JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

This study has included a modulation of the rheological properties of asphalt by a catalyst chemical
treatment with polycarbonate, and the microwave technique was used at a power of (360) watt at time
intervals. Furthermore, the modulation and treatment were done in the presence of sulfur and
polycarbonate. The formed rheological properties of the new asphalt samples were studied which
include (permeability, softening point ,ductility and penetration index). Those asphalt samples of the
new rheological properties could be used in paving field and some other samples could be used as antimoisture materials.
The best asphalt samples with new rheological properties and those conformable with the properties
of roads authority and Iraqi bridges were tested as a tiled asphalt since they were studied in terms of
conducting Marshall tests and comparing them with the original sample in order to show the possibility
of using the modified samples in the tiling and the obtained results were excellent in terms of stable
creeping values. In addition the aging test was applied on the samples that contain good rheological
properties.
Moreover, the modified asphalt has shown higher dissociation values in comparison with the
original asphalt, so the modified asphalt has more resistant to high temperature and acid rains and
shows an important characteristic of the quality of the asphalt that enables the modified asphalt to stick
more closely to the aggregate, which gives higher resistance and greater operating age life to the
streets

This study was included treatment of the Dura asphalt with lignin as a natural polymeric additive
and air blowing with three paths.
The first path: the rheological properties of the asphalt were modified by adding the lignin to the
asphalt and in various proportions in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride as a catalyst for
this process at the optimum conditions for the catalytic oxidation process that was identified which is
150 centigrade and a time of 60 min.
The second path : the rheological properties of the asphalt were modified using the use of lignin as
an additive and with the presence of 1% sulfur (by weight) at a time of 60 minutes and a temperature
of 180 ° C which is the optimal conditions for the non-catalytic air blowing process that was identified.
As for the third track, the lignin was treated with asphalt without the use of anhydrous aluminum
chloride under optimal conditions for the non-catalytic process.
The study showed asphalt with completely different rheological properties compared to the original
asphalt, which represents the primary goal behind the continuous quest for altering the rheological
specifications of the original asphalt in a way that is compatible with the nature of use in different and
specific fields, some samples can be using in paving as in samples (,AS19,AS20 ,AS50). As well as a
moisture inhibitor and flattening as in samples (AS22,AS40,AS41 ,AS51, AS52). . The use of asphalt in
various fields is determined depending on the measurements made, ductility ,softening point ,
penetration,,asphaltenes percentage, penetration index ,aging test ,marshall test .

This work involves,the preparation, new ligands 4-[N- (2,4-Dihydroxybenzylidene) imino]
antipyrinyl Serine (L1) or with Theronine (L2),. from these ligands ,ten Complexes have been
synthesized with metal ions Co(II) ,Ni(II) Cu(II) Zn (II) and Cd(II) in molar ratio (1:1) Metal:
Ligand and these complexes have been characterized on the basis of
physiochemical,investigations(1HNMR),(IR) electronicspectroscopy(U.V-Vis),
molar,conductance, magnetic moment measurement, Thermal analysis (TGA), ,elemental analysis,
Powder X-ray diffraction and spectral studies. Infrared data suggest that the ligands( L1) and( L2)
behave as tetradentate ligands and coordinated through (N, N, O, O) as adonor,atoms sequence
towards the metal ions, and they give an square planer and tetrahedral complexes, finally some of
these,prepared complexes have been screened for their antibacterial activities against two classes
of human pathogenic; bacteria Gram positive eg: Staphylococcus.aureus, and Gram
negativebacteria including,Pseudomonas,aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoni and.Escherichiacoli,
The performance results explain that the metal complexes have greater action more essential than
the free ligands

A sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of thiamine
hydrochloride by oxidative coupling reaction of thiamine with the reagent 4-aminoantipyrine (4-
AAP) in the presence of copper sulphate as oxidizing agent in alkaine medium forming a reddish brown
colour. The product show maximum absorption at 335 nm. The molar absorptivitiy is 26410.59 l/mol.cm
for concentrations obeyed Beer’s law in the range 0.2-18 μg.ml-1
. The recovery was 100.93 % with
relative standard deviation < 2.0 % for thiamine hydrochloride.Thiamine and reagent 4-AAP product was
formed in the ratio of 1:1. The stability constant of the product was 3.39×106
l.mol-1
for thiamine
hydrochloride indicating the good stability of this product. The optimum conditions for full colour
development are described and the proposed method was applied successfully for determination of
thiamine in the pharmaceutical preparation (Neurorubine). The common excipients used as additives in
pharmaceutical do not interfere in the proposed method.

This study includes calculation of the potential stickiness (S*
) and apparent activation energy (AAE)
by the adsorption process of some aromatic carboxylic acids using sand (clay) as a new adsorbent
material. This clay was collected from dust storms coming to the city of Mosul. The obtained results
showed that physical adsorption which is achieved by applying the modified Arrhenius equation
through the values of (S *) and (AAE) which have low values and bear a negative charge is preferable.
Adsorption process occurs in two-step mechanism. The effect of the concentration of the acidic
solution, temperature and the substituted groups SO3, NO2, OH, NH2 on the aromatic ring) was studied
to clarify the nature of the association between organic carboxylic acid anions and inorganic metal
oxides to form a complex surface model. The study concluded that the values of (S *) for all acids
were less than one and they were more than the value of zero. Also, the values of (AAE) gave an
indication that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous. The presence of water molecules
and (H+
) ions in solution is very important to change the nature of the clay surface

The present research includes a comparative morphological characters of pollen grains and seeds
of (8) cultivars belonging the species Pyrus malus L. namely ("EarlyGold", "GrannySmith", "Royal
Cala", "Red Delicious", "Golden Delicious", "Honey Crisp", "Mcintosh", Cox") and (6) Cultivars
belonge to the species Pyrus communis L. namely ("Coneference", Decana", "Bonica",
"Alkhatuni","Alothmani", "William) which cultivated in northern of Iraq. Were examined by light and
scanning electron microscope (SEM). The result of pollen grains showed that pattern tricolporate and
the shape in polar view triangular or spherical -triangular or tetrangular but in equatorial view spherical
or ovate and surface configuration was striate in all cultivars of the species. The morphological
characters of seeds (Shape, Color, Dimension of width and Length, Number of seeds in fruit), in
addition to indumentum were found to be diagnostic value for separation cultivars from the two
species. In addition to its surface configuration, it was Striate in "EarlyGold", "RoyalCala", "Honey
Crisp", "Mcintosh" and "Cox" and Striate papillae in GrannySmith, while the "Coneference", "Decana"
and "Bonica, Alkhatuni, and Alothmani had a surface configuration pitted, and Irregular Reticular in
Red Delicious and Reticulate papillae in cultivar William, while Golden Deliciou was unique as
having an alveolate surface, The quantitative and qualitative morphological characters of pollen grains
and seeds were found to be diagnostic value for separation cultivars from the species.

The Boltzmann transport equation is the basic equation for solving the transport of charge carrier
(electrons, holes) problems in semiconductor devices. The distribution function has been obtained from the
solution of this equation. The distribution function is important in calculating semiconductor properties,
which can be used to calculate the average electron energy, the charge carrier concentration, and other
properties. In this work the semi-classical Boltzmann transport equation in silicon was solved using
analytical / numerical methods in steady state case in momentum space. The analytical solution is requires
expressing the distribution function using Legendre polynomials expansion the first two terms of the
expansion, by taking into account the effect of both acoustic elastic scattering and nonelastic scattering in
addition to the effect of non-parabolic energy band structure. In order to obtain the numerical solution of
Boltzmann transport equation the finite difference method is used. The differential equation is transformed
to linear difference equation which can represented by matrices. Numerical systems with different
dimensions are designed to calculate the distribution function with the least possible time to maintain the
accuracy of the solution for different applied electric field which represent the low and high field regions
at temperatures T= (77, 300) K. The obtained results showed good agreement with published data that
used other calculation methods such as the Monte Carlo simulation method for all the system used in this
work.

In this research, the influence of the parameters design, such as the refractive index of the core,
the cladding, and the radius of the core on propagation constant (????) of single-mode optical fiber in optical
communication region (1.2-1.6) m have been studied and investigated. Material, waveguide, and profile
dispersions are analyzed and investigated. Three models of optical fibers with different relative refractive
indices () (0.004, 0.007, 0.01) at a wavelength equal 1.55 m, and three models of core radius (3,4,5)
m are taken in the count. Numerical simulations and modeling are arranged depending on weakly
guiding approximation for solving homogeneous wave equation derived from Maxwell’s equations. Our
modeling has been solved by the aid of MATLAB software. Material and profile dispersion have no
significant change for various relative refractive index, while waveguide dispersion is affected by the
change of relative refractive index. the waveguide dispersion increased by increasing core diameter and
the profile dispersion decreased as the core diameter increased. There is no effect on martial dispersion by
increasing the core diameter.

As the conjugated polymers are doped with some electron donor or acceptor dopants, their electrical
conductivity increased thoroughly to about 10-6 Ω
-1
.cm-1
. The doping of the polymers may give an n
or p semiconductor characteristic according to the types of the dopants that are used. Within the frame
of this work, four types of conjugated polymers with benzothiazole as a major moiety in their backbone
have been prepared. The prepared monomers and polymers have been characterized by FTIR
spectroscopy. Elemental analysis of the polymers (CHN) demonstrates their chemical structure while
the DSC thermal analysis illustratesits Tg. The polymers were doped with two types of dopants, iodine
and sodium iodide. The electrical conductivity of the doped polymers was measured with three probe
cell. The results show increasing in the electrical conductivity with dopant concentration to some
levels. The activation energy of the electrical conductivity process was also studied by measuring the
electrical conductivity in different temperature. According to the magnitude of the activation energy,
we can conclude that the chain flexibility is the dominate factor that influenced on electrical
conductivity. Hall Effect and hot probe measurements reveal that the polymer can be considered as n
or p type according to the type of the doping. It was concluded that the doping with iodine produced
an n-type while the doping with sodium iodide produced the p- type.

A new species Registration of juniper is Juniperus macrocarpa, permissions not previously registered
in Flora of Iraq that were composed (Guest researchers and Ali al-Rawi,1966) so only two species of
Juniperus oxycedrus and Juniperus polycarpos were registered at the time. The research included a
classification of the species Juniperus which belong to the Cupressaceae family that grown a wild plants
in north of Iraq, using the morphological characteristics of (3) species of veins mentioned in (7) sites
distributed in provinces of (FNI,MAM and MSU )Nineveh, Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah.
The study includes the characteristics of stems, branches, bark, needle leaves, male and female
cones, seeds and flower buds, as well as examining the overcoming of appearance between species and
individuals of the same species in the studied sites, and sometimes the species have clear variations among
them and the individuals of the same species did not show marked changes, and it became clear that the
studied morphological characteristics have taxonomic. Significant in the diagnosis and isolation of species
from each other, and the study was reinforced with photographs, shapes and illustrations, as well as the
study showed that sexual characteristics (male and female cones and flower buds) are more proven
compared to the rest of the characters, and It has a significant and taxonomic role in diagnosing the studied
species into groups, so the needle leaves showed clear variations, which makes them the task of classifying
them either in their quantitative or qualitative characteristics. The shell of the stem between the species
varied markedly and is in the color characteristic, while the most effective charaters in the diagnosis and
distinguishing the species were the characteristics of the fruit cones.The cone of seeds (fruits), as the
species Juniperus macrocarpa (syno: J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa) prevailed in the size of its large
fruits and their dimensions compared to the other two species., as the characteristics of the fruits owning
the lobes and the color of the fruits, and the seeds of the species gave clear variations, whether in their
quantitative or qualitative characteristics, which also contributed effectively in diagnosing the studied
juniper species. Male cones and flower buds had a great taxonomic value.

The present research deals with the study of morphological characters of the fruits and seeds of
the cultivars belonging to the species Morus alba L. Namely (ʽBeautiful Dayʼ, ʽBig Whiteʼ, ʽReaseʼ,
ʽGreeceʼ, ʽPearlʼ, ʽBorder Sweetʼ, ʽPendulaʼ); Morus latifolia Poir (ʽKokuse Koreanʼ); Morus rubra
L. (ʽAmarahʼ); Morus nigra L. (ʽShamiʼ); Morus macroura Miq (ʽKing Whiteʼ); ʽDwarfʼ and Morus
hybrid (ʽTiceʼ, ʽWellingtonʼ) Which cultirated in North of Iraq.
The study includes characters of the fruits (Shape, Color, Dimension, Size, Number of the fruitlet
in the fruit) and the characters of the seeds (Shape, Color, Dimension, Number of the seeds in the fruit,
and surface ornamentation).
The results showed some changes in morphological characteristics of the fruits and seeds
examined by light microscope (L.M), in addition to the surface ornamentation of the seeds examined
by scanning electron microscope (SEM). They also showed five types of the surface ornamentation
(Reticulate, Muricate, Foreate undulate, Polygonal, and Ruminate) for cultivars species studied,
showed that importance value in the separation between the cultivars of the species studied belonging
to the genus Morus L.

In this paper , number of heterocyclic compound with five and six membered, Such as substituted
imidazole, triazin and thiazolidine. The compound N-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-2-chloro acetamide was
prepared from the reaction of the 2-amino benzothiazole with chloroacetyl chloride. The product N-
(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) -2-chloro acetamide was reacted with thiourea and urea to prepare both 4-
(1.3-benzothiazol -2-yl amino) -1,5-dihydro -2H-imidazole -2-thione and 4-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl
amino) -1,5-dihydro -2H-imidazol -2-one, respectively. As did compound N-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl)
-2-chloro acetamide with thiosemicarbazide and semicarbazide to prepared the two compounds 5-
(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl amino) -1,6-dihydro -1,2,4-triazine -3(2H)-thione and 5-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-
yl amino) -1,6-dihydro -1,2,4-triazine -3(2H)-one, respectively. Also compound N-(1,3-benzothiazol
-2-yl) -2-chloro acetamide with ammonium thiocyanate to prepare the compound 3-(1,3-benzothiazol
-2-yl amino) thiazolidin -4-one. From the reaction of compound N-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) -2-chloro
acetamide with phenyl thiourea attended 4-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl amino) -1-phenyl -1,5 -dihydro -
2H-imidazole -2-thio. Also from the reaction of 2-amino benzothiazole with phthalic anhydride or
malic anhydride attended compounds2- (1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl carbonyl) benzoic acid and 4-(1,3-
benzothiazol -2-yl amino) -4-oxobut-2-enoic acid
and 2-(1H-benzoimidazol -2-yl) –N-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) benzamide and 3-(1H-benzoimidazol -2-
yl) –N-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) acrylamide, respectively. And by reaction compound 2- (1,3-
benzothiazol -2-yl carbonyl) benzoic acid and 4-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl amino) -4-oxobut-2-enoic acid
or 2-(1H-benzoimidazol -2-yl) –N-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) benzamide and 3-(1H-benzoimidazol -2-
yl) –N-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) acrylamide with o-phenylene diamine attended compounds 2-(1Hbenzoimidazol -2-yl) –N-(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) benzamide and 3-(1H-benzoimidazol -2-yl) –N-
(1,3-benzothiazol -2-yl) acrylamide, respectively. The synthesized compounds are identified by
physical melting points, color change and spectroscopic methods such as IR, proton-NMR

Enzymatic browning by tyrosinase and nonenzymatic browning (Maillard reaction) are responsible
for producing new compounds which contributes considerably to the undesirable of aroma, taste and
colour in food . In this study, tyrosinase activity and browning intensity in quince juice were inhibited
by treating them with antioxidant compounds vanillin, glutathione and melatonin as compared to the
control. The maximum inhibition percentage of Tyrosinase were 83, 68.8 and 90.3 % and the
maximum inhibitory effect of browning intensity were 13.9, 9.7 and 29.8% respectively.
For untreated quince juice which heated to 5 hours at 100 oC, the results showed increasing in A294,
Browning intensity (A420) and reducing power, as well as decreasing in reducing sugar, free amino
group, phenolic compounds contents and inhibition percentage of lipid peroxidation. The decreasing
of A294, browning intensity and increasing in reducing power were showed after treating with (10mM)
vanillin and (8mM) glutathione compared to control. Conversely to glutathione, the addition of
vanillin to quince juice revealed increasing in inhibition percentage of lipid peroxidation, reducing
sugar and phenolic contents and decreasing in free amino acid content compared to control. Inhibition
Mode of tyrosinase by melatonin was non-competitive. The Km value remained constant (1.96mM),
while Vmax reduced from 228.13 to 114.06 U.ml-1
.min-1
. Inhibition constant Ki value was 6.9 mM.

A simple, accurate and sensitive indirect spectrophotometric method has been developed for the
determination of salbutamol sulphate and mefenamic acid in pure forms and in pharmaceutical
preparations (capsule, syrup, tablet). This method based on the bromination of the drug with Nbromosuccinimide in acidic medium and the unreacted oxidizing agent react with constant amount of
Azur-A dye solution due to bleach their colour and measured the absorbance of the residual colour dye
at 606.5 nm.The molar absorptivity for salbutamol sulphate and mefenamic acid are 2.3 × 104 L.mol1
.cm-1
and 8.1× 103 L.mol-1
.cm-1 respectively. Beer's Law was obeyed over the concentration range of
1.6 -12.8 µg/ml for salbutamol sulphate and1.6 -13.6 µg/ml for mefenamic acid. The limit of detection
(LOD) were 0.0367µg/ml and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.1226 µg/ml for both drugs. In
addition, the recovery levels of the drugs were in the range 100.56% and 100.74%. The method was
created to be simple, cost-effective and rapid because it does not involve any solvent extraction. The
developed method was successfully applied for the determination of the studied drugs.

E-learning today has a significant impact on learning, due to its ease of accessibility and the
fact that it does not take into account geography, politics, or narrow economic interests. This
significance gains a special status, especially when having doubts regarding the possibility of a final
settlement of the pandemic Coved-19 in a short period. Education using digital technologies allows
students to expand their access to knowledge resources and to special skills which support the
curriculum, as well as carrying using important features such as continuous assessments that enable
them to advance in the field of research and to develop their ideas, and perhaps provide more
opportunities to extend their knowledge and stimulate critical thinking that is formed by allowing
students to gain knowledge and reach conclusions by themselves. With the spread of this huge number
of smartphones, also of the availability of internet service at any time and place allows digital services
to go beyond many boundaries to share information. “Cloud” computing technology provides optimal
solutions for setting an effective infrastructure that allows researchers, teachers, and students to access
services from anywhere and by using any kind of digital devices connected to the Internet to get
valuable resources and services and to take advantage of the capabilities and functions provided by
these modern environments. This contributes to providing the tools for supporting learning, teaching,
and cooperative work. “Cloud” computing gives students and teachers a more convenient and effective
learning experience.

In this work we have used plasma pulsed injector to prepare a P-N junction. Antimony was
deposited on P-type silicon wafer and Indium was deposited on N-type silicon wafer. They were
considered as thin film which was bombarded with accelerated hydrogen-ions from the pulsed plasma
injector.
Optical tests were conducted for the both junctions to evaluate their performance as optical
detectors. These include the spectral response quantum efficiency and detectivity. They showed high
response and efficiency for the long wavelength in the near IR region. It showed a relatively higher
detectivity which increased with the number of discharges.
For antimony and indium implanted samples we have noticed an increase in the response time
of the detector with the number of discharges. These findings allow the possibility to use them in the
near IR-detector and semiconductor lasers in the wavelength range 850-950nm as well as in the
applications of optical communication systems.
This work also revealed the possibility of using the pulsed plasma injection to modify the
material surfaces as well as the ultering the semiconductor surfaces.