Journal of sustainable studies

Objective The current research is intended to see the effect of the numbered heads strategy on the achievement of physics for the students of the third intermediate grade.
In order to achieve this objective, the following null hypothesis was formulated:
* There is no clear, statistically significant difference evident at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the first group (the experimental group), who will study according to the numbered heads strategy, and the scores of the students of the second group (the control group), who are studying according to the conventional method. On it (traditional) at the time of the achievement test.
In order to verify the hypothesis of the research and the objectives envisaged by it, the researcher has intentionally chosen one of the schools affiliated to the Directorate of Education of Baghdad / Al-Rusafa Al-Thaniya (Al-Russafa Intermediate School for Boys) as a place to conduct the experiment. The research, while the first three chapters of the physics book for the third intermediate grade were chosen as a model for the study.
After excluding a number of students who failed, the number of students in the research sample became (60 students) who were distributed in an equal number to the two research groups, so that each group includes (30 students). The second is intelligence tests, and the third is the previous information test.
At the end of the first semester, the achievement test prepared by the researcher was applied to the two groups elected for the research, after it was presented to professors specialized in science and methods of teaching science, Appendix (1), to verify the validity of its content, and to ensure its psychometric characteristics, and after completing the statistical data processing. By appropriate means, the following result emerged:
* The students of the first group (the experimental group) who studied using the numbered heads strategy outperformed the students of the second group (the control group) who studied in the traditional way with the achievement test, with a statistically significant difference.

The research dealt with a spatial analysis of subjective indicators of quality of life in the neighborhoods of the city of Karma for the year 2022 in order to understand the data of the living reality of families and their needs, leading to psychological well-being through families' evaluation of places and living conditions. The questionnaire with answers, personal interviews and in-kind observation in order to reach more logical and realistic results, based on the results of the research. It was covered by the questionnaire, and finally the decent standard of living reached its value (0.776) for the total research rate.

The current research aims to identify: family guidance and its relationship to motivation towards learning among middle school students.
The research community consisted of middle school students in Baghdad Governorate - and of both sexes (male and female) for the first semester of the academic year 2022 in Al-Madaen. The research sample consisted of (40) male and female students. (Al-Fahal, 2020) for motivation towards learning.

The research aims to identify distance education in teachers of the history material in secondary school and its relationship to some variables, the research sample consisted of (166)teachers , the researcher used the descriptive and analytical curriculum, the research tool consisted of (28) paragraphs, the research reached some results including:that the areas of the tool as a whole, came with a relative weight(3.80 out of 5.00), statistical at the level of(0.05) attributed to the variable years of Service who have (5) years and less, with an arithmetic average of(3.85), the presence of differences with a statistical function at the level of(0.05)attributed to the variable of scientific qualification-Master and higher With an arithmetic average of (3.54) based on the results of the research, some conclusions and suggestions were reached.

As media organizations play central roles in shaping mainstream perceptions of current events, they apply discursive practices that equally humanize and dehumanize subjects from marginalized populations. The discursive techniques and rhetorical maneuvers used by Trump during his 2016 presidential campaign illustrated how media organizations had a patriotic duty to frame most issues as possessing humanity yet lacking reverence for traditional American values. Accordingly, the main objective of this article is to highlight the issue of immigration as an issue that has been the focus of media attention in the era of Trump's presidency of the United States.

The text represents the meaning that the speaker wants to convey to the listener or reader, and it is a complex sentence sequence of major and minor units; In order to achieve a specific meaning, and to understand the text, its units must be disassembled, and then compiled. In order to reach its significance as wanted by the originator of the text, and the Holy Qur’an is the eternal miracle of God over the years, and it is the most eloquent speech and the most complete statement, so that it cannot be separated from each other due to the severity of its provisions and the quality of its casting. If you want to study a part of it, you find yourself returning to what preceded this. Section; To realize the true meaning of it, as it complements each other, and explains each other.
And we cannot imagine the text without the pronouns; Because it links the language with the context of the external situation, as well as performing multiple structural and semantic functions, the most important of which is the linking function. Therefore, I chose Surat Al-Ra’d as a model to identify the functions of pronoun referral in it, and to demonstrate its impact on the cohesion of the verses of the surah.

The study aimed to build a training program based on the correlational theory to develop the e-learning competencies of social studies teachers in Babil Governorate and to identify its effectiveness. The study used the descriptive approach to determine the electronic competencies, and the constructive approach to build the training program. The tools of the study were the cognitive achievement test and the observation card, which were applied before and after. The study found the effectiveness of the training program in developing cognitive achievement and practical performance related to the competencies of e-learning among the study sample. In developing the professional competencies of social studies teachers in general and e-learning in teaching in particular.

The poetic language is based on the departure from the normative language to the metaphorical language by relying on the image that is based in one of its aspects on the synthetic grammatical methods, which in turn constitute a catalyst in launching the artistic language by supporting the artistic images. This support, whose dimensions are determined by the structure of the style and the type of The tool in it, and the type of noun attached to it..., and one of the most prominent methods that poets rely on is the method of appeal, which is based on the request of the inviter’s turnout to the supplicant; That is, it is based on a request addressed to another person to say “I invite”
And this request, which is based on a tool, has a set of tools, namely: the hamza, that is, ya, ah, i, aya, come on, wa, so that this method is based on a composition consisting of a tool and followed by the herald.
However, this structure based on the tool of a call and a herald falls within the grammatical methods that play a role within the artistic and literary construction, whether it is poetry or prose.

The current research aims to identify the obstacles facing the parent-teacher councils in primary schools and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher used the descriptive and analytical approach to suit this approach for this type of educational research. The current research community consisted of(70) directors and(31) directors and(39 (directors distributed among the General Directorate of Education of Baghdad Rusafa I. The research sample was all the research community consisting of(70) managers and managers and they were selected by random class method. In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted the identification of the obstacles facing the councils of parents and teachers of the researcher Abdul Amir Issa Alwan, which consists of(39) paragraphs. The authenticity of the questionnaire was achieved using the honesty of the arbitrators and the stability of the resolution was confirmed by testing and re-testing, and to process the data statistically the Statistical Packet Program for Social Sciences (SPSS was used, where arithmetic averages, percentages and standard deviations were used, as well as the T test.
The researcher reached the following conclusions:
1. There are many obstacles facing parent-teacher councils.
2. There is a difference in the views of primary school principals about the obstacles facing parents and teachers in primary schools.

This research paper came to shed light on the concept of dialogic intertextuality and its mechanisms, and the overlapping of texts from the human heritage in general, and the modern and contemporary Arab heritage in particular with the poetry of the poet (Yassin Taha Hafez), This is done through the technique of intertextuality and its creative effectiveness, as dialogue is considered the highest stage of the laws of intertextuality in the field of text reading, And the interrogation of the absent text in it, and in this research we have based technically on modern critical methods and the poetic vision that the poet alludes to from the verbal and indicative functions with his many hidden connotations.

The research aims to measure: -
The sustainable psychological well-being of educational counselors Knowing the difference in the sustainable psychological well-being of the research sample according to the gender variable "female / male". In order to reach the objectives of the research, build a measure of sustainable psychological well-being consisting of (32) items and verify the procedures of stability, validity and discrimination of the items, and the stability reached the "alpha" method (0.74). ). And as the stability of the scale by the re-test method ((0.71), the research is determined by educational counselors in the directorates of education for the year 2021/2022, the research community consisted of (1469) male and female counselors and (508) educational counselors were (961) educational counselors, the sample was chosen randomly and it was (25 %) of the research sample amounted to (400), consisting of (240) female counselors and (160) male counselors, and the descriptive approach was adopted.The scale was applied to the sample, then the statistical bag for social sciences was used to process and analyze the data, the results showed that the research sample enjoys: well-being Females enjoy sustainable psychological well-being more than males.Some recommendations and proposals were presented in the light of these results.

The element of militancy is a phenomenon which is contradict with tolerance and moderate. Therefore it is not in line with the method of Islam and the nature of human beings which is created by Allah swt. Eventhough society is difference in terms of belief and mode of thought but theya still living in harmony and peace. The element of militancy in Muslim society nowadays is due to many reasons. Partly because the interventions of the international community and their stand upon other nation which create instability among muslim community. Another reason is due to the international rules which are contradict with the Islamic belief and the Islamic rules. This research is used the document analysis in examining these issues. The findings have shown that the reason why militancy occur in muslim community is mainly due to the role of the international community who creating the elements of militancy among muslim community. At the same time they support the muslim militancy group in muslim country. Another reasons are due to the problems in muslim community such as illiterate, economy backward, education, misused of the electronic media and also due to the ulama not concern on all these issues.

The blink is a communication relationship between the creator and the recipient, as the creator simulates the recipient's intelligence, and his ability to reveal the true meaning hidden behind his blink. Therefore, the flash is considered a title of reconciliation between the creator and the recipient. The poet's task does not end with writing his text, but rather extends to the recipient, addressing his acumen and intelligence, affecting him, and simulating his thought in interrogating what was not said in the flash.
The flash poem adheres to intensity, suggestion, surprising ending, and paradox.
The poem "The Flash" is a visionary poem that focuses on a poetic idea and seeks to develop it through a fleeting and disjointed poetic construction. The flash's poetics is not based on a single sentence, but rather on the vision's poetics in its structural framework. The poet elevates the language, forming words whose semantic level rises, and when the recipient is able to grasp the essence of the text, artistic pleasure occurs. The poet Ahmed Mattar seeks to search for a private space, an orbit of love, and to build a temple far from the temples of others, relying on the dissonance between the elements of the image, so it seems to the recipient that the two sides of the image are contradictory in terms of the artistic effect. This contrast is one of the most important elements that generate the dynamism of the image because it generates vitality and embodies the opposition between human powers and reality. The images of opposition, dissonance and antagonism are also distinguished by the struggle between two tendencies in humanity. The poet focused on the emotional and psychological elements of antagonism to show the contradictions of the self in its controversy with reality and time, and to express his acute psychological tension.

The Islamic Maghreb played an important role in the liberation of Andalusia, and many countries succeeded in ruling Morocco, some of which were working to spread Islam and jihad for the sake of God against the Christians, especially the Almoravid state that established itself in Morocco, which had a great impact in establishing their supplications for Islam in Morocco and Andalusia. Especially after the Almoravids were able to defeat the Christians in Andalusia, but the lurkers who were seeking to eliminate the Almoravid state for the sake of power and money followed all the tendentious methods to achieve their goals until they were able to overthrow the Almoravid state, so the Almohad state was established on its ruins, which took it upon itself to fight the Christians in Andalusia, however, the supporters of the Almoravid state, who believed that they were more deserving of rule and power, especially the Banu Ghaniya, who constituted a source of danger to the Almohad state after they refused to declare allegiance and obedience to them. One of the cities in Andalusia after the Almohads in Morocco weakened.

There are many studies that dealt with the types of displacement; But in this article, we want to study the displacement that characterized the poet Ibn Al-Faridh through his Sufi language mixed with semantic displacement and full of counterpoint, anaphora, and moral and creative improvements to show his Sufi ideas and his psyches, and there is a different poetic language, which no poet has ever touched on this image, and among the tools of displacement is metaphor and simile and metaphor, but it gave an image to the recipient through all kinds of contextual, linguistic, and pictorial paradoxes to displace the traditional sign, and introduce modern technologies, which are manifested in semantic displacement, and analogy is the basis for this type of displacement. This research tries to give an image of the unusual poetic context of Ibn Al-Faridh, in a stylistic way sometimes to clarify the literary and religious intertextuality.
Through this article, it becomes clear that the poet Ibn Al-Farid is considered one of the innovators and tries to come up with different connotations, through innovative themes and new linguistic contexts. The research approach is in an analytical-stylistic way to show the modern language that violated the laws of language.

This research aims to explain the disagreement and abrogation linguistically and idiomatically and the relevant expressions, as well as explaining the sayings of the scholars of interpretation in it and whether it has an impact on the meaning and models of the abrogated verses. Linguistically and idiomatically, and the third requirement: abrogation between its confirmers and those who deny it. The second topic included three demands: the first requirement: the sayings of the scholars of interpretation in the concept of abrogation, and the second requirement: the effect of abrogation on the meaning of the interpreters, and the third requirement: examples of abrogated verses and their ruling according to those who denied and those who established abrogation in them.

The current research aims to (evaluate the human geography book for the sixth grade literary in the light of the dimensions of sustainable educational development. By answering the following question: What is the availability of indicators for the dimensions of sustainable educational development in the human geography book for the sixth grade literary?
The researcher used the analytical descriptive approach, and the current research is determined by the book Human Geography for the sixth literary grade. The researcher prepared a questionnaire for the appropriate and appropriate sub-indicators for the three main dimensions (social, economic, environmental) of development, which were set by the UNESCO International Organization for Education and in a way that is compatible with the Iraqi educational environment. It consisted of (45) sub-indicators with (17) social dimension indicators, (15) economic dimension indicators, and (13) environmental dimensions indicators. The questionnaire was presented to a group of arbitrators in curricula, teaching methods, measurement, evaluation and geography. Then the content of the book was analyzed in the light of the questionnaire that was built. The content analysis included the book of geography with a total of (137) pages. The idea was adopted as a unit for analysis and repetition as a unit for enumeration, using the Scott equation, then calculating the stability of the analysis. The results of the statistical analysis resulted in the availability of the dimensions of sustainable development. The economic dimension ranked first with (320) frequencies, with a percentage of (9.3%) of the total number of iterations amounting to (540), while the social dimension ranked second with (188) frequencies, with a percentage (34.8%) of the total number of iterations. The environmental dimension came. In third place, with (32) repetitions, with a percentage of (5.9%) of the total number of repetitions.
The researcher concluded that the book contained the three dimensions, but in varying proportions. As it somewhat neglected the environmental dimension. Note that the three dimensions represent an integrated unit that cannot be separated. Likewise, many of the sub-indicators were available in very small percentages, and some of them were not available at all in the book.

This research seeks to study the image of Basra, land and people, in the mirror of the orientalist nomadic production in the middle of the second decade of the twentieth century, as a historical, cultural and literary source that is rarely relied upon, to show the ideological, cultural and artistic starting points that contributed in various ways to shaping the Western imagination and what is related to it. towards the societies of the East in general and Iraq and Basra in particular. This research also reveals the real motives that controlled the orientalist writer to write his journey, which begged Basra as a realistic space to furnish its events, in a crude way that mixes reality and imagination, which contributed in one way or another to the formation of a false visual (reality), that can only live by relying on the other and his civilization. , in exchange for preaching the alleged civilizing mission of the white man, which gives him the right to colonize other peoples, conveying this through a narrative that is not devoid of aesthetics. To demonstrate this idea, we chose to focus on the model of the "Land of the Palms" trip, written by C. Mother. Christie's Bachelor of Arts from Oxford University.

The text of the novel falls within a cultural chain. The researcher attempts to clarify the areas of anxiety, tension and fear of the unknown, as well as to investigate the actual and the virtual reality. Before looking for the visionary predictions of the novel, which examines the depth of the future and anticipates its events, Research, and an important pillar of its main pillars. After the overview of the novel, the research began to pursue the concept of exoticism and its proximity in terms of the miraculous and then distinguish between them, as well as stand in the concept of prospecting after the main strategy in the study of the novel. The research does not forget the cultural references of the product and its tributaries, and then the study begins to monitor the conflicts of the narrative scenes and to identify the most prominent and forward-looking techniques such as the phenomenon of human cloning related to the idea of science fiction and the technique of the bird of the album.

It represents a science of one of the sciences that has entered into the manifestations of other sciences strongly as a science that has an effective impact on behavior to spread according to the variables of life. The study objective is to identify the manifestations of negative behavior among middle school students from the point of view of educational supervisors - Baghdad, Rusafa -2. The number of the sample was (125) male and female students, distributed in Al-Rusafa-2 high schools for with (11) school.
For the purpose of measuring this objective, the research tool was built, which consisted of (40) items, each of which represented a socially acceptable behavior, and these items were divided into (4) behavioral domains. The most important results of the study indicate that negative behavior is socially unacceptable among middle school students. The study also found that there are statistically significant differences between male and female middle school students in negative behavior, distinguished by males over females.
While the study did not find a statistically significant difference in the manifestations of socially negative behavior according to the variable of secondary schools students between male and female students. The researcher concluded the study with a set of important recommendations and suggestions, as the importance of the research and the relationship to know the manifestations of behavior and its relationship to variables from the point of view of the educational supervisors in these schools for the students of the secondary schools of Rusafa and its affiliated directorates.

The Shatt al-Basra canal was dug in the southern part of the sedimentary plain in the al-Sabakh areas as part of the project for the general outfall to Khor al-Zubayr and extends about 38 km from north to south. Six stations were chosen along the canal. The first, second, third and fourth stations were north of the regulator, with the fifth and sixth stations located south of the regulator. The water analysis showed that the lowest percentage of dissolved oxygen in the third station was (0.12) mg / liter, as it is located near the sewage site, and its percentage increased in the fifth and sixth stations. As for nitrite elements And nitrates and phosphates increased in the third station (3.23) (22.11) (4.38) mg / liter compared to other sites for the same reason above, and decreased in the fifth and sixth stations due to their mixing with marine water in Khor Al-Zubayr. The agricultural drainage of the general outfall showed that the highest level of evidence of organic pollution in the stations (first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth) was (weak - weak - very poor - poor - good - good) respectively. Thus, the water of all the studied stations suffers from organic pollution except for the two stations Fifth and sixth, therefore, it produced clear environmental effects for the water as it is highly polluted with organic waste. This organic pollution is reflected in the absence of plant and animal plankton due to the different The amount of dissolved oxygen for consumption by bacteria in the canal water has disappeared. This is due to the lack of treatment of organic waste before excretion and the failure to clean the canal of accumulated organic matter and household waste.

The issue of religion occupies an important space from the lives of peoples and states, as it constitutes an important spiritual factor in their lives and behavior. Tiland was generally distinguished by the diversity of religions and beliefs during its various time stages, even if it owes the majority The entry of many religions into the country, such as the Islamic religion, Christianity, Sikhism, and others, and the reason for the kings of this religion specifically is due to the authority of the country.

سعى زعماء ثورة تشرين الاول ( اكتوبر ) عام 1917 في روسيا، بعد تثبيت اقدامهم في الداخل وانتصارهم على اعدائهم الخارجيين ، الى نشر الافكار الشيوعية في أكبر بقعة ممكنة من العالم وايجاد انظمة سياسية تدين بالولاء وتقر بالتبعية للنظام الشيوعي في الاتحاد السوفيتي ، بيد ان تلك التطلعات لم تكن لتأخذ طريقها كما اراد لها مخططوها في ظل وجود نظام سياسي واقتصادي رأسمالي يتقاطع ايدلوجيا مع المبادئ الشيوعية ويعمل على الحد من انتشارها كلما تمكن.
وعلى الرغم من عدم ارتياح كل من الاتحاد السوفيتي من جهة وبريطانيا وفرنسا من جهة أخرى الى الطموحات الفاشية والنازية الا ان كل منهما حاول استغلالها لخدمة مصالحه واضعاف الطرف الاخر ، فالاتحاد السوفيتي الذي أراد له هتلر ان يكون مجالا حيويا لألمانيا النازية ، حاول ان يستغل كل ما يحدث في أوربا لخلق قطيعة كاملة بين المانيا وايطاليا من جهة وبريطانيا وفرنسا من جهة أخرى وبالتالي فأن اضعاف او انهيار أي من الطرفين كان سيعد كسبا كبيرا للاتحاد السوفيتي . أما بريطانيا وفرنسا فعلى الرغم من تضايقهما من طموحات هتلر و موسوليني الا انهما كانتا تجدان فيهما عائقا جيدا امام انتشار الشيوعية في أوربا ، ولما كان الاتحاد السوفيتي أحد الاطراف الدولية التي لعبت دورا اساسيا ومهما في صنع الاحداث والتأثير في التطورات السياسية والعسكرية ، التي شهدتها الساحة الاسبانية أبان المدة 1936 - 1939 ، وكان تدخله عاملا حاسما في اطالة أمد الحرب الاهلية الاسبانية ومؤثرا في تحديد طبيعة مواقف الدول الاخرى التي تدخلت بشكل مباشر أو غير مباشر في تلك الحرب ، فقد وجدنا ان دراسة الموقف السوفيتي من تلك الحرب ، ومحاولة الوقوف على حيثياته والاسباب والمحددات التي حدت به الى اتخاذه ، أمرا جديرا بالاهتمام ، لا سيما وأنه لا توجد دراسة مستقلة تعرضت لهذا الموقف.

Nations and people evolve for owning copious scientific heritage ; of them the arab historians have many publications in different fields ; and many of them have been mentioned in the translation books ; , as so the authors of these books have kept for us the productions of the characters that have translated them. They not only were satisfied to mention them ; they also had a major role in evaluating it . Which increased the significance of these books ; being subjected to evaluation by contemporary authors’ or by people who are living in the same age of its publication. Through our reading of Ibn Kalllikan's book (681 Ah-1282 Ad) ., it has been clear for us how much he was interested in this part ; for he was evaluating the books that he had read : and clarified for us how much they were beneficial: and he mentions briefly the method of his publication ; and the books which have been produced in resemblance of his book; that proves for us how much ibn kallikhan was very erudite person, his deepening in reading books and how clarifying books value, is considered one or the most crucial duties of the author: thus it is necessary that we have to find out the historians stand about the scientific productions and the authors that they have translated for them ; and how they distinguished the good from bad , as well as what criticism they aimed towards the authors and their publications.
The research included four chapters , the first one dealt with Ibn Kallikhan's biography and his method in abbreviation, the second one dealt with his evaluation to the religious books , as for the third one dealt with his assessment to language and literature books , however the fourth one dealt with his assessment to hsitory books in addition to his assessment of other books.

The phenomenon of intertextuality is one of the modern literary phenomena, which emerged as a result of linguistic studies in Western and Arabic literature. There is no doubt that intertextuality is one of the critical terms that have been widely circulated in the field of modern literary criticism, after its emergence in the sixties of the twentieth century, when Arab critics delved into this term. And some of them tried to root it, so this modern term coming from contemporary Arab criticism got confused with the terms circulated in the old Arabic criticism. In particular and distinctly, the fact that the content of the play aims to address the dual phenomenon of religion and politics, and from here we have crystallized several questions about intertextuality in general and Ali Al-Zaidi’s employment of this term in particular:
What is intertextuality, its types and manifestations?
- What are the Quranic intertextual signs and their beauty that Al-Zaidi employed in the play?

In this research, we try to study the issue of realism critically in various aspects, so I dealt with it and monitored the curves of artistic, intellectual and psychological transformation in it honestly and realistically at the poet, starting from linking it with the reality in which he lives and its impact on the human psyche . The research approach is based on the analysis of realism as a critical term that recorded a strong presence among writers, especially the West, because they are more sensual than others, Then I touched on the origin of this doctrine, since it was Western, their emergence was as a result of certain economic, social and political conditions, and they did not arise out of a vacuum , As well as clarifying the importance of the extent to which many writers and intellectuals believed in realism, as its forms were many and varied, as well as revealing the extent of realism’s connection with the middle bourgeois class, which was neglected by the rest of the doctrines that focused their interests on the upper class, And we showed how realism found fertile ground in developing societies aspiring to progress, especially societies in which the working class plays an important role, including the Arab society.
It also carried the features and nature of those societies and provided a complete picture of the human being as the main pillar in shaping the features of reality. This is what we found in our analysis of the novelist Najib Mahfouz’s text “ alshhadh “.

This research deals with the relationship between perceived psychological stress and exam anxiety among a sample of middle school students in Dhi Qar Governorate, and the research sample consisted of (100) male and female students from the preparatory stage for the academic year (2021-2022). Cohen, 1993, which consists of 14 items, translation and Arabization / researcher (Ihsan Nasr Atallah Hindawi), and a scale (exam anxiety for (Abu Azab, Nael Ibrahim, 2008), and the researcher used the descriptive correlative approach, the data were processed statistically using the social statistical bag ( SPSS) and the results of the research resulted, that the research sample has a high test anxiety in addition to the presence of perceived psychological stress, and the results also resulted in a direct correlation between perceived psychological stress and exam anxiety.

China is one of the most important actors in the international arena at the economic, political, technological and military levels because of its material and moral capabilities and capabilities that helped it strengthen its power in general, especially its hard power represented by (military force and economic sanctions) and other tools with the ability to change the internal affairs of countries The other side is to achieve the goals of expanding its influence at the regional and international level, and this force can be considered a pivotal measure to know the extent of its capabilities and ability to be influential in international politics, especially its military power, as the size of the Chinese military force reached about (355,3) million soldiers, to whom about (510) thousand reserve soldiers, in addition to China owning about (3,205) tanks, 3 aircraft carriers, and (79) submarines, not to mention its economic capabilities. It ranks second in the world after the United States, with a gross domestic product of 19 trillion US dollars.

To prove a concept, or to refute another art in employing different means of persuasion. Those who showed these persuasive arts, which is a means that writers employ in their creative productions in various ways. This is what we can in the poetry of the poet (Hazim Rashk Al-Tamimi), who employed the persuasive arts, through a group of argumentative trends that added to his poetry a persuasive tinge. Irony came at the forefront of these trends, followed by irony item. Then the metaphor. Al-Hajjaj mentioned the witness that the poet quoted for his poetry, whether the witness was Quranic or poetic. Finally, repetitions had a clear role in the poet's argumentative discourse.

This research aspires to answer the possibility that the writings of the pioneers of the poetry of criticism may contribute to the discovery of new values in modern poetry, both in their writings and in the neighboring writings, which contributed to the development of the structure and content of the poem. Arab culture in general. As well as to identify us and identify the main pillars on which it was built (the art of modern poem).

This research deals with the method of interpretation and it,s impact on understanding the grammatical text, as the researcher seeks through this research to highlight the function of interpretation after it is one of the methods of authorship used by grammarians to define and understand the intent of the grammatical text. The grammatical interpretation that grammarians employed with the aim of clarifying the text in a way that makes it finally consistent with the regular grammatical rules.

We can point out at the outset that the Second World War caused a remarkable development in the concepts of political action and an escalation in the national movement in third world countries, including Iraq, in addition to bringing about important changes in British policy towards the Arab region, as Britain had no choice but to abandon the policy of pressure And the trend towards a policy of flexibility in order not to lose its allies after the national tide increased in those countries.

Suleiman Pasha is considered one of the important personalities that have an impact on the Iraqi reality, because he was included in the governmental government positions, and he returned to the drawing, and then he carried out some reforms because of politics and the length of his rule, which made him the image of his response to external dangers, which made him famous among the Iraqis All things combined, in addition to his good relationship with Britain and the Sublime Porte, made him the first man in Iraq in his time.

The education systems in many countries faced many challenges posed by the Corona pandemic at the beginning of March 2020, which led to the closure of schools in more than 180 countries, and the suspension of classes in person, and as a result, about 78.4% of learners (more than 1.5 billion students) dropped out of school. Study, and the Arab countries found themselves facing two options, either distance education, or no education. The result was the move towards distance education, identifying the dimensions of the Corona pandemic and its effects, and working on the direction of government educational institutions towards containing this pandemic and their willingness to expand distance education, as well as identifying the skills of teachers to use distance education tools and employ them in education. To ensure the continuity and management of the educational process.

The article” The role of Pragmatics in English Language Teaching. Pragmatic Competence” written by (Nivis Deda:2013) ,throughout the reading of the article the author highlights the pragmatic competence and the role it plays in enhancing English learning in language classroom. .Pragmatic competence refers to the ability to comprehend, construct utterances which are accurate and appropriate to the social and cultural circumstances where the communication occurs. Pragmatic competence should be a leading goal for all those who teach English as a second language, which simultaneously represents a challenging task as well. It’s” the ability to analyze language in a conscious manner.” (as cited in Holmes & Brown,2007:524). Pragmatics is the way we express the meaning through the communication in real situation. Meaning normally involves linguistic and paralinguistic elements and it diverges according to the setting, to the relationship between interlocutors, in addition to other social factors .Since English is an international language that connects people all over the world, English can be regarded as the common focus of all English speakers who do not share a language or a culture. As a matter of fact, English is spoken in different settings and levels of intercommunication. As a result, speakers must know many pragmatic elements to avoid inaccuracies and misunderstandings during communication. Such a great usage of English language requires a pragmatic competence which will be quite helpful for those who speak or learn English as a second language.

The research aims to track and monitor climatic drought according to the standard rain index and its impact on some spectral indicators directly related to droughts affecting vegetation, especially including the NDVI vegetation index, the vegetation status index VCI, the surface temperature index - vegetation TVDI, and the vegetation response index to heat TCI, as well as Soil Moisture Index (SWI) These indicators received great attention in international scientific studies because of their direct impact on vegetation cover and its quality. Therefore, the research sought to show the impact of these indicators due to their vulnerability to droughts, both temporally and spatially, on the study area. The study showed that the correlation between the study indicators varied, as the correlation reached Between the standard rain index and the VCI it amounted to about 0.509, and it is a medium correlation in the highest correlation recorded between the SPI and TVDI indices, which amounted to about 0.948. As well as a correlation between the standard rain index and the TCI amounted to about 0.500 - which is an inverse correlation.

The current study aims to (employ the strategy of instrumental enrichment in the collection of the philosophy of education and the acquisition of the skill of reading and reviewing various scientific sources). For achieving the research objectives, the following zero hypothesis was formulated: rent study aimed to employing some instrumental enrichment strategy in the collection of the Philosophy of Education subject and acquiring the skill of reading and reviewing various scientific sources. To achieve the goal of the research, the following zero hypothesis was formulated:
1- There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group who study according to the strategy of instrumental enrichment, and the mean scores of the students of the control group who study according to the usual method in the collection of the Philosophy of Education subject.
2- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of students of the experimental group who study according to the strategy of instrumental enrichment, and the mean scores of students of the control group who study according to the usual method in acquiring the skill of reading and reviewing various scientific sources.
The current research sample reached (65) male and female students, with (32) male and female students for the experimental group and (33) male and female students for the control group. For the academic year 2022-2023, College of Education / Ibn Rushd for Humanities, University of Baghdad
To achieve the goal of the research, the following was carried out:
- Constructing a post-written achievement test consisting of (20) test items، after verifying the validity and reliability of the test and conducting the necessary statistical analysis.
- Adopting a measure of the skill of reading and reviewing the various scientific sources of Al-Sumaidaie 2012.
- A set of necessary statistical methods were used، including Pearson's correlation coefficient، chi-square, the equation for the effectiveness of false alternatives, and the t-test for two independent samples.
After processing the data statistically, the result was shown as follows:
1-There is a statistically significant difference in the post achievement test in favor of the experimental group at the level of significance (0,05).
2-There is a statistically significant difference in the measure of the skill of reading and reviewing various scientific sources in favor of the experimental group at the level of significance (0,05).
And In light of the results that appeared,the researcher reached a seta of recommendations and proposals were recommended.

Poet and writer Wafaa Abdel-Razzaq explored in her poetry all the magical subjective contents، from the threshold of the main title to the threshold of the subtitle، and then in the body of the poetic text and its topics and contents، which involved many paradoxes، including the cries of hunger، poverty and hardship.
Displacement was distinguished by the poetess Wafaa Abdel-Razzaq for her brilliance and charm، by extending her authority over the souls of her recipients، not for her artistic richness، and the multiplicity of its readings، and the attempt to interpret it not only، but also because it transcended the self of its creator to fly in a wide human space in which he found what responds to the horizon of his waiting، moves his thought، and tempts him to contemplate، contemplate، and question aspiring to reach its connotations and purposes، as it did not formulate it to decorate its poetic text، Rather، she was carried by the energies of influence and persuasion، on the one hand، being the best tool for expressing her personality and visions، through which she was able to create a state of submission and submission، on the other hand، which leads to conviction، the important factor in the guidance process.
The research attempted to monitor the ability of the poetess to employ the persuasive force within the displacement fabric to achieve the required influence and direction and the main actor in the process of photography.

This reading attempted to stand on the sources of semiotics , the mysteries of meaning and its interpretations found in the folds of al-Hallajs narrative texts known as the Tawasin, which represent a group of mystical concepts and beliefs of al-Hallaj, in which he put a number of his opinions, corrections and beliefs in a striking expressive way .We have touched on the most important symbols that came in the Tawasin and their forms , and the most important texts and analyzes assumed by the semiotic reading.

The research represented in the study and analysis of the reality of plant agricultural production in the western district of Ali al-Sharqi district, and it became clear through the study that the study area has the appropriate developmental qualifications to achieve the establishment of agricultural production in terms of the wide area, suitable soil, and the provision of water that helped to establish it, as well as the provision of appropriate conditions. It turned out that the crops compete with each other in occupying the agricultural areas in the agricultural provinces and the quantities of production. On providing loans to farmers, soil maintenance, and the provision of improved seeds and appropriate chemical fertilizers for the development and advancement of this important sector linked to the basic need of the population for food in order to achieve the requirements of sustainable agricultural development.

The eradication of poverty in all its forms represents a humanitarian goal, as it represents a challenge facing all human societies on a divorce. Therefore, sustainable development came with its seventeen goals to achieve the advancement of human reality. The eradication of poverty represents the essence and spirit of sustainable development, as it contributes to the liberation of man and preserves his dignity. This research aims to identify the reality of poverty in Iraq and the extent of what has been achieved in this field, as well as to reveal the challenges that prevent the achievement of the desired goal and to develop a set of solutions that can contribute to achieving its eradication. The study concluded that Iraq is still, until the time of writing the research, unable to eradicate poverty, and that there are many challenges that stand in its way, foremost of which are political differences and violence that is ravaging society, as well as the government's failure to develop pioneering programs and strategies that contribute to achieving this. Therefore, the matter requires adopting the strategy set by the previous government for the period from 2018-2022, as it is the best from the researcher’s point of view for its comprehensiveness and the need to diversify the sources of GDP and involve other economic sectors in it, as well as involve the private sector to be an additional factor in creating new job opportunities.

There is no doubt that we do not lose sight of the importance of studying military history, as the field of research in it occupies a high rank among the branches of specialization and historical work, due to the fact that wars and conflicts occupied a very large space in human life in the past and present and will continue to occupy it in the future.
In fact, the study of military history is very important and influential, because it motivates people to strive for achievements and anticipate losses, and provides the military with an inner sense that helps them make the right strategic decisions.
The fact that cannot be ignored is that the military institution has the greatest role in many cases in drawing the course of historical events for any center of civilization, past and present, so the importance of studying military history generated a motive for the study. The advanced motives contributed to the crystallization of the subject of the study.

There is a simultaneous relationship between the design of the dwelling with the climate, as there is no city that does not have a connection with the climate in terms of solar radiation, temperatures, wind movement and direction, precipitation rate, and humidity, as the climatic effects have a direct impact on the building’s shape, height, materials included in its design, and the shape and area of window openings. And the degree of reflection of the glass used and other treatments, as the climate greatly affected the planning and architectural character that prevailed in the cities, so we find a big difference between the design of housing between the ancient desert cities represented in the city of Zubair and the rural dwelling that is located in the sedimentary plain represented by the city of the city and the nature of the climate was reflected The environment is shaped by the shape of the dwelling, the distribution of its voids, and the building materials used in it, so the forms and patterns of construction varied, and the planning treatments that were developed were different, whether at the level of the dwelling itself or at the level of the city

This study attempts to test a hypothesis saying that the debaters speak and behave politely with each other since they are in the presence of an authority figure. To elaborate, they are fully aware of their words and circumstances of their words when being uttered in the presence of an authority figure – they may please or displease them, depending on the expression itself and the way it is uttered in such a counsel. Not only do they consider those who debate them, but also the prestige of the place and the presence of authority figures in the counsel converted. As such, politeness is of two kinds: typical and atypical. The first type, to begin with, is between the debaters and can be flouted by any debater if the situation requires this. The second type, however, is due to the presence of those in power, therefore, any flouting of the maxim of politeness may well lead to a kind of punishment. This study pays extra attention to the second type, i.e. politeness created by the dint of the prestige of the place and the presence of an authority figure in the counsel converted.

This study aims to understand how the conceptual engineering by which climate variability deteriorates the sustainability of diverse sectors worldwide. Specifically, the weakening of the agricultural sector is a scenario of concern globally, as adequate food production and supplies are threatened by irreversible weather fluctuations. In turn, it is challenging global feeding patterns, particularly in countries that consider agriculture an integral part of their economy and overall productivity. Climate change has also put the safety and survival of many species at stake due to shifts in optimal temperature ranges, thus accelerating biodiversity loss through gradual change. to the structures of ecosystems. Climate variability increases the likelihood of certain food, water and vector-borne diseases, a recent example being the coronavirus pandemic. Climate change is also accelerating antimicrobial resistance, which is another threat to human health due to the increasing incidence of resistant pathogen infections. Besides, the global tourism industry is being devastated as a result of the effects of climate variability and tourist locations are becoming unfavorable. The methodology investigates hypothetical scenarios for climate variability and attempts to describe them. Quality of evidence to facilitate cautious and critical reader participation. Secondary data is used to identify sustainability issues such as environmental, social and economic viability. To better understand the problem, the information in this report has been gathered from various media outlets, research agencies, policy papers, newspapers, and other sources. This review is the sectoral assessment of approaches to mitigation and adaptation to climate change worldwide in the aforementioned sectors and the associated economic costs. According to the findings, government involvement is necessary in the long term for the development of countries through strict accountability of resources and regulations implemented in the past to bring about the latest developments on climate policy. Therefore, mitigating the effects of climate change must be of paramount importance, and thus the threat requires a global commitment to address its dreadful effects to ensure global interests.

This research includes tracing and extrapolating the footnotes, comments, systems and their explanations that were placed on the book “Expressing the Rules of Parsing” by Ibn Hisham Al-Ansari, and we put that in chronological order in terms of the antiquity of the deaths, and we translated a brief aspect of the author’s life, then we documented that translation from the sources that referred to The name of the compiler in the compiler's translation only, with reference sometimes to the book being printed or edited.

The history of the Korean Peninsula is characterized by its diversity, chronological and intellectual depth, and its great impact on its regional environment in all respects, especially social, intellectual and political. In addition, this history witnessed wide external interactions represented by the wide and direct intervention by the major powers in its various affairs, which was reflected in its various aspects of the historical reality. The study of the history of South Korea in Asia and the world is one of the most important of these studies due to the long occupation of this country by Japan that extended from 1910-1945, then it was an arena of conflict and competition between major powers such as China, the Soviet Union and the United States of America. In light of that, the research was divided into three Investigations, as well as the introduction and conclusion. The first topic, titled Political Developments in South Korea and the Position of the US States towards it 1948-1960, dealt with the internal political developments and the accompanying internal tensions and conflicts between parties in order to seize power, while the second topic focused on the modernization of the Korean military establishment and the position The United States of America, including the third topic, entitled economic and social developments in South Korea and the position of the United States towards them, dealt with the growth of the South Korean economy, which was shattered due to the Japanese occupation, World War II, and the Korean War, as that aid had a clear role in the advancement of the Korean economy.

The research included the introduction, the problem of the research, its scientific hypotheses and the limits of the study area, as it touched on two axes, the first was about the production of electrical energy in the governorate, as the first independent electrical station was established in the governorate in 2005 called Bazerkan station, and the second station, the Al-Kahla station, was established in 2005. 2010, to witness the completion of a station north of Al-Amara, the total production of electrical energy in those stations (1987192) MW / watt, the share of Al-Kahla station was (39%), while the two stations of Al-Bazarkan and North Al-Amara have a percentage (31%), (30%) In a row, while the second axis dealt with the gas filling industry through filling plants located in the administrative units of Maysan Governorate.

The current study aims to identify (the twenty-first century skills of primary sociology teachers and their relationship to compromising thinking and achievement for their students) in the center of Babylon Governorate. A sample of 26 primary teachers of the fifth grade of primary school was chosen to test these hypotheses. 16) Elementary school for the academic year (2021-2022), they were chosen randomly, and the researcher adopted the descriptive-relational approach for its suitability to the objectives of this research. An achievement test for the fifth grade social subject, and after analyzing the results statistically (Excel and spss program), the researcher reached a set of results, and in the light of them, the researcher suggested a number of conclusions, proposals, and recommendations.

The study involved one of the water basins within the range of the main high folds between Dohuk and Mosul governorates. The study focused on showing the role of climatic characteristics in determining the size of runoff in the Bandawaya basin, which has an area of (56.54 km), with a height ranging between (4.7-11.1m) above the sea level. The study showed that the Bendawaya basin receives rainfall ranging between (492-418 mm), and snowfall ranging between (4-3.8) cm, impacting the amount of water in the basin, especially that the basin is one of the most essential tributaries of the Mosul Lake that supplies the lake with the needed water.

In the light of the study of the Islamic cities in Andalusia, we found that the coastal cities had a major role in the economic and social movement and had a great impact on the prosperity of people's conditions during the period of Islamic rule of this country in the continent of Europe.
The urban facilities that the coastal cities contained, including suitable ports for unloading the cargo of trade ships and goods that were the cause of the prosperity of the economic movement in Andalusia, are considered one of the most important factors of development in Andalusia, and the fortified cities and impregnable walls that surround the cities had a great impact in repelling attacks The Romans and the Crusader attacks against the Islamic countries of Andalusia.

In this research, an extensive study was presented on green production,and the digital factory and their relationship to environmental sustainability. A paper mill was selected in Basra governorate, through a case study and taking information from the records of the factory that is concerned with recycling and reproducing paper waste. All information has been added with pictures about the stages of production to clarify what it does. It has the digital factory through the use of sophisticated and advanced machines, as well as its significant impact on environmental sustainability, and the conclusions were that the factory operates a production line in the recycling of waste and puts investment in other lines to complete a complete line in the factory in Basra and the other in Maysan Governorate, so the study recommended the need to increase the proportion of Investment due to its great importance in supporting the factory program in green production. We also recommend a major advertising campaign to support the marketing of factory-recycled production and make it of a quality that competes with the global product..