Al-Fatih journal

The reality of e-learning, an applied study, Al-Israa College, Al-Ahlia University (a mode(
It was due to the spread of the (Corona) pandemic, which misled all aspects of social, economic and educational life. This epidemic added another dimension and affected the reality of the educational science, for fear of the spread of this epidemic among the students of universities, colleges and schools. This epidemic required the use of electronic education methods and through the platforms of the Ministry of Education and Higher Education for the continuity of the urban education process in order to avoid the spread of the (Corona) epidemic among students.
The Ministries of Education and Higher Education, through their educational platforms, have employed the most important means of electronic communication (distance education) to provide the most important educational services and to continue the attendance education process.
A lot of research and studies also touched on activating the electronic system by teaching school subjects with the aim of continuity of the educational process. These electronic means of communication are considered a catalyst for students to actively participate in the education process in clarifying and delivering the various study materials to students through the faculty members giving lectures through electronic means of communication.
Therefore, the researcher believes that the procedures of that study are the evaluation of that educational activity by means of electronic communication, represented by the network (the Internet) and the computer, and to identify the most important difficulties and obstacles that faced that learning process in diagnosing it and identifying the most important causes and effects on the progress of that process to achieve educational goals.
The experience of applying e-learning and what is called (distance education) is a new experience that requires conducting studies and evaluation research in order to diagnose and determine the size of these obstacles in order to achieve the desired goals of that educational activity based on the employment of the most important means of electronic communication.
In order to achieve the current study, the researcher conducted a field evaluation study on a random sample of students from Al-Israa College, Al-Ahlia University, in addition to testing a sample of staff members from the teaching staff at the above-mentioned university.
The researcher also seeks to identify the most important points of view of a sample of faculty members at that university, in addition to a selected sample of students from the branches of human studies.
After applying the tool of that study, the results showed that there are difficulties and obstacles that have a direct impact on the course of that process to achieve the most important educational goals of the university educational activities.
The aforementioned study also mentioned the most important recommendations and proposals to address the most important educational problems that faced this new educational experience in Iraq.

The current research aims to identify:
-Technological competencies among chemistry teachers
Differences in the technological competencies of chemistry teachers according to gender variables
- The level of twenty-first century skills among chemistry teachers
- Differences between the twenty-first century skills of chemistry teachers according to gender variables.
- The relationship between technological competencies and twenty-first century skills among chemistry teachers
The researcher followed the descriptive approach, and the current research population was defined as all chemistry teachers in Baqubah Education Directorate for the intermediate, preparatory, and secondary levels for the academic year (2021-2022), who numbered (230) teachers and schools. The research sample consisted of (115) chemistry teachers who were selected by a simple random method.
The researcher prepared two questionnaires to measure the research variables, the first to measure technological competencies and consisted of (60) items distributed over five areas, and the second to measure twenty-first century skills, which in its final form consisted of (86) items distributed over three main skills and eleven sub-skills, and its validity was verified and distinguished. After completing the data collection, it was processed statistically using the statistical package (SPSS). In light of the research results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are:
The level of technological competencies among chemistry teachers was average or acceptable.
The level of twenty-first century skills among chemistry teachers was high
- There is a direct and significant correlation between technological competencies and twenty-first century skills among chemistry teachers. The researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This research aims to identify the effect of the focused lists strategy in acquiring of biological concepts among second – grade female intermediate students. To achieve this aim, two null hypotheses were developed as follows: There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group Students who study biology according to the focused lists Strategy , and the mean scores of the control group students who study biology according to the usual method in the acquisition of biological concepts test.
The researcher followed an experimental design with partial control, and the research population was represented from all middle and secondary government day schools for girls affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Diyala Governorate / Baqubah Center for the academic year (2023-2024), and the middle school (moderation) for girls was intentionally chosen as a sample for the research from among the community schools. The number of its students reached (49) students distributed into two sections (A and B), with (25) students in Section (A) and (24) students in Section (B). Section (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group, and Section (B) ) to represent the control group..
The researcher equalized participants between the two research groups based on variables (age counted in months, the Raven intelligence test, average third grades, test previous information ). The researcher rewarded the two research groups in variables (the chronological age of the female students calculated in months, the Raven intelligence test, the previous year’s grades, the previous information test). The experiment was conducted in the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024) and continued (10) weeks, as the researcher formulated (135) behavioral objectives, prepared (30) teaching plans and presented them to the arbitrators, and two research tools were prepared: the first was the biological concepts acquisition test, which consisted of (39) items.The data were processed statistically, and the results showed that the students of the experimental group who were taught using the focused lists strategy outperformed the students of the control group who were taught in the traditional way in the acquisition of biological concepts test. Accordingly, the researcher made a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The aim of the current research is to identify positive thinking and its relationship to the emptiness of meaning and intellectual immunity among female students of the College of Education for Pure Sciences / Ibn Al-Haytham. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers followed the descriptive, correlational approach. The research community is represented by all female students of the College of Education for Pure Sciences / Ibn Al-Haytham, who number (1692) students. The research sample consisted of (300) female students who were selected by a stratified random method for all levels of study. As for the research tools, they were represented by the positive thinking scale, as the researchers adopted the scale (Alhilaly, 2013), as the validity and stability of the scale was verified, and the emptiness of meaning scale, as the researchers built a scale that was appropriate to the sample of their research. The researchers also adopted the scale of (Al-Shimary,2019) for intellectual immunity, and the psychological characteristics were verified. Metrics for the items of the two scales, as well as the validity and reliability of the two scales. The results were analyzed using the (SPSS) program, The results showed that the female students possessed positive thinking skills, as well as that they did not possess the emptiness of meaning, and that the female students possessed intellectual immunity, and that there was an inverse correlation between the positive thinking skills and the emptiness of meaning among the female students of the College of Education for Pure Sciences / Ibn al-Haytham at the level of significance (0.05), and there was a positive correlation between the thinking skills and intellectual immunity are at a significance level of (0.05) among the research sample. According to the results of the current research, a number of recommendations and proposals have been developed

The researcher aimed to identify the effect of using the metacognitive learning cycle strategy on the achievement and critical thinking of middle school students and their motivation for achievement in the biology subject. The sample consisted of second-year middle school students who are studying biology for the academic year 2022-2023. To verify the research goal, th researcher developed the following hypotheses. - There is no statistically significant difference.
At the level (0.05) between the average scores of students In the experimental group and the (control) group In the biology achievement test ,distributed among four sections (A, B, C, D). A represents their number which was (75) students distributed into two groups, the experimental and the control one. The experimental group includeed (38) students who studied according to the metacognitive learning course strategy, and the (control) group consisted of (37) students who studied according to the usual method. The experimental and control groups were rewarded in the variables Intelligence, previous information, and previous achievement such as critical thinking and achievement motivation.
Information and data were collected and an achievement test was prepared consisting of (37) questions consisting of (30) multiple-choice paragraphs and (7) essay questions. A test was prepared to measure critical thinking skills consisting of (20) multiple-choice and prepared questions.
A measure of achievement motivation for the biology subject, consisting of (22) items, where the achievement test, critical thinking test, and motivation measure were applied an achievements on two exploratory samples of non-students. The basic research sample In (Al-Ahrar and Baladruz) schools, respectively (130,40) students.
The purpose of the initial exploratory experimentation was to determine the clarity of the paragraphs and determine the response time. As for applying it to the students of the second exploratory sample, Its purpose was find out the psychometric properties of the test items and analyzing them statistically by finding the coefficient of difficulty, discrimination, and effectiveness of the alternatives. The validity and reliability of the tool was verified by using the Keuder-Richardson equation_20, as the reliability coefficient for the achievement test, the critical thinking test, and the achievement motivation test, respectively, reached to (0.86_0.88_0.80). The results of the research, showed that there was a statistically significant difference at the level of Significance (0.05) between the average grades of second-year intermediate students in achievement and critical thinking and their achievement motivation In biology for the two experimental groups, which were studied according to the metacognitive learning cycle strategy, and based on these results. The researcher recommended a number of recommendations. :
1_The benefit of male and female biology teachers from the daily study plans for teaching second-year middle school students biology according to the strategy of the metacognitive education course due to its impact on raising the level of achievement and their learning of thinking skills.
2_Using the metacognitive learning cycle strategy in teaching biology along with other methods because of its importance in developing critical thinking skills their motivation to achieve.

This research aims to reveal the effect of using feedback on developing spelling skills among female students enrolled in the Administrative Sciences Diploma program at Academic institution. A quasi-experimental method was used (a two-group pretest and posttest design was used, one experimental group and one control group). For this study, the researcher prepared a list of the necessary spelling skills for female students at the university level. The researcher created a test based on these skills and was given to the two groups (a total of 66 students) before and after the experiment. The mechanism of the experiment was to use immediate corrective, interpretive, and reinforcement feedback during activities and after solving worksheets, and delayed feedback after tests and assignments. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group and the control group in the post-application of the spelling skills test. The experimental group scored significantly higher than the control group. As a result, the research findings emphasize how important it is for faculty members to use feedback, especially in teaching Arabic language skills. The findings also indicate the necessity of including information about feedback, its definition, its importance, and its types in all teaching methods and evaluation curricula. The research findings also suggest conducting more research on the impact of using feedback on other Arabic language skills and to measure the extent to which Arabic language teachers use feedback in their classrooms.

The strategy of integrating thinking skills is one of the modern strategies that has been employed in the education field, the researcher used this strategy to teach concepts related to the history of modern art, which serves as a source that enriches the learner's culture. Therefore, the researcher raised the following question: How effective is the strategy of integrating thinking skills in teaching artistic concepts of modern art history?
To achieve the goal of the research, the experimental method was adopted to design the current research procedures because it is the most appropriate scientific method to achieve it. The research community consisted of 29 fourth-grade students studying in the Department of Fine Arts/Drawing affiliated at the Institute of Fine Arts for Boys for the academic year 2022/2023.
Since the number of the sample is relatively small, the test for integrating thinking skills prepared in the current research was applied to measure this sample. After collecting the questionnaires, it seemed that (20) students answered the test formula, while the others left the forms in which there was a deficiency in the answer, so it was neglected and considered that this number is a basic sample for the research.
The researcher in this research used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS through Microsoft Office Excel 2010, and the research came out with a set of conclusions:
1-The strategy of integrating thinking skills has proven to be effective in providing art education students with educational experiences in the artistic concepts included in the history of modern art.
The recommendations are:
1- Adopting the strategy for integrating thinking skills into measuring academic subjects in the field of art education, as it has been proven its effectiveness in teaching.

The current study aimed to find out the level of creativity among special education supervisors from the perspective of special education teachers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The study used a descriptive survey method by applying a questionnaire to collect data. The sample consisted of 250 special education teachers in Jeddah. The results of the study showed that the level of availability of the creative abilities of the special education supervisors in the dimensions (originality, flexibility, fluency, sensitivity to problems, awareness of details) was generally moderate. The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences (a = 0.05) due to the effect of experience and the effect of job rank in all dimensions. The researcher recommended to provide more training and professional development opportunities specifically designed to enhance the creative thinking skills of supervisors in special education schools.

The study aimed to explain the role of Saudi universities in employing artificial intelligence applications to develop the future skills needed to be acquired by students. The study used the descriptive approach, and through analyzing literature and reports on applications of artificial intelligence and future skills. The study concluded the importance of integrating artificial intelligence in university education to accelerate progress towards achieving Goal “four” of the Sustainable Development Goals. The role of universities in developing students’ future skills is essential. The study identified the role of universities in employing artificial intelligence applications in five dimensions: learning environment, faculty member, courses and curricula, students, graduates and the labor market. To develop future skills, which were identified in three dimensions: soft skills, lifelong learning skills, and digital skills. The results of the study showed the presence of obstacles related to the university with its structures, policies, procedures, and activities. The study presented a proposed vision for implementing the role of Saudi universities in employing artificial intelligence applications to develop future skills to their students.

The current research aims to identify the impact of the Presley model on the lateral thinking skills of primary school students in mathematics. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher developed the null hypothesis, which states (there are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the average of the scores of the experimental group students who will study mathematics according to the Presley model and the grades of the control group students who will study the same material in the usual way in the lateral thinking test). The researcher followed the experimental approach, and determined the sample with (61) students Of the fifth grade students at Al-Ackermeen Primary School for Boys of Rusafa II, and conducted a test for lateral thinking, and the research came out with the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the test of lateral thinking skills.

The world is witnessing great developments in many fields, including the sports field, as it witnessed a development of technical performance in all sports and games and events at various levels, which led to accelerating learning processes and shortening its time. Rapid learning focuses on the extent of the learner’s interaction and preoccupation with the scientific material through a cooperative social process filled with support and guidance from all the surrounding and available sources around it. The importance of the research was summarized by using skill exercises in a quick learning style for the female students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, which affect the skill of tennis for the female students. Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and the research procedures included the use of the physical-kinetic intelligence scale in addition to testing the transmission skill in tennis. Finally, the number of (10) female students represents 50% of the community of origin. The researchers reached the following conclusions:
1- The use of skill exercises in a quick learning style had a positive effect on the skill of serve tennis.
2- There were significant differences in the tests of the variables of the pre and post study in favor of the post choices.
The researchers recommended:
1- Adopting the rapid learning method to let students learn other basic skills in tennis.
2- The necessity of using the quick learning method within the teaching methods in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences.

The research aims to identify: -
1- Identifying the type of attitudes of Arabic language teachers who hold higher degrees towards using modern teaching methods
2- Identifying the type of attitudes of Arabic language teachers who hold higher degrees towards using teaching methods, according to the variable of gender (males – females)
3- Identifying the type of attitudes of Arabic language teachers who hold higher degrees towards using teaching methods, according to the variable of Years of service.

To achieve the research objectives, a questionnaire was constructed on the attitudes of Arabic language teachers in the Ministry of Education, who hold higher degrees, towards modern teaching Strategies.
The questionnaire consisted of (35) items to be answered by choosing one of the three alternatives (I agree, I am not sure, I do not agree).
The research sample consisted of (80) male and female teachers with higher degrees who work in middle schools in the Diyala Education Directorate.
After analyzing the data and processing it statistically using the t-test for one sample and two samples, the following results can be reached:
*There are positive trends among the research sample towards modern teaching methods, therefore, it can be predicted that they can be benefited in improving the educational process.
*The results also indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the individuals in the research sample according to gender variables, we, as educators, must not focus on these variables when we want to develop positive attitudes toward modern teaching methods among male and female teacher.
In light of the results, the research recommends that:
*The Arabic language teacher plans to employ modern teaching methods and follows up on their implementation and evaluation.
*Providing schools with the necessary needs of educational publications, educational equipment, educational facilities, organizations, etc., in order to employ modern teaching methods.
*Designing school buildings in a way that help in using modern teaching methods (number of students in the classroom, availability of laboratories and computer classrooms).
The research suggests the following:
*Conduct further studies in various regions of Iraq, and on a larger sample of teachers regarding the relationship between teachers' attitudes towards modern teaching methods and some other variables that are not used in this study, in order to uncover some variables that can help us as educators in developing positive attitudes towards those methods.
* Conduct studies on Arabic language teachers' attitudes towards information technology in education, and the relationship of that to the extent of their use of educational tools.

The goal of the current research is to identify the positive mood among middle school students, and to achieve the research objectives, the two researchers built a positive mood scale according to the theory and definition (Fredrickson,1998). The face validity and construct validity were verified, and the reliability was verified by the retest method, as the reliability rate reached ( 0.92) while the reliability coefficient using the Cronbach’s alpha method reached (0.75). After that, the scale was applied to the basic research sample consisting of (400) male and female students from Baqubah Center schools. The research sample was chosen by a random stratified method with proportional distribution and treatment. Statistically, the researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) for the study data, and the results showed that the sample members had a high positive mood compared to the theoretical average of the scale. In light of the results, the current research came out with a number of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims at the level of both the psychological empowerment of the heads of scientific departments and the level of job satisfaction of teachers in scientific departments. The research also aims at the psychological empowerment of the heads of scientific departments and the level of job satisfaction of teachers and identify the relationship between them.
The current research community consisted of (1998) teaching staff (1012) in humanitarian colleges (986) teaching staff from scientific colleges, The researcher adopted a stratified random sample of colleges of the university by 50% (10) colleges (5) scientific (5) humanitarian. Random sample of teachers was drawn from the sample of colleges amounted to (140). The researcher prepared two tools, the first psychological empowerment scale and the second job satisfaction scale and extracted honesty, discriminatory power and stability for them

The research aims to identify (employing the parsing of Nahj al-Balagha in the literary achievement of sixth-grade students in Arabic grammar). To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated or set the null hypothesis. To verify this, the researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control for the two research groups, and intentionally chose (preparatory school). Al-Rowad) for boys, the literary branch of the General Directorate of Diyala Education in Al-Khalis District. Two sections were randomly chosen, one of which was Section (A) an experiment with (31) students taught with the parsing of Nahj al-Balagha, and the second was Section (B) with (30) students taught in the normal way. For a total of (61) students, the researcher rewarded the students of the two groups in the following variables: - chronological age calculated in months, the academic achievement of the parents, and the achievement test scores for the two research groups. The researcher formulated (50) behavioral goals, and counted the teaching plans for the two research groups, and He also prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) items (20) of the multiple test type and (10) supplementary items, after presenting them to a group of experts and specialists in methods of teaching the Arabic language, educational and psychological sciences, measurement and evaluation. As for the statistical methods that The researcher used it in the T-test, the square of 2, the difficulty factor, paragraph discrimination, the effectiveness of incorrect alternatives, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the following results showed: The group that studied using the parsing of Nahj al-Balagha outperformed the control group that studied in the usual way in achievement. In light of the results, the researcher recommended a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals

The research aims to identify the effect of the strategy (List, Add, Name) on the acquisition of scientific concepts among fifth-grade primary school students in the science subject. To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated the null hypothesis and adopted an experimental design with partial control (experimental group and control group) for the post-test. The teacher Al-Ateeqi for boys affiliated with the Babylon Education Directorate / Babylon Governorate Center was chosen randomly, and through a random lottery, the researcher chose Division (A) to be the experimental group who is going to study the science subject according to the strategy (make a list, collect, name) according to ( 21) students, while Section (B) represents the control group who is going to study the science subject according to the usual method, with (21) students. The results showed superiority for the experimental group that studied according to the strategy (make a list, collect, name) over the control group that studied by using the usual method to test the acquisition of scientific concepts in the science subject According to the research results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and proposals

The current study aims at investigating (The Effectiveness of an Educational Program Based on Miniature Habits in Developing Constructive Failure among Female Students at Preparatory School.
A thesis Submitted to the council of College of Education for Humanities, University of Diyala in Partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of master of in Educational Psychology. To verify this, the following hypotheses were put forward:
1. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of preparatory school students on the constructive failure scale before and after implementing the educational program in the experimental group.
The research data were processed using statistical means (T-test for one sample, T-test for two independent equal samples, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Chi-Square). The results were as follows:
There were statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental group before and after the implementation of the educational program and by applying the constructive failure scale and in favor of the post-test.

The effect of the digital stories strategy on the achievement of fifth-grade primary school students in social studies
Message extract
The research aims to know the impact of the digital stories strategy on collection
Fifth grade students in social studies via verification
The following null hypothesis:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average achievement scores of the experimental group students who study social studies according to the digital stories strategy and the average achievement scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the usual method. To verify the research hypothesis, the researcher chose a design Experimentally with partial control. The current research population represented fifth-grade primary school students in primary day schools for boys affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Dhi Qar Governorate/Shatra Education Department, for the academic year (2023-2024), which numbered (39) schools, as the researcher applied the research experiment to A sample which was randomly selected from the students of the fifth grade of primary school at Badr Al-Kubra School for Boys. In the same way, a group (B) was chosen to represent the experimental group, numbering (32) students, which was taught according to the digital stories strategy, and a group (A) was chosen to represent the control group, which was taught according to the method of regular school, numbering (33) students. After statistically excluding the students who failed for both groups, the total number reached (60) students
The researcher rewarded the students of the two research groups (control and experimental) in a number of variables that may affect the results of the experiment, including (the chronological age of the students calculated in months, intelligence test scores, parents’ academic achievement, first semester grades.
The researcher determined the scientific subject to be taught to the students of the two research groups (control and experimental) during the experiment, which included the historical topics included in the first three chapters of the second unit of the social studies subject scheduled to be taught in the second semester of the academic year (2023-2024) by the Ministry of Education.
The researcher formulated (100) behavioral goals that included the first three levels of Bloom's classification of the cognitive field (knowledge, understanding, application). He prepared teaching plans for the two research groups, with (30) plans for the control group according to the traditional method and (30) plans for the experimental group according to the digital stories strategy.
Examples of study plans were presented to a group of arbitrators who are experts in history, methods of teaching history, measurement, and evaluation, to express their opinions on their suitability.
The researcher prepared a post-achievement test consisting of (50) objective test items of the (multiple choice) type. Its validity, stability and all its psychometric properties were verified. To analyze the results, the data was collected and then processed statistically through the statistical package (SPSS), and after analysis Statistically speaking, the researcher reached the following result
There is a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group and the average scores of the control group when applying the post-achievement test, in favor of the experimental group that was taught according to the digital stories strategy instead of the usual method.
In light of the research results, the researcher recommended the following:
1- Adopting the digital stories strategy in teaching social studies for the fifth grade of primary school to raise the level of academic achievement in it.
2-Including the strategy of digital stories in the preparation of social studies teachers in institutes and colleges of education for the humanities.
3-Holding workshops and seminars on the importance of using digital stories in teaching social studies, and learning about how to use them and their importance.
4-Preparing training courses for teachers by those in charge of the education process on how to design, prepare and implement digital stories in teaching social studies.

The importance of this research emerged in the impact of visual exercises in physical education lessons, specifically in badminton, which, like other lessons, aims to identify the effects of this usage and the degree of skill acquisition in the sport of badminton. To address the research problem, visual exercises were applied using assistive devices on the Hope Institute for the Deaf students. Hence, the importance of the research lies in the privacy of deaf students and their need for more attention, as well as teaching them new and enjoyable sports activities that break the routine of conventional sports curricula. This was achieved by proposing visual exercises along with the most suitable use of devices that help the deaf students learn the short serve skill in badminton and understanding its impact on the learning level of deaf students. The aim was to elevate this group to achieve balanced growth in mental, psychological, and skill aspects, as they represent an untapped potential, which is the core of the research problem. The research aimed to prepare visual exercises using assistive tools according to sign language for learning the short serve skill in badminton for deaf students. The sample of the research included 20 students from the Hope Institute for the Deaf Students. The research proposed that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the control and experimental groups in learning the short serve skill in badminton, for the post-test. The researchers used the experimental method with two equivalent groups in the post-tests, as it was more suitable for the research problem. Through analyzing and discussing the results using statistical tables, it was concluded that visual exercises had an impact on learning the short serve skill in badminton for the research sample.

The goal of the current research is to identify the omission bias among university professors, to achieve the research objectives, the two researchers built a scale (omission bias) according to the theory and definition of (Ferry Cushman, 2006). The apparent validity and construct validity were verified, the reliability was verified by the retest method, the average Reliability was (0.92), while the reliability coefficient by the Cronbach’s alpha method reached was (0.73). After that, the scale was applied to the basic research sample consisting of (400) male and female teachers from the University of Diyala. The research sample was chosen by a random stratified method with a proportional distribution. To analyze data Statistically, the researchers used the statistical package (SPSS). The results revealed that the sample members had a high omission bias compared to the theoretical average of the scale. Considering the results, the current research came out with several recommendations and proposals.