Philosophy Journal

This intellectual paper focuses on the concept of unity and oneness in the history of mediaeval Greek and Arab philosophy. The paper featureshow the concept establishes dissimilar and contending doctrines and trends due to its epistemological and ontological role in Divine knowledge, metaphysics and logic. The One was not only founding knowledge and perceptions as much as he was conducting the ontological act of making the beings and things, for it became the constituent of the essence of actions. However, the subject of oneness was a subject of opposition by Sophists and some Kalam (referring to speech, word, or discourse) schools in classical Arab thought which contributed to the emergence of a history as antithesis to the history of existence, subjectivity and necessity; I mean here the history of symptoms, permissibility, and incessant anxious doubt. Thus the name of the One turned into huge doctrinal inclinations, each of which starts from a certain meaning and significance, which has resulted in a great contradiction in the theory of knowledge with Parmenides Plato, Plotinus, Aristotle, Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, IbnSina, IbnRushd and other philosophers and commentators who encountered two worlds: the world of existence and the world of the One.

The study aims to identify the organizational advocacy methods and techniques of Ismaili thought, which they followed in organizing and defining the work of the advocates, their ranks and characteristics, and how to choose them and define their tasks. Care has been taken to obtain this information from the Ismaili sources themselves, and aided with the help of what has been written about the Ismailism in secondary references. The aim of the research was to highlight the efforts made by the Ismailism in dissemination their advocacy, the precise organization of the work of its advocates, the method for attracting the invitees, and the precise conditions and criteria that were adopted in the selection of the advocates, as well as the conditions that are taken into account in the selection of the invitees, and the intellectual issues that the advocates have defined for the invitees in every rank and which are consistent with the esoteric interpretations of everything related to Islamic law as the basis for the Ismaili advocacy. In addition to that identification of the ideology upon which this organizing a lawsuit was based in the dissemination of Ismaili thought. The research concluded with a number of results, the most prominent of which is that the In addition to that identification of the ideology upon which this organizing a lawsuit was based in the dissemination of Ismaili advocacy intellectual system that organizes the advocacy in all its aspects. It is the attracting work that the advocates do, as they make great efforts and do hard and painstaking work.

Because of their belief that the text is historical, the modernist discourse is based on seeing that it contains two aspects, the first being divine, and it represents the stage of formation, and the other is realistic and human. The context of the marriage between the divine and the human, and it did not decipher the true relationship between the two sides. Therefore, in this paper we will intend to shed light on the work of the modernist discourse in saying the humanization of revelation and the process of reconciling between the supreme aspect of the text, the stage of descent and the connection with the Arab cultural reality.

The concept of reason is one of the most important concepts in philosophy generaly , and especially in Islamic philosophy . That philosophy begins from reasoning being wholly and seeks for its general principles through scientific search which is based on rational and logical arguments . So this research tries to study the concept of reason in Islamic philosophy through two philosophers who had an important place in the history of Islamic philosophy i.e. Al-Kindi ( d. 252 A.H. ) and Al-Farabi ( d. 339 A.H. ) .
The research deals with the definition of reason and its kinds according to Al-Kindi and Al-farabi ,their rational methods and applications of reason on some philosophical issues , the role of reason in theory of knowledge , politics and ethics , and finally the reconciling between reason and tradition .

German idealism is considered one of the most important philosophical currents in the first half of the nineteenth century, although today it seems less important in the world of contemporary philosophical thought, this does not negate its importance nor deny its philosophical contributions, and one of these contributions is what the research wants to shed light on It is their analysis and interpretation of Christian theology and the Christian religion in general in line with their philosophical principles on the one hand and in line with the prevailing intellectual mood in Germany at the time, which was trying to get out of the philosophy of enlightenment. They presented an interpretation of Christian beliefs, which still resonates in contemporary theology

Malebranche is considered one of the most prominent modern philosophers who presented ideas Creligions, epistemological moral),ashe was influenced by (Augustine- Descartes- Spinoza ). He is able to build ideas within this wealth that he possesses, due to the endless abilities that Cod has placed in his mind.
From here Malebranche put your mental philosophy in religion and Knowledge as well as morals, on the basis that the mind is always trying to rise and develop in the ladder of life, and it also possesses the capabilities that qualify it for all their mental activates to weave ideas that transcend it to travel in the Spiritual a scansion towards God.
I divided there arch into five axes: The first axis was entitled (Malebranche and his philosophical Pats), in which I talked about his intellectual I influences at the beginning of his hilosophical journey and how he made his way. And the second philosophy of mind In it I talked about the meaning of philosophy of mind and the relationship between philosophy and reason
The thirdphotographer was entitled (mind and Religion) under it about therelationship of the mind with religion.
And how Malebranche established the mind on the basis of religion that distinguishes right from falsehood and good from evil. The fourth axis entitled (reason and Knowledge), work is the basis of knowledge and through which we form ideas about our world, external , and the fiveth photographer was entitled (the mind and Ethics), in which I talked about how a person has free will that God inflicted in him, and through it he can choose what is good for him through his mental abilities.
At the end of my research, I concluded that the mind is able to comprehend things through the divine light that God removes in me, and the mind also has the freedom of in me, and the mind also has the freedom of choice in determining its destiny and thus reaches through this free will to happiness. And this mental philosophy that come up with.

The study of political liberalism by Bertrand Russell was aimed at demonstriting the adoption by Russell of political liberalism which is considered a type of liberalism that made the individual the main focus. Political liberalism became a symbol of the developed countries that later formed these countries as an example. Liberal political theory became , through its thinkers , a new approach in the Western political ideology. As a result liberalism began to emerge as a political system that sought to offer the best solution , whether for the individual, the society or the state .Freedom was seen as the essence of liberalism.

Nietzsche found himself in an era that can be likened to a masquerade party, and most of the values of his time were merely false, deceptive, and disguised. He had no choice but to use his hammer to strike and destroy those masks, to reveal the true hidden identities, as he removed the masks worn by holy men hiding from the world of truth having become just a false idea of fabrication. He also removed of the mask of Christian ethics, in order to restore the virtues to man, and to return the values more closely attached to earth and life. Despite the fact that Nietzsche refused to hide behind a metaphorical mask, he could not conceal his admiration for the mask, and everything profound. He saw that the more people climbed up the social ladder and became more prominent and powerful, the more they wore such masks. Therefore, the mask was for him as a philosophical strategy with many connections, that is, it did not have a passing presence that was diminished at the first sight of criticism and destruction. Rather, it is fair to say that everything in Nietzsche’s philosophy is a (mask), so if in the old days the leader of a tribe, or its priest, or its magician wore a religious mask to control and intimidate to frighten their enemies, Nietzsche is also found to wear various masks to camouflage and disguise on the one hand, and to show a new identity on the other. The identity of the higher being (Supreme Man - Superman) was a mask behind which Nietzsche would hide after the tragic incidents that happened in his life. In order to redraw the map of human values and virtues, in accordance with the personality of a hero, and the nature of the mask being a trait for all superheroes who commenced their heroics with concealed identities after having harsh experiences, and tragic accidents, so it is correct to say that we consider Nietzsche the greatest destroyer of old masks and the innovator of new ones.

Herodotus, the Halicarnasian (born between 431 and 404 BC), was the first Greek historian whose work has preserved well. He studied the war between the Persian Empire and the Greek cities of the early 5th century BC. The greatness that emerged during that war was achieved by the heroes who had an active role in directing their paths, whether the expansion of the great Persian Empire or the desperate defense of the Greek cities , Athens as example, which ended with great victory. Despite the details about the course of the war and the role of its heroes, we can explore through his book an interest in the effective role of the heroes in the fields other than the battlefields, including their role in building of countries. Herodotus speaks of an anthropological view of the conditions under which social organizations are based, much like those of philosophers such as Thomas Hobbs and others about the social contract or the state of nature that societies undergo before the emergence of social organizations , he ,also ,deals with the nature of the ruler and his qualities , in addition to his views on the nature of the political system .

This research deals with the problem of freedom of will between St. Thomas Aquinas and John Dennis Scott. It is known that this problem has a history in religious thought in general, and the fathers of the Church, most notably St. Augustine, have taken care of it, who believes that this world is not subject to a blind destiny. Everything is subject to the will of God as the ruler and ruler of the universe.
Aquinas pointed out that God created creatures with a free will and without any natural necessity. Man is a willing and chosen being, and that freedom is based on awareness. Man is free and has a choice. His actions are by reason and will. And the will follows the mind.

John Dennis Scott believes that God and man are an expression of will, and that the first characteristic of the will is freedom, and therefore God is free in his judgments. It is related to the divine faith and human science.. the will directs the mind towards its activities of knowledge to the moment of creation and freedom.