Regional Studies Journal

Abstract‏**‏

Ottoman – Russian relations since 18th century till the First ‎World War has been characterized by the stigma of enmity and ‎tension due to the ambitions of Russian Caesars to go south reaching ‎the warm waters, but the breakout of the balshafic Revolution in 1917 ‎has opened a new page between Soviet Union, the legal heir for the ‎Caesar Russia and the Turkish National Movement which dismissed ‎the occupied forces and established the modern Turkish State upon ‎the ruins of Ottoman Empire by the military and material helps ‎presented by U.S.S.R. To that movement. Then, relations between ‎both states has grown and reached its climax by the treaty of ‎neutrality and Non – aggression concluded on October 1925. There is ‎also official mutual visits between both states.‎
As for the economic aspect, these relations has witnessed a ‎remarkable development since 1925 whether on trade level or ‎presenting Soviet loans which helped in establishing so many ‎factories by which Turkey was in need of them to promote its ‎economy

Abstract
The research focuses on the subject of ways to restore Iraq as an influential economy among the economies of the Middle East for ways to revive it after the biggest crisis that hit it in the history of the region by briefly reviewing its internal conditions in recent years and the changes that occurred in it and its regional relations and the effects of its crisis on the region, moving to the regional role of the neighboring role in stabilizing its conditions, and finally examining the final strategies that see the best potential for success for an economic and regional role for the new Iraq.

Naturally, the research includes an analysis of the economy, society and the state, but it focuses on different analyses and economic variables as they are the common denominator between all non-economic variables in discussing existing and alternative economic policies. The research assumes that "the stage of fragmentation of the Iraqi economy has actually begun" and continues without limits, marginalizing society and its repercussions on neighboring societies. It aims to anticipate the future of Iraq's possible role regionally and economically and to identify the alternative in the event of the inability to rise and the continuation of depletion and crises without benefit. The perspective of economic interests reveals the path of justice and equal opportunities and total detachment as a way to truly rebuild and break the circle of the corners of the critical triangle locally, regionally and internationally in the areas of: lost security due to; the occupation (and the subsequent American confusion in Iraq); and the resulting solution to the social contract that existed.

Abstract
Iraqi issue is considered one of the most effective cases in ‎Turkish-U.S. relations after April, 9, 2003. This effect has been ‎reflected relatively upon these relations due to the difference in their ‎points of view with regard to the developments in Iraq especially the ‎Kurdish issue. Both countries have their own private interests in ‎giving their attitudes towards events in Iraq. U.S.A has responded to ‎the demands of Iraqi Kurds with regard to Federation and solving the ‎problem of Kirkuk as well as giving them an active role in the ‎process of politics and security. This action troubled Ankara which ‎saw that U.S support to the Kurds might harm the historical interests ‎of Turkey and the way to deal with PKK which took form the north of ‎Iraq military bases. ‎

Abstract‏*‏
Tremendous slowdown of Arab economic integration, indicated ‎the extent of Arab failure in assisting an economic mass which ‎dictated by subjective necessities and subjective conditions of ‎regional integration nowadays since six decades ago. That ‎slowdown was due to various obstacles.‎
One decade ago, Arab free Commercial Region (AFCR) HAD ‎been established as a step on the way of big (AFCR) but actual ‎procedures assigned many dominant obstacles. The current paper ‎analyzed different dimensions and steps and suggesting essential ‎rule for achieving (AFCR).‎

Abstract
Water project in Syria are Considered one of the most great ‎economic achievement made by the Soviets in the Middle East. These ‎Works had got apolitical importance more than being economic ones ‎which made the Soviet government to be in good relations with some ‎other Arab countries like Egypt, Iraq, Yamen and Algeria in order to ‎support them financially and technically (Dams, Hydro-electric ‎power plant stations, Irrigation…etc.).In accordance with agreements, ‎economic protocols Signed among them which dealt with supporting ‎economics of those countries. But the slow collapse of the Soviet ‎state at the end of 1980's had led to a huge gap in Arab-Soviet ‎relations. ‎
These states and among them Syria found that its relations ‎with the Soviets might create negative results. Therefore, its foreign ‎policy went to the side of the west while the Soviet influence began ‎to retreat gradually in the Arab region till 1991. when the world ‎witnessed the Collapse of U.S.S.R. in to Republics and states, the ‎most Significance was the Federation of Russia. This state tried ‎deeply to reinforce its relations again with the Arab states and Syria ‎was one of them.‎

Abstract
The research aims at explaining the nature of political system in ‎Jordan by showing the gist of the research and there is a sort of a ‎burse in distributing the three powers: they are executive, ‎legislative and juridical powers. It is clear through out the paper ‎that there is on a control and hold for the executive power upon the ‎legislative one. ‎
This has created a sort of misbalance in the politics between ‎both powers and upon the structure of the political system ‎negatively all over the country.‎
‎ ‎

When talking about the political history of any country in the world, we see that most countries have gone through revolutions and uprisings that have had a negative or positive impact on the political system of that country. Because revolutions express the visions of people who differ in their ideas from the ruling regimes, revolutions are the final result of the conflict of these ideas and concepts. This in turn is reflected in the country's domestic and foreign policy. Because the difference in ideas will lead to different solutions to the problems facing the state.

Since we are talking about revolutions, we will discuss the July 14, 1958 revolution in Iraq, which overthrew the monarchy that had ruled Iraq for nearly four decades and brought about the republican system, which represented a major turning point in the modern political history of Iraq because the thought brought by the revolution differed fundamentally from the thought carried by the previous monarchy, especially since the monarchy had strong and solid relations with the United States of America, especially in the recent period, and the republican system brought by the revolution represented an ideology different in its content from the previous monarchy, as we find the new regime following the Soviet communist trend to a certain extent.

This contradiction in thought was reflected in turn on the relationship between the new Iraqi government and the United States of America, and the events that accompanied the revolution, from the attack on the American embassy and the assault on American citizens in Iraq, had a major impact. In the deterioration of the relationship between the two parties. What concerns us in the matter, without going into details, is the effect of this revolution in changing the American strategy in Iraq after the loss of trust between the two governments and how the Americans lost a strong ally in the region, especially since Iraq and its strategic location represented a barrier to the spread of the communist tide in the Arab region.

Since the beginning of Post – graduates studies in history of Iraqi ‎Universities early in 1970's , efforts are being made for studies ‎related to bases and nature of Arab – African relations whether ‎during Islamic ages or the modern ones to have its own chance ‎especially after the predecessors supervising post –graduate studies ‎have recognized that there was a sort of ignorance in that types of ‎studies .‎

Abstract
Before starting this topic, we should give some information about the Turkish language and its position among the languages ​​of the world. The Turkish language belongs to the Ural-Altay language group. Since this language group does not constitute a language family in itself. For example, there is no close relationship between this group as mentioned in the Indo-European languages. However, they are closer to each other in terms of structure than in origin. The Ural-Altay language group is included in the agglutinative language group. As for the adverbs in the Turkish language, it is a name given to the word that changes the meaning of the adjective or verb in terms of tense, description, question and measure. Adverbs in the Turkish language are divided into five sections. (1) Adverb of time (2) Adverb of place (3) Adverb of state (4) Adverb of quantity (5) Adverb of interrogation.

Abstract
Turkish language is one of the Altai – Oral languages, the ‎languages of both branches belong geographically to the Oral ‎mountain chains which separate Europe from Asia and the Altai ‎mountains which are located in the middle of Asia continent. The ‎most important languages which exist within this linguistic family ‎are the Hungarian, Finish, Turkish and Mongolian languages. these ‎languages have a common base in that they participate in some of ‎the structural linguistic features and within all these languages, the ‎vocal harmony plays an important role in controlling affixes and in ‎forming derivatives of words, which is clearly found in Turkish ‎language.‎
All these languages depend on the addition of the suffixes and ‎that there is a root or main words and many suffixes which perform ‎great number of grammatical functions. The Turkish languages ‎expression comprises a great number of languages which belong to ‎one resource. The Turkish language spread over the area which is ‎extended from the middle of Asia till its west passing toward the ‎East of Europe, subsequently, Turkish language has generated ‎some dialects after the migration of the Turkish tribes, the most ‎well known of these tribes are the Augoz, Kapchak and Turkmen. ‎The Orkhon, Awegorian and Bulgarian carvings represent an ‎important period in the development of the Turkish language which ‎owns the heritage.‎