Philosophy Journal

The Kantian philosopher is considered one of the most prominent philosophers throughout the history of philosophical thought. Kantian philosophy was a point of view for many philosophers and drew the attention of many researchers.
In this research, we have tried to show the extent to which philosophers were influenced by Kant\'s moral philosophers, so we have chosen the philosopher (Nietzsche) who opposes Kant\'s moral philosophy who represented the negative side of Kant’s moral philosophy , and the philosopher (Habermas) who represents the positive side of Kant\'s moral philosophy. From here, our research revolves around the most important issues in which they agreed or opposed Kant. For the purpose of understanding the topic in its various aspects, we have divided the research into two main topics that included multiple axes, as follows:
The first topic / Ethics between the Absolute (Kantian) and the Relativist (Nietzsche), in which we presented the most important ethical concepts in which Kant and Nietzsche differed, and explained the opinion of each of them.
The second topic / The connection of the communicative philosophy of Habermas with the practical philosophy of Kantianism. In this topic, we have shown the connection of communication with morals in philosophy.

It is clear that the idea of the death of God did not begin with Nietzsche, but had already been found in Greek myths before, as it had clear presence in modern philosophy With both Hegel and Feuerbach, until it reached Nietzsche as Reader and in-depth critic of the philosophy that preceded him in general, whether Greek or the hadiths, and the idea of the death of God has several connotations: some of them are ethical ,some are values and religious, and he had a great impact on postmodern philosophers ,especially Michel Foucault, Who is proud of his affiliation with Nietzsche critical thought, and considers him the founding source of his philosophical project, although he did not he writes a lot about Nietzsche. As for Foucault s declaration of the death of man, it is statement that came tiprove the fact that the Sciences produced by this creature were the ones who contributed to killing it, and the became dominant over its existence, until it disappeared and vanished like traces in the sand-as he stated in his book Les mots et Les choses -.Finally, the relationship between the death of God and the death of man become a correlative relationship that leads one to the other in one way or another .

Levinas\\\\'positiononthephenomenologyofintersubjectivehusserlianismisconsideredafundamentalfocusofhismoralphilosophy.CentraltoHusserl\\\\'sphilosophyistheconceptofintersubjectivity,whichreferstotherelationshipbetweenindividualsandsharedexperiencesthatarisethroughsocialinteraction.Levinasarguesinhisworkthatintersubjectivityisnotjustacognitiveorempiricalprocess-asdemandedbyHusserl-,butafundamentalmoralresponsibility.Accordingtohim,intersubjectivityisnotlimitedtoasimplemeetingoftwopeoplebutincludesdifferentiationandtranscendence,inwhichoneisalwaysresponsiblefortheother.Thisideaoftheradicalotherchallengestraditionalconceptsofintersubjectivityandopensupnewhorizonsforrethinkinghumanrelationships.

Ludwig Wittgenstein is a famous Austrian philosopher, and his book \"Treatise Logico-Philosophic\" is considered one of his greatest works. In this book, Wittgenstein provides a careful examination of basic philosophical concepts and language and discusses the relationship between language and the world. The logical-philosophical treatise includes his reflections on words and phrases and how to use them to express ideas. It also addresses the concept of realism, real things, and how we perceive the world through language. In this book, Wittgenstein provides an in-depth discussion of metaphysics and language, and raises questions about how language affects our understanding of the world and how we conceptualize reality. The Treatise of Logical-Philosophical is a classic work in the philosophy of language and metaphysics, and is essential reading for anyone interested in philosophy and linguistics. It stimulates critical thinking about language and how it is used to understand reality. In conclusion, a logical and philosophical treatise is a book that carries exciting ideas and interestingphilosophicalchallenges.

If we look at the relationship between humans and dance, we will find that this connection is not simply a passing interaction. The average person treats dancing as part of his nature. He can easily express his feelings such as sadness, joy, excitement, and other emotions spontaneously. A person may find himself unable to express his feelings with words or descriptions, but everyone can express them through movements. Therefore, a person can show his spiritual feelings through dancing as well. Since ancient times, people have used dance to express their appreciation and gratitude to the gods and nature, as well as to pray to them. Dancing can help a person achieve high feelings of spirituality, harmony with the world, and achieve psychological serenity through the diversity of body movements.

Thispaperarguesthattheconceptofcivilsocietyissignificantforpeaceandpeace-building,andthatitismostusefulwhenarticulatingtheimportance,anddefendingthepossibilityofpublicdisagreementanddiscussionwhenconstructingsharedideasofthegoodsociety.Itsnormativepowerliesnotinthespecificvalueswhichdifferenttraditionsattachtotheconcept,butinthegeneralvalueofaspiringtosuchasocietycreatedthroughthecontestedvaluesofwhat“good”actuallymeans.Potentially,civilsocietyhasadeepaffinitywith“peace,”anotherimportantideathatisoftentreatedinuncontroversialtermsassimplytheabsenceofwar.If,ontheotherhand,peaceisconceptualizedasahighlycomplexideathatpertainstothehumanendeavorofbuildingconditionsinwhichsocietiescanlivewithoutviolence,itisevidentthat,likecivilsociety,peaceisasiteofdisagreementaswellasthecapacitytoreachagreementsamongthemselves.Thefirstsectionofthepapertracesthehistoryofcivilsocietyideas.Thesecondexplainsthefivevisionsofcivilsociety.Thethirdsectionarguesthatcivilsocietyisconceptuallyrelevantpreciselybecauseitconcernsapluralityofvisionsthatarearticulatedinapluralityofways,allofwhichultimatelycontributetothepeacefulinteractionsofhumanbeings.Distinctionsbetweenthe“civil”andthe“uncivil”thereforeneedtobeexploredand,itisargued,retained.Theaffinityofcivilsocietywithpeaceandpeace-buildingbecomesclearonlyifthisdistinctionisclearlyunderstood.Acommitmenttononviolentformsofhumaninteractionmustsurelydefineaboundaryfortheideaofcivilsocietyifitistobemeaningfultounderstandingsofhumanprogress.Sectionfourfocusesonthesekeydistinctions.Sectionfivemakesthecaseformaintaininganexplicitlynormative,butnothegemonicorhomogenousunderstandingofcivilsocietywhichaspirestodistinguishitselffromanuncivil“Other”byexploringthecontributionofassociationstopeace-buildinginpractice.Recognizingthelegitimacyandsignificanceofassociationaldynamicsoutsideofthestatehasbeenofvital—thoughcontroversial—importanceineffortstobuildnewnormsforpeaceintheworld,counterviolentactors,andbuildpeacefuloutcomesafterpeaceagreements.Civilsocietyisthereforeavitalconceptualsourceofagreement-buildingaroundsuchnorms.

Theelegy,traditionallyapoemofsolemnreflectionondeathortragedy,hasundergoneatransformationinmodernusage.Theelegyhasevolvedthroughouttime,changinginformandcontenttoreflecttheevolvingcultural,social,andpoliticalcontextsofitsera.InEnglishpoetry,themodernelegyhastransformedfromitsoriginalform,whichwasdedicatedtomourningthedeathofalovedone,tobecomeagenrethatspeakstobroaderthemesofloss,grief,andthetransienceoflife.DeniseRiley,arenownedEnglishpoetandphilosopher,experiencedthelossofhersontoanundiagnosedheartdiseaseandchanneledhergriefintopoetry.Thispaperexaminesherpoem“APartSong”asanexemplarofthemodernelegy,whichdepartsfromtheclassicalformandembracesamorenuancedandpersonalapproachtogriefandremembrance.Throughitspowerfuluseoflanguageandimagery,“APartSong”offersacompellingreflectiononthefragilityoflifeandtheenduringlovethatlingersafterloss.