Diyala Journal for Veterinary Sciences

Aims: The current study was performed to explore histological features of the lung in the domestic rabbits.
Methods: The lung specimens were collected from ten healthy rabbits taken from center at College of Veterinary Medicine / University of Baghdad animal housing. Pulmonary tissue specimens were studied via routine histological techniques.
Results: Histological findings revealed division of each bronchus into intra pulmonary bronchi that were frequently divided into primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi. Subsequent subdivision of the last bronchi showed four subdivisions that were primary, secondary, tertiary (terminal) and respiratory bronchioles. The walls of these respiratory passages were showed only mucosa and submucosa tunicae. The epithelial mucosa started from bronchial ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium till simple squamous type at alveoli. The tunica submucosa constructed of loose connective tissue in which invested hyaline cartilage segments in the main bronchus then gradually decreased in diameter to smaller and smallest segments. The hyaline cartilage disappeared in all types of bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles were opened into alveolar ducts which in turn opened into alveolar sacs. Numerous walls’ out-pocketings of simple squamous epithelium lined alveolar duct were observed. Alveolar sac composed of a group of alveoli clusters and the alveolus was just a small space lined by simple squamous epithelium of two types; Type-I pneumocytes (flattened lining cells) and type-II pneumocytes (large lumen-bulged cells with large nuclei).

Aims: The aim of this research was to found developed small intestine mucosa pre
hatching and first two weeks of the life local domestic chicken, also the importance of
carbohydrates in various chemical reactions, to study their distribution using special
dyes, such as: combined AB-PAS (PH-2.5).
Methods: The study is performed on 90 commercial of fertile eggs obtained from
birds market, where it is place in a small incubator and incubated with (37.5ºC) and
humidity (60%).
Result: There is a strong correlation between the intestinal epithelium's early
development and the growth and feed efficiency of local chicken. This study's goal
was to record the morphological, histological, and histochemical evolution of the)
duodenal, jejunum, and ileum ( mucosa in local chicken prehatch from days 15 to 21
of incubation. One hundred embryos or poults had their intestinal samples taken, and
these were examined under both light and dissecting microscopy. The villus height
increases significantly during which time, the junctional complex progressively
tightens the epithelial cells' apical end, and mature goblet cells become evident near
the tip of the apical of the villi. The Villus height rises gradually till it reaches a
plateau after 21 days. Before hatching, the shape of the villi gradually converts
projections that resemble fingers to those that resemble leaves around 21 day. The
significant morphological changes caused by consuming amniotic fluid before to
hatch, as well as nutritional variables, in the local chicken gut epithelium.

This study was conducted to investigate the difference between the effect of monotherapy by amoxicillin and levofloxacin with their combination in treating respiratory infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. For this purpose the study was divided into two parts, in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro included: determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), inhibition zone, interaction between amoxicillin and levofloxacin. The results of in vitro study showed that the MIC was 64 μg/ml, 8μg/ml and 64μg/ml+8μg/ml for amoxicillin and levofloxacin and their combination respectively. The inhibition zone produced by 0.5MIC, 1MIC and 2MIC of amoxicillin, levofloxacin and their combination was concentration dependent, which were 8.66±0.33mm, 14.66±0.16mm and 11.33±0.33mm for amoxicillin, levofloxacin and their combination respectively by using 1MIC. The in vivo study included 25 rabbits, five animals kept as negative control without any infection or treatment while the remaining 20 animals were infected with S.aureus to induce respiratory tract infection and then divided into four equal groups, first one without treatment (positive control), second and third groups treated with amoxicillin 28.75mg/kg and levofloxacin 24.17mg/kg respectively while the last one treated with combination of half doses of amoxicillin and levofloxacin. In general, the results showed that the levofloxacin was the best in decreasing the deleterious effect produced by S.aureus infection followed by combination then amoxicillin, levofloxacin was the superior in decreasing the severity of clinical signs improves the blood picture represented by decreasing theinflammatory cells like white blood cell and keeping the red blood cells within normal range.
In conclusion, treatment the respiratory tract infection with mono therapy by levofloxacin was better than use it in combination with amoxicillin.

Gold nanoparticles were used in recent years in different applications for medicinal purposes. The dominant traits of GNPs include a great surface area, optoelectronic properties, limited toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles. In this study bacterial isolates from humans and animals were applied to investigate the anti-bacterial effect of gold nanoparticles by using well diffusion method with different doses of gold nanoparticles solution. The result was shown that gold nanoparticles solution has anti-bacterial effect through the inhibition zone of bacterial species growth of E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp. and Serratia spp. isolated from humans and E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. isolated from animals treated with gold nanoparticles at doses of 10 μg /mL and 20 μg /mL. The conclusion: Gold nanoparticles have anti-bacterial activity for different bacterial species that may be used in the future in the pharmacological applications and treatment of diseases.

In developmental biology, studying the histological features of avian embryonic skeletal development might provide a reference standard. As a result, the purpose of this study was to determine the time of onset of ossification in femurs and humerous bones, as well as to characterize the most important histological changes found in these bones. This investigation used thirty fertilized eggs for each type of bird from various bird species, such as Japanese quail and racing pigeons. Embryos were collected at 8, 12, 16, and 18 days, based on the incubation time of each bird. Histological analysis of bone tissues was subsequently performed. The current study found that bones of racing pigeons and quails both underwent cartilage ossification on day 8 of incubation. During embryonic development, the ossification of the hindlimb persisted and even increased. The skeletogenesis ordering of ossification differed between the forelimb humerus bone and the hindlimb femour bone, as shown by comparing their calcification patterns. Results demonstrated that racing pigeons' humorous bones calcified more later than quail's embryonic bones. In conclusion, embryonic bone tissue staining and morphological variance analysis showed that the Japanese quail and pigeon embryos developed in different ways, which was linked to their bones growing at different rates during hatching.

This research was carried out to investigate the presence of Salmonella SPP in layer poultry farms through various microbiological tests . A total of 585 samples (from 150 suspected birds) included (liver (150), ceca (50), heart (48), spleen (37), oviduct (150), ovary (150) were obtained from flocks in Diyala. Determination of salmonella spp was carried out via PCR tech-nique, biochemical tests, serotyping by O antigen and H antigen, API 20 and Viteck. Liver samples were examined microscopically to detect any changes. The results revealed that the highest number of Salmonella spp. isolates was seen in liver (34) (25 Salmonella ohio, 4 Salmonella Kentucky and 5 Salmo-nella enteritidis). and the rate of infection reach to (22.66%) followed by ovary (15) (10%)(13 Salmonella ohio and 2 Salmonella enteritidis ), oviduct (6) (4%)( 5 Salmonella ohio and 1 Salmonella enteritidis). The histological examination of the liver showed necrosis of hepatocytes, hemorrhage, ag-gregation of inflammatory cells.
In conclusion, S. ohio, S. enteritidis, and S.Kentucky were the main causative agent for Salmonellosis in laying hens at Diyala governorate .

Aims:
Recognition the efficacy of ceftiofur antibiotic as intrauterine therapy in treating clinical endometritis and the range of its influence on the fertility of treated cows.
Methods:
Twenty multiparous cows suffering from clinical endometritis(CE) came to the veterinary clinic exist in the college and veterinary clinics located in Diyala province. Rectal palpation was made to diagnose the clinical endometritis, all these cows were treated by intra-uterine injection of ceftiofur during estrus phase. After the coming of all treated cows to estrus they were inseminated artificially, and then the rectal palpation was carried out to confirm the pregnancy in these treated cows.
Results:
The number of multiparous cows had clinical endometritis and treated with ceftiofur intra-uterine which were 20. All these cows came estrus within 18-23 days post treatment, and inseminated artificially. Eight cows were return to estrus within 20-22 days after last insemination and re-inseminated again. After 55-60 days of last insemination all cows were examined by rectal palpation and being pregnant.

The Meat and Food Manufacturing are susceptible to contamination and many other foodborne diseases that can arise in food manufacturing areas due to poor personal hygiene and sanitation practices, leading to the growing of multiple pathogenic agents. Beef can be a foodborne pathogens due to unsanitary conditions during animal slaughter and meat processing. In recent decades, scientific strategies have been developed to reduce meat contamination and its effects on human health.
Forty meat samples were randomly collected from several butcher shops in Diyala province, minced, and prepared for the experiment to know the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus leaves. Leaves were collected from the garden of Diyala University, cleaned and ground. Eucalyptus leaves extract was prepared against some bacteria isolated from minced meat. The aqueous extract of eucalyptus leaves was prepared at different concentrations (100%, 85%, 70%, 55%, and 40%) and used as an antibacterial against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella spp.) investigated the antibacterial activity of Eucalyptus leaves extract toward some bacteria isolated from minced meat, Forty meat samples collected randomly from Many meat shops Diyala province, water extract ( 100%, 85%, 70%, 55% and 40%) prepared from Eucalyptus leaves and used as antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella spp.), Eucalyptus leaves were collected from the garden of Diyala University, the leaves was cleaned and ground. 25 grams of Eucalyptus leaves were put in 150 ml deionized water, placed on a hot stirrer plate at 90°C for 1 hour, and left for 5 hours, then purified using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. Isolated bacteria were identified based on colony description, gram stain, coagulase test, and catalase test—the antimicrobial activity of the extract against isolates carried out by the good diffusion method.
Results of this study revealed the prevalence of contamination of meat with Staphylococcus aureus spp and Klebsiella spp (65, 52.5) % respectively. Eucalyptus leaves extract displayed great activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. The highest antibacterialactivity was (33, 20 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella spp. respectively, while the lowest activity against these bacteria was (21, 10) mm respectively.

Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of the copper sulfate, zinc sulfate and vitamin D3 for two periods (45 days
and 90 days) on brain of rats.
Methods: Dixon's method was used for the estimation of median lethal doses (LD50). Survival and mortality number for each dose
have been noted after 24 hours. Following the determination of the median lethal doses (which were 637 mg/kg. 2.4 g/kg and 13.74
mg/kg b. w. for copper sulfate, zinc sulfate and vitamin D3 respectively) seventy rats were divided into seven groups and housed in
same environment cages. The seven treatment groups were divided into group I (the control group) while group II, III, IV, V, VI and
VII were subdivided depending on the dosing regimen, the rats in the second group (Group II) (receiving copper sulfate 1/10 LD50),
third group (Group III) (receiving copper sulfate 1/20 LD50), forth group (Group IV) (receiving zinc sulfate 1/10 LD50), fifth group
(Group V) (receiving zinc sulfate 1/20 LD50), sixth group (Group VI) (receiving vitamin D3 1/10 LD50), and finally, seventh group
(Group VII) (receiving vitamin D3 1/20 LD50).
Results: Histopathological examination of brain tissue in group II & group III showed congestion of small blood vessels (B.V.). The
brain tissues in group IV and group V showed congestion of small B.V. with edema. Group VI and group VII shows aggregation of
mononuclear cells in small foci in the brain. Copper-induced toxicity (1/20 of LD 50) changes in the brain were less pronounced in rats
treated with copper (1/10 of LD 50), the case similar in groups that treated with zinc or vitamin D, compared to rats of control group.
Conclusion: In the present investigation the vitamin D3 has been found to be more toxic than copper sulfate or zinc sulfate based on
the median lethal doses (LD50) values. This study shows that both these trace heavy metals (copper sulfate and zinc sulfate) along with
vitamin D3 can be toxic to organisms at higher levels.

The immune system has an effective role in the defense mechanism against different microbial agents. This study aimed to identify the effect of experimentally oral administration of pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from cow mastitis on modulation of immune system in rats. 15 Wister albino rats divided in to three groups,5 each , control group, G1 orally infected group by 105cfu/ml E.coli and G2 orally infected group by 106cfu/ml E.coli, after 15 days of infection ,blood samples collected and serum separated for identification the level of CD4, CD8 and TNF-alpha, by using ELISA test. Our result revealed that there was no significant difference in CD4 and CD8 between control group and oral group G1, while there was a significant increase in CD4 and CD8 concentration between control group and oral group G2, and a significance increase in TNF-α level in G1 and G2 groups when compared with control group. Conclusion: Oral administration of pathogenic Escherichia coli had a great modulatory effect on the immune system and the dose 106 cfu/ml E.coli was more potent than105 cfu/ml E.coli dose in stimulation and modulation of immune response.