Regional Studies Journal

During the period of President Barack Obama, the region witnessed developments and events that cast a shadow over Saudi-US relations, especially after Obama adopted policies that were not welcomed by Saudi Arabia. The Arabs demanded further concessions on the Palestinian issue. For the nuclear deal, Saudi Arabia has reluctantly supported, as it had no options. On the subject of the Saudi military action in Yemen, the Obama administration has supported this move, but to the extent that the Kingdom is in continuing need for the United States rather than full support that enables Saudi Arabia resolve it quickly. In spite of the intersections mentioned above, the scope of American armament to Saudi Arabia has continued to be increased by signing of the largest contracts between the two parties over the history of the relationship between them, and this proves that the strategic relationship between the two parties is not changed by the arrival of this or that US President to the White House.

In 2011, the Arab region witnessed a movement that led to a change in the regimes of some Arab countries, while others witnessed a kind of internal political instability that resulted in displacement, chaos and killing of the people of those countries where the popular movement took place. Syria comes at the forefront of countries hit by the winds of Arab change, an attempt by the Syrian people to put pressure on the ruling regime to carry out reforms in its governing administration of the country, but the Syrian regime strongly confronted these attempts to end.
The Syrian issue has shifted from a humanitarian issue to a regional and international conflict, as the Syrian territory has turned into proxy battles and wars for major regional and international forces trying to obtain the greatest political and economic gains. It is worth mentioning that the Syrian citizens inside Syrian territory, as well as refugees from other countries, enjoy a large international as well as host communities in neighboring countries such as Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey and Iraq, while the United Nations does not strive to issue a strict UN resolution condemning the Syrian regime and stop regional and international interventions.
The Turkish role towards the Syrian issue comes in adopting the rights demanded by the Syrian people and pushing the Syrian government to open up and fulfill the demands to avoid the plight of the country, but its role and quality have shown some changes. Then Turkey, which launched its foreign policy toward events in Syria on the basis of (Open Support) Initially, it sought to convert its policy in early 2015 to the policy of (limited support), and to consider a consensual political solution, away from the policy of challenging slogans, as well as it became an important influential regional and international pressure on the Syrian regime.

Islamic instruments are a legitimate alternative to conventional securities, especially debt securities. They have gained a great deal of popularity in terms of both requirements and investment alternatives in comparison to other investment alternatives. In terms of mobilizing financial savings in the development process, it is necessary to focus on the integration of Islamic development instruments into the international financial markets in order to achieve additional activity that will positively affect all parties involved in these markets.
This paper aims to highlight the need to integrate Islamic development instruments in financial markets under social responsibility. The study concluded that the need to integrate Islamic instruments for development within the framework of social responsibility has a significant impact on the activation of financial markets.

Major cities diplomacy is a new face of globalization, which is no longer just a competition for market shares and good economic growth initiatives. Today, cities are able to form a new political representation that moves its local impact to international arena through national cooperation networks and economic projects. Then They be able to free themselves partially from the scope of the nation-state in the monopoly of cross-border work to be connected with other countries; so the major cities have a direct impact on bilateral relations and international politics.

There is no doubt that information and its technologies are the fruits of development in all areas of life, especially in light of the tremendous scientific revolution witnessed in the world in the field of information technology, so that information has become at present a force, value and a means to achieve political, economic and social goals, especially for those who are better collected, coordinated and used.In addition, new forms of attacks that threaten and disturb the security of information have emerged illegally or unlawfully, including those that violate the basic elements of information security by violating the inviolability of information or data. This is what we discussed in this paper by dividing it into two subjects devoted to the concept of information security. Second, we show the forms of criminal responsibility arising from the violation of information security.

Professional unions are one of the main aspects of the liberties practiced by the public servant because unions play a key role in directing workers , especially employees, to choose their representatives in these institutions.
The right to belong to trade unions as a constitutional principle aimed at strengthening democracy by making the legal organization based on the freedom of the employee to exercise the right of union membership, and therefore there were many jurisprudential views on the right to union membership of the public servant, due to the importance of the role of trade unions in directing professional opinion and the direct impact on the public service by defending the rights of employees in the face of administrative decisions related to the public service and the consequent rights and freedoms of the public official.

The State, in accordance with the provisions of international law, has within its territory the organization of the manifestations of human life in all its dimensions with a view to achieving security, justice and well-being. Among the requirements for security is the organization of the status of foreigners' Center, on the basis of which the entry and residence of aliens is regulated within its territory, as well as the deportation of unwanted foreigners for reasons and motives that may be related to anything that violates security, public order, tranquility, public health, national economy, and other reasons and justifications which the state may invoke to justify its use of that. However, the State's exercise of this right is not absolute, as long as it is bound by the martial laus imposed by the rules of international law on the state which is termed as “the minimum level of foreigners’ treatment”. This restriction does not have a negative concept in terms of its benefits. It is essentially a balance between the interest of the State and the interest of the individual and ultimately the flourishing public interest of the State among all nations within the international community.