Regional Studies Journal

Libya was one of the countries of the Maghreb and North Africa that have received the Iranian interest in the African continent in general and the Arab region in particular and it has been among the orientations of Iranian foreign policy since the era of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Then, the political and economic relations between the two countries have been developed since 1967 at the embassy level, and the relations between the two parties have progressed well since their start. The rapprochement of the two countries' attitudes and policies towards regional and international issues contributed to strengthening the bilateral relations, enhancing and developing them politically and economically, but this did not prevent the relations from being exposed to many crises and negatively impacted, whether before or after 1979. Therefore, the relations had passed through periods of decline, stagnation, and even interruption. Despite that, they returned, went according to their natural path, and they were distinguished relations in general, compared to Iran’s relations with other Arab countries.

The UAE lived through two historical periods in the twentieth century, the first one was before independence and the second was after independence in 1971 which witnessed an increase in oil revenues. As for the social aspect, oil imports have affected Emirati society and brought about drastic changes.
The research aims to identify the reality of the United Arab Emirates society and the effect of geography on the population. In addition to documenting basic information about this community, its joints, and the latest developments that it has witnessed in recent decades. The research was divided into five topics, the first one included geography and population, the second dealt with the structure of society, and the third and 4th discussed cultural, educational, and health developments. The fifth topic covered the UAE labor market.

The Strait of Hormuz is an important international strait that is of a strategic dimension due to its geographical location in a region that is the source of energy in the world. The historical depth of the Strait of Hormuz tells us that competition, conflict, and control were prevalent by regional and international forces, in addition to its geographical importance as it connects the Arab Gulf region with the outside world. The legal dimension of the strait is that it is the guarantor of the legal right for every country that borders it. Regarding the economic dimension of the Strait of Hormuz, it is the artery and vital corridor of energy resources to the outside world which is the aim of the regional and international strategic directions that seek to make the Strait of Hormuz and the Arab Gulf region a safe area and any party outside this framework obstructs the seriousness of working about the continuing Iranian threats to close the Strait of Hormuz. As for the future, two views were presented; the first is the Iranian strategic control over the Strait of Hormuz; the second is the view of the continuation of the existing situation and its gradual elevation to the level of strategic - regional - international understanding about the Strait of Hormuz.

Negotiation is the most important means of peacefully settling disputes; it is the head and oldest political way and represents a direct means for exchanging views between the conflict parties to create a common vision agreed upon by the conflict parties that may represent partial or complete acceptance of the viewpoint of one or both parties. The nations followed negotiation as the main method for resolving disputes, and in case of failure, the conflict parties may move to other means that negotiate may partially enter as in the case with mediation and good offices, as negotiation is considered the essential part of it; negotiation represents the essential part of the solutions even in political settlements through international organizations, and this is the essence of our research to understand negotiation and analyze it as a mechanism for the peaceful settlement of disputes with the intervention of international organizations.

The research deals with the issue of child recruitment in general as a crime, which is a process of recruiting children by armed groups or forces, whether voluntary or compulsory, for direct or indirect participation in the military operations carried out by those groups or forces. The involvement of children in armed groups and their pursuit of criminal behavior is due to the immaturity of their ideas, lack of perceptions, and poor assessments of the consequences of participation in armed conflicts; cruelty and violence in dealing with them lead the child to flee his home, school or workplace to join armed forces or groups.
The crime of child recruitment is considered an international war crime, according to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in Article (8). Therefore, criminal accountability before the International Criminal Court for the crime of child recruitment is limited to the trial of natural persons only, who are criminally and individually responsible for the crimes that fall within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, and are subject to punishment under the statute of the International Criminal Court and this is confirmed by Article (25).

The inability of criminal justice at times, as one of the mechanisms of transitional justice, to fully achieve its goals of deterrence and reform, prompted the thinking of an alternative to this mechanism. Restorative justice was the alternative in dealing with the heavy legacy of violations and crimes left by the old regime, which is based on a different philosophy from that of punishment and penalty to the idea of reconciliation between the perpetrator and the victim, and society. Restorative justice adopts a basic idea of excluding punishment to be replaced by amnesty in exchange for the perpetrator's admission of his guilt and his exemption from responsibility for the crimes and violations committed against the victims through commissions to uncover the truth with the availability of the real political will for that. The pursuit of national reconciliation mechanisms and their realization through investigation committees and actors in the international community. The pursuit of amnesty and reconciliation has disadvantages, but in the end, it is based on a set of balances as it must be implemented via an integrated program that takes into consideration overcoming the negatives of the past without harming the rights of the victims.

Generally, the electricity sector in Iraq suffers from a chronic inability to match supply with demand which led to the trend towards establishing a combined cycle power plant of financial and economic feasibility. The research included two topics, the first is a theoretical and conceptual introduction to establish the project feasibility study, importance, requirements, and justifications. The second topic deals with the practical side of using economic criteria. The analytical method was used through economic and financial criteria.
It was concluded that the establishment of this project will provide net profits after conducting a sensitivity analysis, and the project will recover its invested funds after (8) years of the project’s 17-year life. The most important proposal is to focus on a preliminary financial and economic feasibility study in addition to supporting the private sector and providing facilities for it to promote the electricity sector.

Renewal is one of the aspects of modernity, and not adhering to the habit, which makes the human mind the main tool and engine of the social system, and thus man has become a center and reference in solving problems. Therefore, modernity is universal, as it is inclusive of all aspects of life, including politics, thought, literature, economics and others. When you look closely, you find that the politician searches and considers it from a political point of view, and the economist from an economic point of view. Modernity is a civilized and universal concept that involves all levels of human existence, and it is also a new vision that allows departing from references and patterns or breaking frameworks and molds, always striving to build new possibilities for thought, speech and action, which allows one to come out with a sincerer, knowledgeable, powerful and present way.