AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This research investigates the determinants of underperformance among students majoring in English in their textual translation skills. It delves into students' viewpoints on translation and emphasizes the influence of instructional methodologies.Moreover,It is restricted to fourth-year students at Al-Noor University College, during the academic year 2022-2023.
To achieve this, a survey is conducted to gain insights from EFL learners concerning the factors contributing to subpar textual translation. A cohort of twenty-five college students is chosen for the investigation. The findings underscore that the principal obstacle to students' challenges is the employed teaching approach, coupled with inadequate time designated for translation exercises. The research underscores the necessity for heightened emphasis on translation education, specifically textual translation, as students recognize it as a potent tool for effectively conveying the culture of the target language, distinct from free and literary translation forms.

This research deals with the study of the plastic image created by pain and pleasure in the structure of the pre-Islamic poem, by selecting poems from a group of pre-Islamic poets and making (wine) a model for the study in terms of its connection to the factors of psychological mong those poets as a result of the awareness of existence and the realization of its tragic reality, or living through harsh social experiences .So wine was a means of compensation and the creation of a new world that illuminates the darkness of the sou.Thus, the controversy arises between the feeling of pain in reality and the feeling of pleasure that the new world achieves.Wine has always been associated with positive behaviors and actions such as giving and giving, which are qualities that simulate social values that cannot be ignored in the pre-Islamic society, in addition to its importance in the structure of the poem and the link between its paintings, because the manifestation of wine in the structure of the pre-Islamic poem simulates the desire to survive, and the human search for what fulfills those desires.

Conversation is a vital tool for communicating meaningful pieces of interactions. Adjacency pairs are often seen as fundamental units in conversational organization. The form and purpose of a specific pair component, as well as the context beside the stage of the conversation, all play essential roles in determining the meaning and function of an utterance. Each pair has special intended meaning, purpose and function which cannot be fully understood without relying on the context. The present study tends to focus on adjacency pairs within sports interviews with the aim of studying these pairs pragmatically since defining the underlying expectations on which the regularities are founded is difficult.It also aims at examining the adjacency pairs included in the exchanges between the TV interviewers as well as the footballers, finding out the communicative purposes behind the adjacency pairs usage that the player wishes to transmit when being interviewed. The method used for analysis is a mixed one (quantitative and qualitative) to analyze the latest interview for the player. The qualitative analysis examines the content of the utterances descriptively and the quantitative analysis relies on a table, under the interview, that shows the rates of the types of adjacency pairs. The adopted model is an eclectic one which includes Cook's (1989) model of Adjacency Pairs, Van Dijk's (2006) model of Context and Grice's (1975) model of Cooperative Principles.

The poems of Mansoor Mahmood Alhilou has not been studied before and this research is considered the first to study his poems rhetorically and his way of writing (repetition) is something distinguishable and colors his poems.The consistency with the structure of the poems are taen into considertion .It is found that repetition has a powerful effect on the poem and rises it.

In general, society, political and economic developments, social traditions are linked to literature and the latter is influenced by them. According to the scale and importance of perjury, literary trends, genres, and forms appear to be proportionate. This is also true of German literature, which deals with the major situations and events that result in a profound transformation of the political and social order and reflects them in a variety of creative works, particularly novels. This study illuminates the 1989–1990 events that resulted in the fall of Berlin Wall, the subsequent breakdown and collapse of the German Democratic Republic, the proclamation of unification with the Federal Republic of Germany, and the literary currents and trends that accompanied these events in Germany and its effects on East German writers, as well as the ongoing literary Germany - Germany struggle. This phenomenon was noteworthy in the history of German writing during this time and lasted for at least 10 years. It occupied the press and the media and served as inspiration for many aspiring young writers. The events of these years significantly influenced the emergence of new currents, including "transformation literature" or "transformation novels," "pop literature," "immigrant literature," "the wonder girl" literature, and other currents, as well as a reversion to previously popular literary techniques and trends. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries witnessed, among other things, a resurgence of literary literature, which is evident in their works, particularly the novels. Additionally, writers addressed the issues of identity, the fall of the wall, and the renaissance of the myth, which they used to express the perception of reality.

This study deals with the poem Two Images written by the Iraqi poet Abd al – Wahab born and raised in Mosul. It is one of the most famous poems in his collection (Intuition on a special mirror). The poem was chosen carefully to enrich the Iraqi creative production, in addition to the respectable fame of the artist Abd al – Wahab Ismael in the field of Iraqi poetry. The analytical aspect is followed in reading the text and its comparison depending on social and political contexts. The current study consists of four section starting with an introduction displaying the importance of identifying the reader’s role in highlightening the situations and their varieties according to the different readings to reach the real semantic understanding of the structure of the text. The first section identifies the title effect on the text and vice versa with reference to the importance of each in understanding the text semantically. Section two tackles (the semantic aspect) of the poem’s sections by making a semantic balance between the two images. The third section determines studying the texts rhythm. revealing the elegant style of the text vocabularies. The last section (the lexical aspect) determines the text language which is characterized as a realistic, unambiguous, simple and uncomplex. Finally, the research ends up with the main results

The article examines aspects of the emergence and deveopment of the abbreviations "DAISH" and "ISIS" in the Russian and Arabic languages and new lexemes created on their basis, as well as the linguistic and extralinguistic features of modern Arabic and Russian languages, reflected in the Internet texts of the public - political themes. A comparative analysis of word-formation features, spelling features and semantic functions of the abbreviations "DAISH" and "ISIS" in Russian and Arabic texts has been carried out. Cases of using these abbreviations and words derived from them in figurative meanings are described. The facts of such use testify to a clear tendency for the metaphorical use of the abbreviations “Daesh” and “ISIS”, as well as the lexemes derived from them, in meanings that carry negative semantics. The features of the use and ethno-cultural specificity of the original Arabic abbreviation in Russian-language texts of a socio-political orientation are noted. Based on samples of modern Arabic and Russian texts, the study determines the synonymy of meanings and the absence of homonymous sound and spelling of the term "DAISH" in these two languages. The historical progress of the original abbreviation "Daesh" is dynamic. The studied material reflects a stable variant of graphic writing in Arabic. There is also an increase in the communicative and pragmatic significance of the Arabic abbreviation "DAISH", along with the Russian one, due to the frequent use of the lexeme to give a negative-evaluative nature of the meaning, the words formed from this language unit also play an important role. The activity of word-formation processes with the use of the abbreviations "DAISH" and "ISIS" as root morphemes is noted, as well as the transition of these words and their derivatives from a narrow sphere of use to the number of widely used lexemes with a figurative meaning - while maintaining negative semantics..

The environment is the fundamental factor in the production of poetry and it is often said that a poet is a product of their environment. The environment is what creates a clear influence on poets. Poetic imagery is a reflection of reality; it is the environment's impact on the poet. The poet paints their image using words infused with emotion and imagination. Poets often use similes, a technique adopted by pre-Islamic poets.It is found that the pre-Islamic environment differs from the urban Abbasid environment, which altered the psyche of the poets. They employed clear and simple language in their poetic imagery. The imagery in the poetry of Khuraydah al-Qasr and Jaridah al-'Asr is marked by two main aspects:
First, they followed the ancient poets' tradition in employing imagery in praise, eulogy, and love poetry, often using long verses with multiple rhymes. Second, the Abbasid environment influenced poets to use beautiful imagery by describing palaces, gardens, and rivers. Most of these images were drawn from nature. Additionally, they introduced new barren imagery that had not been used by previous poets. Abbasid poets became more cultured due to cultural exchange with other peoples.

This article discusses the translation of the noun, which is one of the most difficult and controversial tasks for some people. It analyzes the features of the translation of the noun from Russian into Arabic and highlights some tactics of their translation. Both languages have different patterns and different word order, as details of morphological markers are presented. The aims of this article is to present ways of translating parts of speech from Russian into Arabic.Furthermore, to provide an explanation of the morphological markers of parts of speech. The results of the analysis of morphological markers of parts of speech from Russian to Arabic reflects that there is no doubt that language is one of the most important means of self-expression, communication and mutual understanding between people, and each nation has its own language and its own specifics. Moreover, the process of transmitting a message by switching from one language system to another is a technique of transmitting or converting text of the source language into target language using words with direct equivalence, new terms or foreign words identical to the desired language. Currently, the importance of translation is increasing due to the constant development of trade, science, culture, and technology.

Poetry is an emotional state that has different psychological influences. Literature and literary criticism are closely linked to psychology. Any literary work is enveloped in a feeling. What mixes with this feeling are the experience of the creator, the nature of his life, and other factors. Poetry came as a mirror that reflects his spirit and thought. Therefore, his behavior is embedded in his poetic verses, so psychology comes to unveil the interpretation and analysis. When comparing the creative woman and the creative man, it is found that the female poet is more clear with regard to emotions, and she reveals her feelings insinuatingly and frankly.This research will present two of the psychological phenomena evident in the poetry of Andalusian poets: With self and boldness, to shed light on it and interpret its causes and goals.

El legado árabe ha dejado un impacto significativo en la literatura española. Durante la existencia de los musulmanes en la península ibérica, los árabes introdujeron su rica tradición literaria y su sofisticada estética, lo que influyó en el desarrollo de la literatura española. La poesía árabe, con su estructura métrica y temáticas líricas, se fusionó con las formas poéticas españolas existentes. Además, los árabes trajeron consigo importantes obras filosóficas, científicas y literarias que se tradujeron al español y enriquecieron el conocimiento de los escritores españoles. En resumen, la herencia árabe ha dejado una huella duradera en la literatura española, enriqueciendo su expresión artística y su diversidad cultural.

Este artículo se enmarca en una serie de trabajos que describen la situación general del aprendizaje del español en la Universidad de Bagdad / Facultad de Lenguas / Departamento de Español, único centro en Iraq donde se enseña el español en todo el país. El trabajo actual representa una parte de esta serie y trata una de las problemáticas de la enseñanza del español en general, la dificultad del modo de subjuntivo. El objetivo de esta serie es delinear un panorama de aspectos considerados como típicos e investigar sus orígenes que normalmente se argumentan para explicarlos. Este trabajo no procura solamente compilar una colección de fallos ni errores que cometen los estudiantes que estudian el español como lengua extranjera, sino también presenta una propuesta que ayuda a utilizar correctamente las estructuras del subjuntivo.

Poetry is a single structure that is coherent with each other and is coherent in terms, we cannot think about details or separate elements. The poetic image in the mind of the producer and the recipient alike is of the highest importance in terms of the exchange of roles in my productions, before the creator, after moments of reflection and creativity, during certain reactions in life, nature, and the environment of the creator of the text, through the transmission through the channels of the poetic language that transcends logic and violates the laws of language. Naturalism is a defect in the mentality of the receiver, who in turn works on the process of separation based on this image in a completely opposite process to the formations before the product. In this study, we have focused on the poet Arif al-Saadi as one of the most important poets of the 19th generation movement, and he is a leading poet in the field, who gained wide and important fame during his poetic works and over a period of more than two decades, and is still a fertile ground for extremely important cognitive and cultural levels, and for the study of experience. Ikhtarna's poetry expresses the aesthetic means of the image in my poem, sending feelings and recognition. That means the transmission of senses (an expression that indicates the sensory perception or describes the sensory perception of a particular sense in the language of another sense) or borrowing a sense to function as a description of another sense. It becomes fragrant visuals, and in that the expression of feelings (so that all human senses interact in the crucible of feelings, which takes the emotional state and illuminates the pictorial burst, and the various cards add beauty and clarity to the picture through the interaction between the different senses that make up consciousness and feeling. Sending emotions gives the poet the opportunity to exploit inspiration in one or more senses, thereby intensifying the poem and focusing in the desired direction, in addition to this, sending emotions enriches the language. It also means that the poet moves away from the usual context of the word that expresses our feeling, and transfers it to other words of feeling, thereby diversifying the ways of expressing the same feeling Poetry text. But the identification: it is the color of the colors of the metaphorical image, and it is a stylistic feature of the transference of all the things from the worlds to the last world, pulsing with life, and the poetic text acquires a special poetic quality, because it has a spiritual power, in addition to the power, to influence the mind of the recipient.

Translation is important in every society in the world because it destroys language barriers between countries. Through translation we can communicate with others despite the difference in languages. The translation activity is a tool to solve communication problems and build bridges between heterogeneous cultural groups, which react to different social, religious, historical circumstances, etc. Therefore, translation has a communicative objective, which allows overcoming the obstacles established by the cultural linguistic differences found between the interlocutors. This study shows basic concepts about the translation process such as its classes, its strategies, its competencies, as well as the errors that are made when translating from one language to another.

Textual coherence-consistency-harmony-Sultan Al-Qasimi-reality play A mirror image.

Rahsad Nori Guntekin is one of the most sıgnıfıcant authors in Turkısh literature in the twentieth century who wrote stories, novels and, plays during the republican era.
Guntekin was born ın 1889 in Üsküdar district in Istabnbul province and died in 1956. His book titled Pain, is one of the most successful writings that he wrote during his life that lasted 67 years during which he wrote many significant works in literature.
In his literay works, Guntekin uses Turkish language in a highly skillful manner where he narrates the life story of one of the teachers mentioned in the novel Ajımak or Pain which is a small-scale novel where he narrates the life story of a child who was badly treated in his childhood and that left an impact on his psychological state. What he meant to approach was the pain sensations as time went and when this child grew up, his father died. And after that he started to read the journals written by his father. Due to this ill-treatment, he faced the truth of some facts. This novel is rich in its literay and psychological siginificance and at the same time it is undoubtedly one of the important novels in the Turkish literature.

This research aims to monitor the contributions of the descendants of Zayd the Martyr (d.121 ) The Zaidis assumed important and varied positions in the institutions of the caliphate, out of belief by the Abbasid caliphate in their capabilities to manage what was entrusted to them, especially since they had the scientific qualities and capabilities that led to their proficiency in the jobs assigned to them.In addition to their dedication and sincerity in their duties in the service of the Abbasid caliphate, which contributed to giving a bright picture of the Zaydi families serving the Islamic community based on their good management of the tasks they assumed.

The development of creative thinking minds depends on the availability of stimuli in the environment, because most minds in performance necessarily need to motivate and consult them to perform the work entrusted to them by exposing them to a set of stimuli.
Our knowledge of the superior consulting capabilities of our students and the methods used in processing information and their perceptual preferences helps to understand the academic difficulties faced by some of them and provides the objective foundations that ensure overcoming or alleviating these difficulties, as well as the balance of psychological and educational reality for our students is in addition to our knowledge balance, and they are future creative men in facing challenges and building society. The current research aims to identify: -
1- Sensory-cognitive preferences of outstanding students?
2- Superior arousal abilities of outstanding students?
3-The nature of the correlation between sensory-cognitive preferences and superior arousal abilities in outstanding students?
The research sample consisted of (500) male and female students, (323) male and (177) female students from three secondary schools in Baghdad / Al -Rusafa .
The Fleming VARK 1987 scale was applied to sensory-perceptual preferences after ensuring the translation and truthfulness of the translation and with some modifications to suit the research sample, which consists of four sub-scales (visual - audio - reading - written - kinetic) and each paragraph consists of four alternatives (A, B, C, D) and the scale of superior excitation capabilities was also built in line with technological development, the world of virtualities and developments in technological progress at the present time and we are in 2022 in line with the aspirations of the new generation. After processing the data statistically, the results showed that outstanding students have superior arousal abilities in arousal (psychomotor, sensory, imaginary, mental, and emotional), and there is a positive relationship between motor preference and superior consulting abilities and an inverse relationship with reading preference, while there is no statistically significant relationship between visual and auditory preference and superior consulting abilities when outstanding students. Finally, the researcher develops a number of recommendations and proposals.

Hume was able to build his philosophy on the basis of the experimental method. The certainty he wanted to reach was through experience and sensory perceptions. As for the role of the mind, it was to analyze the information that reaches us through sensory perceptions.Therefore, moral discourse relied on emotions and emotions on the basis that the moral emotion issued by any human being depends on an internal sense or feeling that nature has instilled in the human race.Virtue, for example, is everything that gives a person a feeling of approval, and vice, on the contrary, represents everything that gives him an unpleasant feeling. Thus, moral judgment - according to Hume's opinion - is not derived from the judgments of reason, because the judgments of reason determine what is.According to Hume, human knowledge is due to the mind’s perceptions, which consist of two types: (impressions and ideas). The first type represents perceptions that enter the mind and includes (feelings, emotions). As for the second type, ideas are the faint images in thinking and reasoning that we form from impressions. Our human nature sends images of our sensory impressions to our thoughts, including our congenital thoughts, which are the result of images of our sensory impressions. This sense is imprinted with a certain effect that forms images of this impression, so we form the congenital idea.This is how the moral discourse was towards knowledge and reason. Moral principles are real and realistic and depend on direct sensory perception through which we distinguish between good and evil.
As for his moral discourse towards religion, his view towards religion was one of atheism, as he believed in multiple gods.His discourse towards politics was represented in not relying on issues related to human nature and the realities of human society. He considered the idea of justice to be one of the moral virtues through which we can resolve the conflicts that exist in society and ensure the rule of order in it.

The Egyptian thinker Hassan Hanafi was preoccupied with the concerns and problems of his time, as well as those of the contemporary Arab reality. The same question which is still being asked, why the Arabs were late and others advanced? In addition to the challenges imposed by the West on its lands, such as occupation, hegemony and wars, the need arose. Renewal of Arab thought to preserve the Arab-Islamic identity, the land...etc.; So, Hassan Hanafi turned to the sources of current Arab thought represented by the revelation (the Glorious Qur’an) to come up with a new reading that serves human interests after previous interpretations neglected the problems of reality and were preoccupied with the divine essence and attributes. The revelation, in his opinion, is a speech from Man to God, who seeks for the truth, to answer man’s questions and concerns, as stated in the reasons for revelation, and it is developing with the development of reality. As expressed in the abrogator and the abrogated, in addition to that, the independence of man in mind and will after the conclusion of the era of prophecy and revelation... so the mind became the heir of prophecy. Revelation was also considered a reference to the mind because it represents the experiences of past ages, so it can be achieved as a real system in the world.

The current study aims to identify the Effect of Lee's Strategy on the Acquisition of Arabic Grammar among Middle School Students. To fulfill this goal, the researcher adopts an experimental design with partial control, including a specific test. The researcher intentionally chose “Sahl Bin Suhail Secondary School” which is affiliated with Baghdad Al-Rusafa /Third District. The number of the second-year intermediate classes in this school was two classes. The researcher randomly chose two groups: the experimental group that consists of 37 students who studied Arabic grammar using Lee’s strategy, and the other group consists of 38 students who studied Arabic grammar using the traditional method. After identifying the scientific material , the researcher formulated the behavioral objectives whose total number, at the end of the experiment, became 60. The researcher prepared the teaching plans, and examples of them were presented to the experts.
The researcher drafted the items of his test, and he presented them to the experts to choose what was appropriate for his research to represent the research tool. Accordingly, the researcher prepared a test to measure the acquisition of Arabic grammar, consisting of 25 items, in three questions (i.e., multiple choices, representation with useful sentences, and true and false), distributed among the six levels of Bloom’s Cognitive Taxonomy. After applying the experiment that lasted a full semester, the researcher applied the tool on the research sample by using several statistical methods, including a test for two independent samples analysis of variance. Finally, the study resulted in the following: the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the second group in acquiring the Arabic grammar, and the differences were statistically significant between the students of the two groups.
Among the most important conclusions are:
1. Lee’s strategy is privileged over the traditional method in increasing the acquisition of Arabic grammar among second-year intermediate students.
2. The effectiveness of teaching increases with Lee’s strategy when it comes to the subjects that have hierarchical structures of information, including Arabic grammar.
In light of these results, recommendations can be made, including:
1. Adopting Lee’s strategy in teaching Arabic grammar in order to reorganize the learned material with what exists in the learners’ previous cognitive structure.
2. The need to train male and female Arabic grammar teachers on Lee’s strategy and include them in in-service training courses.
The researcher suggested a number of proposals, including:
1. Apply this study on other educational levels.
2. Use this study for the purpose of demonstrating the effect of its independent variable according to the gender variable.

The study aimed to identify the effect of the proposed remedial program in reducing psychological stress among the students of the Institute of Teachers Preparation, while the research hypotheses were the existence of statistically significant differences between the control group and the experimental group in the psychological stress test and in favor of the experimental group. The research sample included (20) female students from the Institute The preparation of the parameters / first stage / were chosen by the method. The research sample was divided into two control and experimental groups with (10) students for each group. The proposed program was applied to the experimental research sample. The researcher chose the psychological stress scale, which aims to reduce stress, anxiety and tension for the students. As for the behavioral treatment program, which consists of (8) treatment sessions at two sessions per week, which aims to replace negative thoughts with positive ones. The researcher used the (Mann-Whitney) test for small identical samples in statistical treatments. The results of the research proved that the proposed cognitive behavioral treatment program had a clear effect in reducing psychological stress among Students of the Institute of Teachers Preparation.

The current study aims to use geographic information systems software, and topographical and geological maps in the process of derivation and cartographic representation of indicators of tectonic activity to valley basins south of Mount Kira, which are represented by indicators of stream length and degree of slope (SL) and the indicator of the ratio of the width of the valley floor to the height of the valley (VF), the topographic symmetry factor index (T), the asymmetry factor index (AF), the mountain front meander index (Smf), the basin shape index (Bs), and finally the relative tectonic activity index (Iat).It has been revealed through the final classification of tectonic activity indicators that the ten basins of the valleys of the study area fall into three categories, which is a category with very high tectonic activity and includes the valleys of Wadi Batadim and Dar Halal. As for the second category, represented by high tectonic activity, it includes the basins of the valleys of Davro, Babak, and Kandalus. The third category, which has moderate tectonic activity, includes the valleys of Al-Wala, Jalal, Jem Mashko, Asaki, and Horiz basins.

The research deals with multiple definitions of natural reserves, their importance, the reasons for their establishment and their types, as well as the location of the study area, which has a great role in possessing this region a lot of natural ingredients, its geological structure, which is characterized by extreme diversity depending on what the earth layers contain. It is divided into two terrain regions, the first is the mountainous region which prevails the northern and northeastern sides with a height of (3600-1000) m, and the second is the semi-mountainous region and is located to the south of the first region with an altitude of (250-1000) m, and the mountains (Heybet Sultan, Bawaji and Bayramam) represent the natural borders between the two regions.
The mountainous region in the study area is characterized by the ideal temperatures to attract the population (18-25) degrees Celsius and the degree of comfort in the months (May, June, July, August, September and October) at Mercosur station, Choman and Rwanduz and at Soran station in the months (April, May and (September and October), as for the semi-mountainous region in Erbil and Koya station, we find ideal temperatures in the spring and autumn months, especially the months (April, May, October and November), there are water resources of all kinds, surface and groundwater, in all directions of the study area The proposed reserves have a distinct inter-regional system in the region (endemic animal and plant groups) whether in value or scarcity in addition to the biological diversity of the life patterns in them. (12) sites have been identified as natural reserves that differ from each other in area and astronomical location. ) natural reserves, and in the semi-mountainous region (3) reserves only. And natural reserves are considered the basic structure in a sound environmental management, especially reserves close to tourist areas, to benefit from tourism income for the benefit of the local population and to preserve environmental resources. The basic environmental elements (climate, landscapes, water bodies and natural formations) that are distinguished to create an environment that is conducive to tourism development, and to find a mechanism to follow up and implement them, and to intensify education and awareness programs at all levels and the participation of government agencies and NGOs with direct government intervention.

Knowing the qualitative characteristics of water is of great importance because the physical and chemical characteristics determine the quality of water and the field that can benefit from this water. Water quality depends on several interrelated and interrelated factors, which include the climate, the geological situation in the region, the topographical and hydrological situation of the basin area, the content of negative and positive ions and other elements, which determine the dominance of certain processes in the water. Their relative importance varies significantly due to the difference in use within the drainage basin. These elements do not only determine the use of water, but also determine the area in which it represents the most benefit from water.

This study aims to identify the ingredients of family cohesion, to reveal the relationship between the ingredients of family cohesion and its implications for community cohesion, and to reach recommendations that contribute to activating family cohesion and the reality of community cohesion. The study seeks the answer to key question: What are the ingredients of family cohesion and their implications for community cohesion?
The study worked on the sociological analytical method; studying the ingredients of family cohesion and its implications for the community cohesion, through a critical presentation of the research heritage on family and community cohesion as an analytical attempt to some previous studies related to the subject of the research. To provide a scientific study on the impact of these ingredients and reach scientific results and recommendations that show the importance of family cohesion in achieving community cohesion.
The study concluded that family cohesion is an important part of the great interest in community cohesion, and great foundations are built on it in bringing about the required community development, which necessitates the need to pay attention to the family, and the family cohesion index, in the community construction. The study also found that the ingredients of family cohesion are important and multiple (structural, psychological, economic, health and religious), and all of them must be taken into consideration, to achieve family cohesion that produces a good family that respects each other’s members and is effective in community development. and sustainable required. At the level of community cohesion, the study showed that the ingredients of family cohesion have great repercussions on societal cohesion, as they are directly proportional to achieving them (as a percentage), meaning that the stronger the ingredients of family cohesion, the greater the community cohesion.
The study recommends the need to pay attention to family and community cohesion, and to develop many programs aimed at strengthening and raising awareness of these aspects, in addition to increasing the studies and scientific research in this area.

Social processes as a model of interaction tend towards standardization over time. Thus, temporal change and continuity are constant and fundamental features of the human condition. From this perspective, the typical use of the concept of change) applied only when the normal situation changes radically and rapidly ( involves several troubling claims, including the idea that stagnation is natural and that only change needs to be explained. In fact, the alternative is to think of our main topics, including society, culture, and nature, as a process that unfolds over time, and to show the changes that have occurred in them. Social anthropologists have always understood any human activity as closely linked to all other aspects of human existence (and vice versa). If we want to understand social change, we need concepts that allow us to monitor and describe change events. Entrepreneurship is one of the most important concepts that plays a major role in explaining the dynamics of societies, as it is the primary material for understanding these processes. The argument in this paper is that the concept of entrepreneurship is universal and the term should not be reduced to the common concept of business and legal creation. The dynamic nature of a society, or tendency to change, is often observed in the proliferation of entrepreneurs. The research seeks to understand and understand entrepreneurship and its role in bringing about processes of social change, by presenting multiple cultural perspectives on the concept, while maintaining a certain degree of clarity and precision in what the concept means... and showing the ways in which, the entrepreneur creates activities and practices that give new dynamic values to societies on the planet. Its different cultures.

This research aims to find out the impact of feminist protest on women's economic demands for improvement, her economic, social and political situation, as well as highlighting the feminist movement's theme in Iraq and its importance in addressing the problems that women suffer from. The feminist movement is meant as the movement that makes changes affect women by changing their status in society. As for ideology, it is Feminism thought which considers the patriarchal system a male or patriarchal system, which is the cause of oppression of women throughout history. Therefore, this research seeks to answer the following questions: Did the women's movement in Iraq after 2003 contribute to influencing economic and political and social reform for women? What are the most important demands that the women's movement focused on in Iraq? as well as what are the intellectual trends of the feminist movement and their impact on achieving women's demands?

This research examines the impact of social media on social habits in the UAE family in light of the coronavirus pandemic, such as modifying them for hospitality and visiting habits, as well as marriage habits, was based on the analytical descriptive curriculum, and was based on a measure aimed at knowing this impact, through the study community, institutions in the Kalba region of the United Arab Emirates. The sample consisted of 400 municipal workers, the Department of Social Services and a number of educational institutions. It is found that social media played an important role in communication between individuals under the pandemic, and in congratulations and blessings. In addition to the impact of the epidemic on the family's financial and social aspects and on the confinement of marriage to family parties, which has contributed to reducing the costs of marriage, the researcher recommendes that the epidemic commit itself to changing habits such as lack of opulence and discretion in marriage parties, and that such means should be monitored to prevent their use in spreading false news.

Punitive institutions are considered among the social institutions that seek to achieve their preventive goals by rehabilitating criminals in order to preserve the internal system of this institution, and in application of the applicable social policy aimed at bringing about a change in the behavior of individuals. The researcher in the current study followed the desk reaserches when reviewing the literature and sources in his study Theory. The researcher employed the structural and functional theory in explaining and clarifying the services provided in the correctional institutions. Through the structural-functional theory, the institution's practice of its functions is based on an institutional structure that is progressive and conscious of its performance of functions. Therefore, the relationship between the inmate and the institution is a conscious relationship, meaning that it is specific, and the institution is his awareness of the extent of the services it provides to him. The constructive-functional approach begins in its analysis of the prison by looking at it as a geographical environment for a human society, in which those in it have stable, solid and similar relationships with their counterparts in every prison in the world, regardless of its location, type and nationality of its inmates

The study aimed to identify the Abuse against people with physical disabilities in public facilities in the UAE. To achieve the study objectives, a social survey methodology was utilized using a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The study was conducted on a purposive non-probability sample of 90 individuals with disabilities from the Emirati community. The study yielded several key findings, including the following: The highest age group represented was 18-25 years, predominantly male, and most of the sample consisted of Emirati individuals with a secondary education level. Regarding the forms of abuse, there was a high prevalence of harassment and bullying against people with physical disabilities by others. The study also found a statistically significant relationship between place of residence, educational level, employment status, housing situation, and the occurrence of Abuse against people with physical disabilities in public facilities. As for the resulting effects on people with physical disabilities who experienced mistreatment, the highest impact was social isolation, while the highest impact on the families of those individuals was a feeling of helplessness due to their inability to protect their child. The study provided several recommendations, including the establishment of dedicated helpline numbers for reporting incidents of Abuse against people with physical disabilities