Regional Studies Journal

The purpose of this paper is to present a new study on the contemporary developments of the Iranian society in terms of educational, cultural, health, social and economic aspects during the twentieth century, and a new addition to the field of studies and research that is concerned with the contemporary history of Iran. The research aims to study and follow up the most prominent developments and changes witnessed by the Iranian society during the twentieth century until the present in various economic, social, cultural, health, and other aspects; and to focus on the nature of these developments at each stage whether in the royal or republican era. The research is divided into five sections, the first one included the geographical location and demographic composition of the population in Iran, while the second section involved the development of the educational sector. The third section was devoted to the development of the health sector; while the fourth one dealt with the social and cultural developments, and the fifth section was interested in the development of the economic aspect and the labor market of the Iranian people. The research concluded that the Iranian society since the beginning of the twentieth century until now has witnessed important developments in various fields .

Despite all obstacles and problems were prevalent in Rwanda, located in the heart of the African continent, with closed borders on all sides, surrounded by a turbulent, and unstable environment, which witnessed a civil war that claimed the lives of (800,000) people. This country was able to rise again, by adopting the model of political engineering that enabled it to become a rising state based on modern foundations in a record time. The Rwandan decision-maker took a series of internal measures seeking to bridge the great conflict gap between the two tribes (Hutu) and (Tutsi), and the adoption of a more effective and dynamic foreign policy within the framework of its regional and international surroundings, which was reflected in the development process was taken over by the Rwandan President (Paul Kagame), to make it a more influential country among the African nations, and a safer environment in the region, which paved the way for attracting Capital and foreign investment and has become the home of global and regional startups.

The purpose of the research revolves around the role of Islamic finance through its various forms such as participation, murabaha, speculation, and others to reduce and address the financial crisis as Islamic finance is characterized by the diversity of its methods, whether in kind or cash. . The great role performed by Islamic banks and financial institutions in this regard must achieve the recovery of commercial activities that have been suspended or affected by any financial or economic crisis. It should be noted that there are various legislative treatments for Islamic finance in Iraq through the issuance of the Islamic Banking Law in Iraq in 2015 and the special controls for Islamic financing tools for the year 2018, adopted by the Central Bank, and the extent of their impact in addressing and reducing the effects of financial crises. Therefore, it is necessary to explain the actual and real treatment achieved by Islamic finance away from traditional usurious finance? and a description of the forms of Islamic finance, and which sectors it serves more than others? What is the position of Islamic banks on Islamic financing tools in Iraq?

The international strategic environment is regarded as one of the important factors to determine the progress or decline of the country's external strategic performance. The research attempts to deal with the impact of the international strategic environment in activating or regressing Turkish orientations towards the eastern Mediterranean region. It also aims to get closer to the interactions of the international security environment related to the eastern Mediterranean region, their impact on the Turkish security requirements associated with the region itself. The research included three main sections, the first one studied the international actors and their impact on the regional security of the eastern Mediterranean, while the second section examined the international determinants of Turkish strategic performance in the eastern Mediterranean region. The third section focused on diagnosing the data of international economic competition and its bearing on the Turkish strategy in the eastern Mediterranean region. The research came out with some results, the most important of which is that the security equation that characterizes the international constantly changing environment according to the goals and interests of countries, whether they are major or minor, based on the instability and permanence of interests and goals, which drives countries to engage in competition and disharmony to achieve them.

The research studies an important historical stage of the life of the Ottoman Empire, the period of Sultan Abdul Aziz assuming the throne of the Ottoman Empire, and the accompanying reforms that affected the status of the Jews of Iraq. The research aims to discuss several hypotheses trying to find solutions and show the impact that the Ottoman reforms had on the status of the Jewish minority in the three Iraqi states (Wilayat).The research studies the Ottoman reforms and their role in improving the status of the Jews of Iraq during the rule of Sultan Abdul Aziz through the application of reform laws. The research includes five sections; the first one deals with the state\'s law in 1864. The second section involves the Law of the Jewish Community in the Ottoman Empire in 1865 and its impact on the Jews of Iraq. The third one contains the reforms of Midhat Pasha (1869-1872) and their impact on the Jews of Iraq. The fourth one comprises Midhat Pasha\'s concern for municipal councils and their services. The fifth section covers the reforms and organizations in 1874.

This research discusses an important macroeconomic topic, which is the effect of oil price fluctuations on some macroeconomic variables in Turkey. Oil prices in these variables where they were negative (in growth and the rate of trade exchange) and positive (in inflation), the research used the theoretical method of a group of previous studies on this subject as well as enhancing this method with standard analysis, and the research reached several results, the most prominent of which was that There are negative effects of oil price fluctuations on (growth and the rate of trade exchange) in Turkey, while there is a positive effect of oil price fluctuations to the point that this increase increases inflation rates, and the researcher has put forward a number of proposals that fit the findings of the research.

The research aims to study and measure the impact of agricultural subsidy variables on the growth rate of the main grain crops in Iraq for the period (1995-2015). The research was based on the hypothesis that supports policies have different effects on the production of these crops by using the statistical program (Eviews10) to measure and evaluate the results by the Philips-Peron method in detecting the stability of the data and based on the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)). It was found that agricultural support in Iraq, especially the production requirements support was not at the required level during the study period, while the support for the final product was good and positive. The study recommends increasing agricultural support for farmers, taking into account the development of a strong supervisory body that monitors the money spent in this regard, and that the government agencies, through their agricultural policy, take into account customs protection to avoid dumping policies and protect farmers to motivate them to increase their production for self-sufficiency which contributes to alleviate the financial burden on the state's budget.

The research studies the fact that civil society is one of the concepts that have had the focus of interest in recent decades. It has gained great importance in Arab political thought and many thinkers have discussed and researched it, and the position on it has been characterized by rejection and acceptance. Civil society is one of the essential institutions in the state. It plays several roles in all fields, whether political, economic, social, and cultural. These institutions are represented by federations, trade unions, parties, associations, and other institutions that have a major role in assisting the state. The significance of the research lies in the fact that the establishment of civil society in any country aims to serve the state and society, get rid of the abuse of power, and give a role to informal institutions to carry out services that are in the interest of the state or the individuals, provided that they are under the supervision of the state and abide by its laws. The research was divided into three sections, the first one dealt with the concept of civil society in language and terminology, as well as the emergence of civil society and its historical evolution. The second section included the position towards civil society between the dismissive and the supportive trends. The third section involved the criticism of civil society in Arab political thought. The fourth dealt with the criticism of civil society in Islamic political thought.