Journal of Imam Al-Kadhum College

The issue of scientific thinking represents one of the cultural and anthropological problems according to which nations, peoples, and groups are divided. This is done with excessive epistemological severity when it comes to intellectual projection that is the associated concomitant of the clash of civilizations. This means that it is a projection that involves a preconceived categorical position, with a superior ideological reference.
In the two periods of Arab history; The first preceded Islam, and the second emanating from it. The Arab mind has been exposed to something not easy from this destructive epistemological criticism, to varying degrees, and at various times, and this happened - sometimes with bad intentions, and at other times with good intentions -
In this study, we are trying to reveal an aspect of the reality of the Arab mind with a linguistic, anthropological, neutral approach, far from civilized self-punishment on the one hand, and its ideological missionary narcissism on the other.

Ibn Ishaq relied on a group of narrators who transmitted the historical news about the childhood of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family). As a result, the totality of his narrations was few and had something of a miraculous nature, as if they were influenced by the system of holiness and the attention to its ideas or to make the narrations more acceptable in Islamic thought, as they talk about the Prophet of Islam Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family), so do you think that Muhammad ibn Ishaq provided all his information The historical narrative that he received from its primary sources, namely, the narrators from among the sons of the Companions and the Followers, or he endeavored to coordinate what he heard and presented his information in a concise manner, or he was unable to provide historical narratives capable of diagnosing the childhood of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family) in all its details, so a historical narrative appeared that simulates The nature of childhood, and since it belongs to the Seal of the Prophets, he made for it a sacred idea that takes care of its apparent embodiment, on which human thought can focus if it reaches the nature of the sacred phenomenon of the marital relationship that took place between the Prophet’s parents and then his birth and breastfeeding. His news, which he wrote down in the Book of Al-Sir and Al-Maghazi, was a nucleus for authenticating the news of the Prophet’s biography, to be approved by the Abbasid authority, and then became the main reference for everyone who wrote or transmitted the news of the era of the message. Birth and then the hour of the parents meeting to be a reason for the birth of the Prophet and then his upbringing and breastfeeding in the desert of Bani Saad.

(Inferring the dispute in the judiciary by witnessing with the oath through inductive jurisprudence)
How to resolve the dispute between scholars: (in judging by witness with an oath)
If the judge wants to rule on a case, then he must rely on the evidence of the plaintiff, which is two just witnesses. The plaintiff's evidence is complete and he did not ask for the defendant's oath. In this case, can the judge pass a witness for him with the defendant's oath? or not ? Here it is necessary to be in detail: with regard to the limits, there is no saying of the scholars to hear the claim abstracted from the complete evidence. As for other than the limits, there are two sayings among the scholars:
First: Those who deny permissibility, and they are a group of scholars from among the common people, and they infer verses from the Noble Qur’an and prophetic hadiths.
Second: Those who say that it is permissible, and they are the Imamiyya and a group with them from among the scholars from among the common people. Often .

The research is concerned with studying the subject of the divisions of speech in the Arab heritage specifically with Abi Al-Aswad Al-Du’ali, and what his newspaper dictated to him from the Commander of the Faithful Ali, Ali, represented a defining document for the divisions of Arabic speech that drew the features of the issue away from rational philosophy and logic. normative foundation when they went to defend it, invoking rational rational rules; This matter was a reason to open the door for discussion among the modernists who refused to be submissive to logical strictness, so they went to search for divisional alternatives until the Nuba reached Dr. Tammam Hassan and his book (The Arabic Language and Its Meaning) when he brought the three sections to seven with his descriptive approach after the justifications that called him to mention For this.
The research sought to delve into, discuss and analyze the issue between Abi Al-Aswad and Tammam Hassan in a critical manner, and to clarify the truth of the matter by combining the normative and descriptive approach, while accepting the descriptiveness of what was mentioned in the Al-Dawliah newspaper.

Abstract :Talking about direct and indirect verbal acts in the pragmatic research literature corresponds to talking about literal interrogation and metaphorical interrogation in the Arab linguistic heritage because if the meaning of the utterance is the same as what the sender wants to achieve in complete conformity, indicating his intent, then it is a direct verbal act, but if it contradicts what the sender wants to achieve, it is an indirect verbal act. Since it was sent indirectly, the sender's goal was clear in what it meant. The same is true of both literal and metaphorical questioning. The speaker's freshness of mind (the simultaneous realization of direct and indirect verbs) could be completely divorced from its literal meaning and transformed to signify the speaker's intended meaning. The deliberative have separated themselves into two groups due to the intense debate that this problem has caused among the masters of deliberation. The other team maintains that the utterance is separated from its original meaning and given a new meaning. Indirectness is using the literal meaning to attain a second meaning through it. Similarly to how the concept of indirect speech action was articulated in broad terms in Arab heritage and how this theory was clearly referenced,

Man bases his understanding of the surroundings on similar images which he compares in his mind with the reality he experiences in his marching to facts. Human nature believes that there is an example or a model seen and then its action, saying and verification is copied and the Holy Qur’an refers to this fact by saying “And you had a good example in the Messenger of Allah.” Accordingly, it is necessary to try to pick out a model related to representation (representative methodology) that has rules, criteria and types as other scholarly methodologies such as the descriptive, historical and contrastive because the structure of human thought always tends to use representation to reach the facts of things.

This paper studies the human need to know the rules that govern the movement of history in its formation and orientation,and follow those rules in the Qur’anic content, and reveal their methods, characteristics, forms and differentiate between the field of rules in the historical context, and assimilate them to be present and make use of them in the future

Praise be to God, we praise Him, seek His help, seek His forgiveness, and repent to Him, and prayers and peace be upon His chosen Prophet, the God of the pure, and his good companions. As for what follows: - The country of Yemen witnessed, at the end of the era of the Sulayhid state, a state of chaos and political instability as a result of the manifestations of weakness that appeared on the state clearly. The Sulayhid state had that weakness, and their souls yearned for independence with what was under their hands. The Yemeni tribal leaders also showed a desire for independence and liberation, not being subject to a central government and returning to local sovereignty, which led to the disintegration of the country of Yemen into tribal entities, so the Banu Yam took advantage of these conditions and took control On the city of Sana’a, the largest and most important city in Yemen from an economic and political point of view, and the focus of attention of all Yemeni political forces that aspire to extend their influence over all parts of Yemen. Yam, they are the family of Al Hatim bin Al Ghashim, the family of Hisham bin Al Qubaib, and the family of Hatim bin Ahmed. This tribe had an important political role in Sana’a, especially for the period (492-585 AH) and the country of Yemen in general for the period (585-597 AH(

The name of "Abdullah Bin Saba" was mentioned in the books of history, literature and doctrines that covered the events of sedition in the killing of the Caliph Othman, and portrayed by those sources as the mastermind of the conflicts that ended with the death of the Caliph, and the fingers of some contemporary writers met those news without examination, and scrutiny to weave their well-known theory that "Ibn Saba" was a supporter of Ali Bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and the founder of Shiite beliefs such as will and return, and inspired the ideas of the most prominent companions of Imam "Ali are Abu Zar and Ammar. Through this research, we try to shed light on the research of "Dr. Jawad Ali", the Iraqi academic, who is considered a pioneer in rejecting the opinions of contemporary writers through his study of the roots of the news of "Ibn Saba" in the sources, and scrutiny, interview and criticism of Matna and Sanad to reach the conclusion that "Ibn Saba" is an impersonated character planted in the deepest of sources for one purpose, which is to degrade the Shiites only.

The conquest of Islam for Spain was the beginning of a new era, and a great development began in its public life and in its social systems. The era of the conquest was afflicted and exhausted by injustice and abuse, and the fees of slavery and servitude were imposed on it, and all freedoms and sanctuaries were permitted from it, so Islam came to eliminate all of that, and to bear the blessings of justice Freedom and equality for all people, and to give everyone his right, to suppress oppression and injustice, to achieve prosperity and bliss, and to spread justice and equality in all parts of Spain and the surrounding areas.
The importance of the topic: It deals with one of the pages of the Islamic presence in Europe, specifically in Andalusia, and despite all that the Muslim Arabs have provided for eight centuries, the Christians of Spain and Europe in general, however, refuse to deny that and start aggressive campaigns to expel Muslims from Spain and cross to the other bank in terms of They crossed.
And the reason for choosing the topic: is to shed light on the terrorism that was practiced against Muslims and their presence in Andalusia, which has become, thanks to the Muslim Arabs, a Qibla and beacon of science, culture and religious tolerance.
The research has been divided into an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion in which the most important conclusions reached by the researcher, and a list of sources and references arranged according to the alphabetical letter of the Arabic letter. In the first topic, we reviewed the movement of recovery and economic attrition, the second topic: military attrition, and the third topic: the missionary method.
Upon completing his research, the researcher concluded the following:
The standing of Zaragoza (the eastern gate of Andalusia) in the face of the Crusader challenge coming from France and the northern Spanish kingdoms after the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate (442 AH / 1031 AD) and the emergence of the era of Taifa kings, when the Banu Hood took over its rule (in 40 AH / 1038 AD) and ended with its fall at the hands of the Almoravids (in 503 AH). /1109 AD). The research begins by talking about the change in the balance of power in Spain in favor of the Spanish kingdoms, which used two methods to destroy the opponent: economic attrition and military attack, which came to fruition by bringing down Prechter (456 AH / 1064 AD) one of the most important cities of the administration of Zaragoza by a campaign that came out of France under the direction of the Pope, which confirms its Crusader reality .
The research goes on to talk about the Islamic reactions to the fall of Brecher and the Bani Hood sought to retrieve it and declare jihad throughout Andalusia, but this did not stop the Spanish advance and their tendency to besiege Zaragoza itself twice, but they were forced to withdraw due to the crossing of the Almoravids from Morocco and began to focus their campaigns supported by France against other cities such as Wachqa and Tatila And they managed to bring them down.
The research ends with a talk about the missionary method in which the Christian Front attempts against the Muslims of Andalusia. Letters addressed to the rulers of Zaragoza, Ahmed bin Hood, began calling him to convert.
The research stopped at one of these messages and the controversy it raised among scholars, and at the end cited its text and the text of the answer of the Andalusian jurist, Abu Al-Walid Al-Baji to it.
The researcher has used many sources and references that dealt with the subject and referred to in the list of sources and references.

With the end of the Cold War, serious questions emerged about the importance and feasibility of NATO's existence, particularly after the demise of the threat to the Soviet Union, but the United States worked hard to maintain, maintain, sustain and sustain this alliance because it saw its loss as abandoning its most effective and influential means of European thinking, as well as working together with non-member states, but had the ambition to work at the global level, so the Alliance continued to adapt Its structure and improved capabilities to keep pace with the post-Cold War world, so nato's loss to the United States could be one of the most important justifications for its leadership of Western countries and thus the reversal of this leadership and control over the rest of the world, as well as the U.S. fear that the loss of this alliance could create competition between it and European countries that could lead in the future to conflict among them.
So the United States did not separate the European and American security, and made it in one crucible, because it realized that it is impossible to eliminate all international forces, but it is possible to contain these forces through relative participation, which makes them revolve around astronomy and American influence, and the best way to contain the growing power of Europe is NATO, which has made strategic decisions whether the security or political of Europe linked in one way or another to NATO, most of whose decisions are U.S. to ensure clear U.S. influence in these resolutions, thereby limiting European aspirations for common security and foreign political independence.
So this research begins to answer the question: How did the United States (NATO) serve its strategic objectives and interests after the danger for which it was created disappeared? It has renewed confidence in the alliance to continue as the main expression of American interests on the European continent, and the main point linking the two sides of the Atlantic, so it has worked to employ the alliance militarily — security, politically, economically, ideologically and technologically to serve its strategic objectives and interests, and to contain competing and potential forces.
To answer the above, the overall structure of the research was three investigations. The first is to address the post-Cold War policy of the United States of America towards NATO. The second topic included the policy of the United States of America, NATO and the post-Cold War challenges, while the third was the development of nato's structure by the United States and the search for enemies.

The research aims: to know the effect of the "Anticipation Guide strategy" on the achievement of history for fourth-grade students of middle school.
The researcher: used the experimental desìgn with partial control with the post achievement test.
Division –A- of the fourth literary grade, "Al-Thawra Preparatory School" for Boys, was determined to represent the experimental group: that is taught according to the "Anticipation Guide strategy", and Division –B- represented the control group that studies the traditional teaching method. The number of students was -70- students, with -35- students in each Collection. The two groups were rewarded in the variables: chronological age, intelligence. The researcher prepared the research tool, the achievement test, and the validity and reliability of the tool were verified. The :-T-test- test was used to process the data:, and the results showed the superiority of the experimental group that was studied according to the Anticipation Guide strategy in achievement, and the researchers recommended using the wave prediction strategy in teaching.

The current research aimed to identify digital literacy and support it electronically in the light of the theory of self-report for Students of Preparatory stage and the current study population was determined by students of the preparatory schools of the Directorate of Education of Baghdad Governorate Rusafa 3 morning study, and the research sample consisted of (300) male and female students by (148) males and (152) Females, they were selected by the method of random stratification proportional from (6) school, and to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared a digital literacy scale consisting of (57) items Distributed to five areas according to the theory of self-report because there is no scale for this variable, The research reached the following results:
1-Students of Preparatory stage have digital literacy.
2- There are statistically significant differences in digital literacy according to the theory of self-report for Students of Preparatory stage, according to the variables of gender in favor of males and specialization in favor of science. According to these results, the researcher came up with a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to find out the development of the level of meta-motivation among middle and high school students, according to the variables of age and gender, and to reveal the significance of the difference in the level of meta-motivation between the categories of each of the variables of age (11, 13, 15, 17) years and gender (male, female). . To achieve these goals, the researcher selected a sample consisting of (200) male and female students, with (50) students from the fourth grade of primary school who are (9) years old, and (50) students from the sixth grade students who are (12) years old, and ( 50 students from the third intermediate grade who are (15) years old, and (50) students from the fifth grade middle school who are (17) years old and of both sexes equally.

Phishing is one of the most prominent technical means aimed at get the personal data of Internet users, such as credit card details, passwords for their accounts, and their real names, and using that data for illegal purposes. network by asking him to enter a specific link or put a number to call him to enable the phisher to seize his personal data, disable his phone or computer, or spy on him.

The Person appearing in advertisements is one of the most important elements in with regard to its design, and it is an effective tool in achieving communication goals because it often depends on the process of stimulating the recipient’s motives towards emulating this character. The most important reasons that drive advertisers to resort to famous artists, football players, athletes, or famous cartoon characters, as well as their recruitment of persons with scientific competence to influence and persuade the recipient of the importance of purchasing the advertised product
The personality appearing in the advertisement is the core of the whole advertisement, and the recipient is attracted, affected, and remembers the advertisement based on the personality that presents it, in addition to its simulation of their personal characteristics, clothes, and actions, regardless of their suitability to the habits, customs, and values of the recipient of the advertising message. This Played by the personality appearing in the advertisement considered as a model that seeks to influence the consumer behavior of the public by simulating the behavior of the personality in consuming the advertised product.
With that being said, the research aims to identify the role of this personality in conveying the advertising message and in its ability to attract attention, arouse interest, preserve information and influence the audience's preferences, as well as learn the public how to target it and benefit from the advertised products, thus prompting the public to buy the advertised good and service.
The most important finding of this study is that the personality shown in the advertisement makes the product more attractive and helps in remembering the advertisement, especially at the time of seeing the advertised product displayed in the markets, and that this personality has an important influence in learning the recipient how to use the product. As for the most prominent thing that attracts the recipient in the features of the characters shown in the advertisement, is the appearance and clothes that this character.

The function of administrative control is one of the old jobs as old as the state itself, as it is “one of the oldest functions carried out by the state since ancient history until know time, and also” it is one of the necessary and necessary functions to protect society as a whole, and also one of the functions that are used to protect and protect public order within the state. , whether in normal circumstances or in exceptional circumstances, since without the function of administrative control, chaos prevails, turmoil prevails, and the balance is disturbed in society. The function of administrative control has expanded in the modern time, both for developing countries that “administrative control is largely a tool of governance, and as for the developed countries in which administrative control has become a means of management to ensure that individuals respect the state’s systems and laws, the function of administrative control is one of the first The duties of the state and the most important of them, as “the function of administrative control is a social necessity that we see in all modern societies, and this is due to the fact that preventing harm is more successful than treating it after it has occurred.

Since man created the judiciary as a means of resolving disputes, and striving diligently to surround this means with principles and guarantees that promote and clear it of any suspicion that weaken its confidence or a reason to object or question it, hence many principles that came back as a shield which immunizes the judiciary and protects it from any suspicion or impurity. The principle of judicial security was one of those principles, and perhaps, without exaggeration, we could say that it is one of the most prominent ones, despite the recent appearance of this principle, it came with effects and results that positively affect judges and litigants alike.
Since taxes are one of the most important matters that affect the financial position of individuals, the issue of existence of an independent and impartial judiciary is one of the issues that has imposed itself strongly when talking about the extent to which the principle of judicial security can be achieved within the tax judicial environment. On the importance of having a competent judicial body to settle tax disputes, as it is one of the most important guarantees advocated by the aforementioned principle.