Al-Rafidain Dental Journal

This study was carried out to evaluate the action of 0.2% sodium fluoride (900 ppmF), and 0.2% chlorhexidinegluconatemouthrinses besides tooth brushing on plaque and gingival indices. To achieve this aim 45 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy were divided into 3 equal groups randomly which were on tooth brushing only, tooth brushing with 0.2% sodium fluoride and tooth brushing with 0.2% chlorhexidinemouthrinses. The second group rinse with 10 ml of sodium fluoride once weekly for 8 weeks, while the third group rinse with 10 mi of chlorhexidine twice daily for the same period, the plaque and gingival indices were scored at base-line and then evaluated after 4 and 8 weeks. The present study revealed that the mean plaque index was significantly reduce (p<0.05) for the chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride patients in comparison with the first group throughout period of study. A similar trend was noted with gingival index as the lower values were recorded to the chlorhexidine groups, moreover, analysis of variance showed significant differences among groups and the chlorhexidine means were the mostly affected one. These results indicate that sodium fluoride could be use also for plaque and gingivitis control in addition to its anticariogenic action for patient undergoing orthodontic treatment.

Examination and diagnostic charts of previous studies had concentrated on certain factors and ignored others, which affect on the suggestion and sequence of sound treatment plans besides that several different computer programs have been developed to aid in dental decision making.
The goals of this paper were to prepare a diagnostic chart especially for partially edentulous patients, that help dentists make decisions in terms of diagnosis and treatment planning by using visual basic version 5.0 to design a special program for this study to improve patient care by helping the dentist make better decisions in vastly increasing field of knowledge in dentistry to help dentist for future research about the most popular and complex diseases and how to treat it, to help other Ministries, Ministry of higher education, and Ministry of health and special clinician in the application of Removable Prosthetic Diagnostic computer Program (RPDcP).
A program was designed specially for this study by using visual basic version 5.0.This program contains (41) program forms, (255 fields) of examination and diagnosis of partially edentulous patients. The program was applied clinically. The results were statistically analyzed by using principal component analysis and linear combination to explain the whole variation to the original data.
The program had capabilities of production, storage, retrieval, scanning, browsing to permit integration of other documents or pictorial representations.

The clinical examination involves eighty one males Yemenis, in Dhamar of age 15-45 years old and of similar and regular daily habit of chewing Khat unilaterally at the left side of the oral cavity to enjoy the amphetamin - like effect of Khat as a stimulant in a company with their friends under special environment & social rules in Yemen since a lot of years ago.
The sample was divided equally into three age groups, (15-24 years), (25-34 years) and (35-45 years). The periodontal health status examined clinically to measure the plaque index, gingival index and periodontal pocket depth.
Measurements divided into three groups, non - chewing right site of the mandible, and chewing left buccal site and chewing left lingual site of the mandible in the same individual.
The periodontal health status according to the three parameters, revealed that the scores at the chewing site were higher than that at the non - chewing site, and higher buccally than lingually at the same chewing site.
With the age and prolong abuse of Khat chewing, the scores increased and the periodontal pocket depth significantly differed in the age group (35-45 years) than the (15-24 years) and (25-34 years), age group.
The periodontal pockets were significantly higher buccally than lingually at the same chewing site, may be due to the manner of Khat chewing, where the leaves of Khat accumulate gradually and held in the lower buccal pouch unilaterally in a bolus for several hours daily.

A retrospective study of (96) cases of mucosal hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity was carried out. The distribution of the lesions in relation to the age, sex, size and the site of origin was performed. The result shows that these lesions affect similar age groups except denture induced hyperplasia, which affect older age group Females were affected more than males especially for peripheral giant cell granuloma and denture induced hyperplasia, Fibro - epithelial polyp and fibrous epulis show smaller size than other types of the lesions. Majority of pyogenic granuloma and peripheral giant cell granuloma arised in the posterior part of the jaws, by contrast to other type of the lesions which show no difference in their site of origin.

This study was intended to evaluate the symmetry of nasomaxillary complex. It was carried on the sample of 100 Iraqi adults (50 males and 50 females) aged 18-25 years with Angle class I normal occlusion was selected according to certain criteriafrom the students in Mosul University.
Statistical analysis of the data indicated that in both sexes the left and right sides of nasomaxillary complex had no significant differences with slight left side dominance over right side, except the canine area was slightly larger in the right side.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is relationships between the skeletal craniofacial structures and the variability of facial profile. The sample consist of 100 cephalometric films [50 males & 50 females for adults (18-25years) having normal dental class I occlusion] collected from POP department, collage of dentistry in Mosul university. The sample classified according to skeletal classification into class I, II, & III also classified according to the profile into:- cisprofile,orthoprofile&transprofiles We measured the length of 3 skeletal bases, in addition to the position of pogonion& the thickness of soft tissue covering the anterior aspect of middle and lower face area. The variables entered spss computer system for analysis, we found that males have more skeletal CII & III than females, but females have more skeletal Cl II. males have larger records for all the variables & the difference is significant

Topical application of 2% vanillin in glycerin was found to be effective in relieving pain associated with aphthus ulceration, hypersensitive cementum and ulcerative margin associated with pericoronitis. This analgesic effect of vanillin was explained to its local anesthetic effect

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of root resorption in radiographically examined teeth, (256) patients admitted for routine intraoral examination were included in the study. (16%) of the patients show root resorption in one or more teeth, and (5.64%) of all the examined teeth show evidence of external root resorption. The periapicalinflammation was the main cause of external root resorption, Two cases of internal root resorption were found in this study.

The main objectives of this study were to determine the effect of different nickel - chromium alloys with different surface treatment bonded to enamel tooth surface on the shear bond strength. Seventy five wax disc-shaped samples were prepared. These discs were divided into three groups, (25) in each. The first group was casted with CB-Bland 72 alloy, the second with CB-soft alloy, and the third group with Kera - N alloy. For surface treatment procedures each group was divided into five subgroups, five samples in each: the first subgroup was sandblasted with (50) μm Al2O3 plus electrolytical etching. The second subgroup only electrolytically etched; the third subgroup sandblasted with (50) μmAl2O3. The fourth subgroup sandblasted with (100) μm Al2O3, and the fifth subgroup received no surface treatment. The metal discs were bonded to the labial surface of upper central and lateral incisors using intermediate resin and adhesive luting cement. The samples were thermocycled between (5-60) C°± (2) C° for (500) cycles at (1) minute dwell time and then stored in distilled water in an incubation at (37) C° for seven days. After that the shear - bond strength were tested.
The results showed that the mean shear-bond strength of CB-Bland 72 alloy was found to be greater than that of Kera - N and CB-Soft alloys, and surface treatment with (100) μmAl2O3 procedure exhibit the highest bond strength.

An In vitro study was carried out to compare the effects of the Smear layer and the pretreatment of the foot canal wall with tubular occluding desensitizing agent (6% ferric-oxalate) or a bonding agent on the coronal seal of endodontically treated teeth.
Seventy freshly extracted human teeth with single and straight canals were used in This study. The teeth were divided into five experimental groups: twelve teeth each, withone positive and one negative control for each. Group I: With intact smear layer, Group II: Without smear layer. Group III: With intact smear layer and with ferric-oxalate painting of the canal walls. Group IV: Without smear layer and with ferric-oxalate painting of the canal walls. Group V: Without smear layer and with bonding agent.
After canal obturation the access cavities were exposed to natural saliva then Pelikan ink. Teeth were cleared and linear dye penetration measured. The results showed that the removal of the smear layer significantly increased the tightness of the coronal seal, and pretreatment of the canal walls with ferric-oxalate significantly decreased the coronal microleakage more than with or without smear layer. Using the bonding agent with a hydrophilic primer, after removing the smear layer, showed significantly less microleakage than all other groups.

A survey of (213) subjects from Sharkhan village near Mosul city was involved by questioner to evaluate the methods used to maintain the oral and dental health and involved also a clinical examination for the sample to evaluate the incidence of dental carries according to G.V Black classification. The study showed that only (1.66%) of Sample were visit the dentist regularly, (53.33%) were visit the dentist on need only and (45.01%) never visit the dentist. A bout the methods used to maintain the oral hygiene, the questioner showed that (61.92%) of sample never used tooth brush, (15%) used the brush regularly, while (23.08%) brushing there teeth intermittently. The questionnaire explained that (28.43%) using mouth wash, (4.68%) using dental floss, (109) using picks and only (3.84%) using wood stick (Miswak). The examination showed that tooth (23.27%) of sample having (1-3) carious teeth, (34.06%) having (46) carious teeth and this mean that (3.16% 0 of sample were caries free. The pits and fissures caries was the type of highest percentage (67.06%) followed by proximal caries (22.8%) and other types of classification were less.

The aim of this field investigation was to determine the prevalence and treatment needs of dental caries of primary dentition in (466) child aged (4-12) years old in the village of Shrkhan.
Examination of the teeth was performed according to the basic method of the oral health survey of WHO for the year 1997.
Results showed that the mean dmft for (4-6) years old was (2.63) and it was decreasing with increasing age to (119) in 10-12 years old.
There was a decline in dental caries with age, this was statistically significant at (5%) level, while no significant differences in dental caries experience was found between males and females.
The prevalence of rampant caries in age group (4-6) years was (11.3%), the females reported a higher prevalence than males (16.6% and 5.4%) respectively.
A high percentage of children were found in need of dental treatment. Majority of them needed one surface restorations, followed by two or more surface restorations, extractions than pulp care.
The findings of this study indicated that this group of children needed a preventive and treatment program

Most orthodontists and clinicians used to evaluate the patient\'s profile, clinically and radiologically. To obtain a correct diagnosis, most clinicians now realize the importance of an appraisal of the patient\'s facial esthetics from the frontal and lateral aspects.
He aim of the present study is to establish the cephalometric mandibular norms of Iraq adults (18-25 years) by means of linear and angular analysis of PA and LAT cephalometric radiographs. The sample is collected from the students of Mosul University and is consisted of 100 Iraqi adults (50 males and 50 females) aged (18-25 years) with class one normal occlusion.
LAT and PA cephalometric radiographs are taken for each subject, Twenty seven cephalometric measurements (11 angular and 16 linear measurement).
Statistical analysis of data is done by using computerized statistical program Minitab. The angular measurements of the mandible showed that the females are significantly larger than males in the N.S.Ar, SN-MP, SN-Occ and B.Me-MP, where as the S.N.B., S.N.B., S.N.Pog and S.N.Id are significantly larger in the males, and the rest of the angular measurements show no significant difference between the two sexes. All the linear measurements of the mandible for males are significantly larger than the females

Fifty patients with periapical granuloma were studied. Radiological examination showed radiolucent lesion associated with the root apex less than 1 cm in diameter. Histological examination of the lesion showed typical features of periapical granuloma as described by WHO. While bacteriologically, periapical granuloma was sterile