Regional Studies Journal

This paper examines the different variables that govern the use of information and communication technology ( ICT) in business according to theoretical studies that focused on technology acceptance and resistance to technologies.
the study aims to analyse the reality of use of ICT in Algerian economic firms according to the original technology acceptance model developed by DAVIS in addition to the factor of resistance, and try to measure the effect of these variables on the use of (ICT).
By applying the study in one of the public economic firms – BATIMETAL-, the paper determinates the factors governing the employment of technology in the Algerian firms, and suggests some recommendations about conditions required for employees to accept these technologies in order to reduce the severity of their resistance.

The religious factor or religion is considered one of the most factors used by the super powers and on the top of them the United States which implementing its foreign policy by using religious discourse and developing many theories such as (the clash of civilizations) by Samuel P. Huntington which allows USA to go far away from international legality specially what is known the war against terrorism. the religious men in America did a major and effective role to justify the American foreign policy specially the matters concerning the war against Iraq and Afghanistan and explaining its belief and its church recourses perhaps that became clear through analyzing the speech attitude of clerks (religious men) in the USA who were very close related to presidency institute through concentration on the war against Islamic world, especially the war on Iraq .

The international crisis is a constantly evolving political phenomenon in today's world of changing politics, in accordance with the intersection of interests, influence and performance movement, and the scope of action of international and other regional powers, which requires the adoption of an effective strategy to confront and manage.
This is in line with the model of the study "smart power strategy" and the current crisis model between Washington and Tehran. This strategy represents the ideal model for such crises, because it uses solid and effective tools on the one hand and soft instruments on the other, And the achievement of the goals set, as the continuity of the US pressure by the severe sanctions on Tehran, in the current crisis, with sending military and technical and logistical reinforcements, in conjunction with another aspect of the desire of the US administration in dealing with them according to the method of diplomatic pressure, means that the administration of the US President Donald Tramp counts on the smart power approach in dealing, for reasons and necessities related to higher strategic gains to Washington in the Gulf region, and its extension to the Middle East.

The administration presents public service through officials. However, such officials may not be sufficient sometimes. Therefore, it seek the assistance from other groups of officials through different legal forms but they are not permanent officials, they are used by way of contract, and officials by contract, or through admitting them to service by way of an administration decision resulting in appointment, called temporary officials. The Iraqi law, however, did not confirm neither the name nor specify the legal nature consequent from he ambiguity of legal provision. Hence, it is necessary to investigate the topic of legal regulation of the position of a temporary official and the resulting problems emanating from it in practice. The topic has been dealt with from different aspects according to two sections. the first section tackles the concept of temporary official, whereas the second one revolves around the legal position of temporary official .the study concludes with a finding in which we have summarized the most important conclusions and recommendations we arrived at the most significant concluding remarks are that the term "temporary official" is not well delimited in Iraqi law and that the legal position of temporary official is almost identical with permanent official. Therefore, the Iraqi legislature is recommended to replace the term "temporary official" in article 1(8) form the law of unified pension, no.9 in 2014 by the term " non – permanent official " to include temporary officials, officials by contract and others، such as officials without salary.

In late 2010 and early 2011 a wave of protests and revolutions broke out across the Arab world began with Mohamed Bouazizi and the Tunisian revolution, which sparked the revolutions in many Arab countries, and known as the spring of the Arab revolutions.
One of the causes of these protests and sudden revolutions was the spread of corruption, economic stagnation and poor living conditions, as well as political constraints and overall poor conditions in Arab countries. These protests have spread in a number of Arab countries, including Yemen, a country of a complex nature with problems such as the Houthis' problem with the ruling regime and the presence of al-Qaeda elements in the country. These demonstrations led to clashes between security forces and demonstrators, sometimes resulting in deaths on both sides. These protests and revolutions were characterized by the emergence of Arab cheers that became popular in those Arab countries: "The people want to overthrow the regime." In fact, the Yemeni revolution did not achieve what the Yemeni people aspired to as political stability, economic prosperity and security situation. The problems that prevailed before the revolution still exist, and the Yemeni citizen still lives in bad conditions at various levels, political, economic, social and security levels.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has united Western Europe and maintained its security for more than 40 years, contributing to the end of the Cold War, the dissolve of the Warsaw pact and even the collapse of the Soviet Union. This collapse was followed by rapid shifts within the alliance as a result of the loss of the main reason for which the alliance was found, and the escalation of demands to dissolve the alliance because there is no longer need for its existence.
The greatest evolution of the NATO after the Cold War at the strategic level was the transformation of the Alliance from a rigid (static) defense force to an aggressive force carrying out military campaigns outside the borders of Europe. The alliance deployed military forces in vast areas far from the alliance's operations sectors before the Cold War. Thus, the NATO changed its main mission and expanded outside Europe to cross the geographical boundaries within which it operated.
NATO's expansion and its involvement in military operations all over the world have weighed on the budgets of both the United States and Europe, although European countries contribute only a fraction of the budget. The failure of European countries to share the burden could affect the Alliance's future as a political and military force.
The research highlights NATO's future and its role in the light of the new strategic concept and the clear disagreement between the United States and Europe over post-Cold War burden-sharing. The research was divided into an introduction, three sections and a conclusion. The first section dealt with the impact of The future of the NATO under the America- European disputes .
While the second section discussed the impact of economic factors on the future of the alliance, and finally the third section highlighted the extent the of success of the new strategic concept of the alliance.