the College of Education / University of Mosul and a farm belonging to Hawi
Alkanesa Mosul/Iraq. , isolation of four isolates of Sinorhizobium meliloti from the root nodules formed
on four species of Medicago sativa (Iraqi, Belgian, Pakistani and American varieties) and giving them the
symbols Rh1, Rh2, Rh3 and Rh4. The isolates were diagnosed based on the phenotypic traits, their
susceptibility to staining with Gram stain, agricultural characteristics, the biochemical and biological
tests. The results showed that the highest susceptibility of rhizobal isolates to infecting a specific
genotype (the plant host) from which they were isolated, which is due to the extent of compatibility
between them represented by the success of infection and the formation of root nodules, and its
development on the specialized host. All isolates (Rh4, Rh3, Rh2 and Rh1) of E. meliloti showed the
ability to form root nodules on the roots of the seedlings of the four varieties with variation in the
efficiency of these isolates ,The isolates (Rh1) as recorded the highest percentage of infection, which
reached to 68%, followed by isolates (Rh2) and reached to 64% which was reflected in the rate of
increase in average of the number of nodules / seedlings, which ranged between (2-3.25) and the high
protein content of the pollinated seedlings which average ranged between (3.9 - 4.1) mg / gm, and
accompanied by an increase in the rate of the number of vegetative branches therein

Study included, 10 local isolates were obtained from 25 isolates of Candida spp. From patients
infected with Candidiasis in hospitals of Mosul city. The phenotypic, microscopic diagnosis and
biochemical tests found the isolates were identified as Candida sp. Local isolates were tested for
resistance to 8 different antibiotics and 6 heavy metal salts. All isolates were resistant to most antibiotics
with ratio 100%, except for the antibiotic nystatin (Nys), where all isolates showed sensitivity in the
ratio 100%. also The isolates showed sensitivity to four of the heavy metals salts in different
proportions, while they were resistant to zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and lead acetate Pb (CH3COO) 2 with
ratio 100%.

In this study four types of inert dusts were mixed with wheat grains at three concentrations 5, 7
and 9 gm/kgm of wheat to estimate their effect on some biological aspects of Khapra beetle Trogoderma
granarium Everts. These inert dusts are Chalky limestone, Bituminous limestone, Sand and Celite.
The results indicated that these inert dusts affected on some biological aspects of this insect,
present results showed that the inert dusts caused death to larvae and pupae during its growth and
development, and this led to reduce the number of insects, mortality rate of larvae increased to 46.64,
55.56, 27.78 and 87.78% for Chalky limestone, Bituminous limestone, Sand and Celite , respectively, as
compared to 0.0% for the control. Also mortality rate of pupae increased to 15.02, 23.89, 3.69 and
27.77%, respectively, as compared to 0.0% for the control. This inert dusts led to significant increase of
the larval period whereas were 30.05, 31.69, 27.41 and 33.85 day, respectively, as compared to 24.07
day for the control. Also inert dusts led to significant decrease of the emerging adults number whereas
were 4.56, 3.56, 6.44 and 2.67 insect, respectively, as compared to 10.0 insect for the control, also inert
dusts led to significant decrease of the laid eggs number whereas were 16.56, 16.44, 20.89 and 17.67
egg/ female, respectively, as compared to 34.67 egg/ female for the control.

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the ability of the synergistic effect of nine plant
essential oils with antibiotics in removing the antibiotic resistance characteristic of the multiple drug
resistance pathogenic bacteria. The disc diffusion method was used for this purpose and the oils were
synergized with antibiotics showed resistance by the studied bacteria.
The results showed a synergistic effect (ranged between 3 - 40 mm) for different oils with antibiotics
according to the type of bacteria, that the most numerous cases of synergism (27 cases) were with
P.mirabilis and the highest synergistic inhibition occurred with the same bacteria (40 ml). Pomegranate
seed oils, thyme, rosemary and cinnamon were able to synergize with six antibiotics, while eucalyptus,
Peppermint, ginger and orange synergized with five, Lavender oil synergized with four antibiotics.
We conclude from the results of this study the possibility of combining plant essential oils with
antibiotics to remove resistance, which opens the door to finding new ways to treat many diseases
caused by multiple drug resistance pathogens.

Salmonella typhi is one of the most common causes of typhoid fever in Iraq. The aim of this study was
to test the synergistic between different tests for the diagnosis of S. typhi . It was found, there are ability
for preparing local Media which can be used instead of Blood agar for diagnosing typhoid fever by
using dates, alfalfa and fish extractors. Both fish and dates extractors were used to prepare a local
medium as well as alfalfa and fish. The results showed that dates - fish medium are more efficient than
blood agar and alfalfa - fish medium to isolate S. typhi. When contrasting culture results with Widal test
data of laboratories , it had shown differences in these results because only (57)% from Widal test was
confirmed by culture. When Widal test results were evaluated which is done in different health
analysing laboratories in Nineveh Governorate by using Widal test (dilution method) the results showed
great differences of results whether result type (positive or negative) or kind of antigens which showed
positive results. Leukocyte count was done as a test to enhance the diagnosis of this microbe, it was
clear that there is a relation between typhoid fever and decreasing white blood cell count.

Urinary tract infection is the second-largest infection, especially in elderly people, and the
increasing use of antibiotics has led to the emergence and development of resistance in isolated and
other bacteria in this study Fifty urine samples from elderly patients with urinary tract infections
were collected from both sexes in Mosul city. Twenty-six bacterial isolates were isolated and
diagnosed by ordinary bacteriological tests. The isolates were related to the species. Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis. After isolation, their
resistance to 14 selected antimicrobial agents was tested by the disk diffusion method. The presence
of β-lactamases, in general, was detected by acidimetric method, the detection of extended-spectrum
β-lactamases(ESBLs) was performed by double disk method, while the detection of AmpC βlactamases was performed by cefoxitin resistance method. The isolates showed clear resistance
to β-lactam antibiotics ranged (50%--92.3%),and to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, sulfamethoxazole,
streptomycin, rifampin with rates; (53.8%),(57.7%), (61.5%), (80.8%), (88.5%), respectively, while
they showed reduced resistance to amikacin (15.4%). β-lactamases in general were detected in
(96.1%) of the isolates, while (19.2%) of them gave a positive result for the detection of (ESBLs).
AmpC β-lactamases were detected in (69.2%) of the isolates as they showed a clear resistance to
cefoxitin which indicates that they are potential producers of these enzymes.

This study included laboratory ovulation of the effect of alcoholic(ethanol) extract of Teucrium polium,
Peganum harmala,Thymus vulgaris and Physalis angulata. It was values LC50 (102.5,101.0,78.0 and 53.0
ppm) and LC90(130.0,128.0,136.0 and 80.0 ppm) for Teucrium polium,Peganum harmala,Thymus
vulgaris and Physalis angulata respectively at 24 hrs. of exposure time. It was found that extract the
Physalis angulata were more effective as larvicides at 24 hrs. exposure time with LC50: 53.0 ppm for On
the other side, the LC90 for the previous plants at the same exposure time were 80.0 pmm. Also, the sublarvicidal effect of the studed plant extracts at LC25 had been illustrated through histopathological effect
on midgut. These effects were respectively by alimentary tract curling as body reflex, separation of
epithelial columnar cell layer and separation of external muscular mucosa. Erosion of the Peritrophic
membrane causing microvilli disappearing.

Samples of cell suspension represents seven different densities were exposed to three
electrotreatment 40, 50, 60 volt and for a period of time 50, 100 msec then the densities were mixed with
different concentration of Ri plasmid 25, 50, 75 Microliter. The electrotreatment samples cultured by
embedding in to agar drops in solid-liquid cultures.
Results proved that the electrotreatment enhanced division of cell suspension and caused a clear
increase of microcolonies, the total number of colonies reached 3276 when suspension culture was
exposed to 50v / 100 msec., these colonies developed to microcalli and the percentage was 90%. The
Callus developed from these colonies was light green in color and friable in texture

domonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella
pneumoniae, against 10 antibiotics were tested for 10 antibiotics, Ciprofloxicine (CF) 25 g / ml
Amoxicillin (AX) 50 g / ml, Ampicillin (Am) 50 µg / ml, Erythromycin (Ery) 15 µg / ml, Gentamycin (
GN) 25 g / ml, Rifampicin (RA) 50 µg / ml, Streptomycin (Sm) 25 µg / ml, Tetracyline (TE) 15 µg / ml
Trimethprim (Tri) 10 µg / ml Nalidixic acid (Nal) 30 µg / ml. The bacterial isolates showed different
resistance to most antibiotics. One isolate of each bacterium was selected for subsequent experiments. The
aqueous and ethanol extracts of Citrus aurantium L fruit were prepared. The inhibitory effect of the
prepared plant extracts on the selected bacteria was investigated by using the Agar diffiuision method and
the Turbidity method. The prepared plant extracts showed a clear growth inhibitory activity, which was
estimated by measuring the inhibition zone with a millimeter of studied bacteria. The results obtained
showed that the value of the growth inhibitory activity increased with increasing the concentration of the
extracts. Sub minimum inhibition concentration of plant extracts was used as a curing to remove antibiotic
resistance of the bacterial species under study. Varying values for the percentage loss of antibiotic
resistance were obtained as a result of the efficacy of the extracts, but some extracts did not show curing
efficacy. The results of the curing experiments were supported by the characterization of the plasmid DNA
on the agarose gel of the curing isolates. Electrophoresis showed the disappearance of the plasmid DNA
bundles from the agarose gel for most of the bacteria under study compared to the non-curing isolates.