Regional Studies Journal

In general, Arab countries have suffered, for decades, from serious and worsening food dependency on imports, despite the abundance of material, financial, and water resources needed to achieve self-sufficiency. The study aims to identify the main elements of the Arab food security gap and analyze quantitative indicators of treatment that are frequently re-emphasized in agricultural development and related policies.
The analysis assumes that the main problem is institutional rather than developmental or veritable. It suggests that the start of processing lies at the root of the problem. The study infers the main indicators of the agricultural development policy necessary for the relationships that can be estimated from a mathematical model for investment in technical sectors for irrigation; mass production; and agricultural land use; reconsidering the privatization of the Faculty of Agriculture; the floating of the Arab agricultural market rather than the inefficient agricultural support for decades.
It is based on the foundations of the process of developing Arab agricultural capabilities, taking advantage of the experiences of Iraq and Algeria, as they are resource-rich economies but poor in food production, importing high proportions of food annually.

The Turks promoted their project which they named the Peace Water Pipes in the hope of achieving the lost peace in the Middle East region, gaining the friendliness of the Gulf states led by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to support and finance it, and obtaining fresh water from Turkey in exchange for Gulf oil or the natural gas produced by the UAE. The Turkish water project has opened the door for the rest of the neighboring countries to the Gulf countries in addition to the Islamic countries to have access to the Gulf arena to supply them with water and alleviate the crisis caused by the lack of water resources. In this way, the Turks' hope for the future of the peace water project has ended and turned into a mere project for dreams.

The Justice and Development Party, the ruling party in Turkey right now, is considered one of the main parties of moderate Islamist orientation that aim to achieve a balance between secular – democratic and Islamist orientations. That is why we have chosen this party as the subject of our study by looking at the circumstances and causes of its emergence as well as its new political orientations towards the most prominent internal affairs in Turkey. The study consists of an introduction, three sections, and a conclusion. The first section focuses on the most outstanding internal political developments in Turkey until the emergence of the AKP. The second one deals with the issue of the appearance of the AKP on the Turkish political scene in terms of circumstances of emergence, its political projects, and then how it came to power. The third section tackles the trends of the AKP, after its arrival to power, towards the internal political affairs in Turkey including the attitude to secularism, the military establishment, its economic orientation, headscarf (Hijab) question, and the Kurdish issue.

The international community has witnessed versus the huge developments in recent years, a change in the concept that this ruling brought, and modern legal thought has provided us with many examples of contracts subject to a legal system that is not the national law of a country which prompted many modernists to say that the contract can be attributed to new types of legal systems. These modern legal trends that appeared in the recent era indicate that the law of the state party or some other national laws determined by the rules of conflict of laws are applicable only to the ordinary type of agreements between the state and foreigners.
However, these national laws are not the same as for the agreements concluded between persons (natural or moral) possessing a surplus of capital and various skills, and the governments of other countries need to develop their economy and do not have sufficient capital or available skills to achieve this purpose such agreements described as (Economic Development Agreements) that require both parties to strictly implement all of the obligations arising from the contract, including the state’s duty to moderate or terminate the agreement at its own will.

The text of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the human right to adequate housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living, meaning that the right did not come as a separate, stand-alone and parallel text compared to other rights as is the right to education and health. Nevertheless, the interpretations of this right by Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in its general comments, was considered as a basic right for the human being because it is directly related to security, privacy and human dignity, not just a ceiling and walls. Consequently, it has become an international obligation that states must fulfill by taking the necessary measures to gradually implement it in their national legislations with the resources available to them and protecting it by providing an effective legal framework that allows all violations of it to be addressed before national courts, especially forced evictions.

Due to the acceleration of technical development, it has become necessary to the data prepared electronically to improve the speed and accuracy of performance and reduce the cost of preparing them. In light of these developments and the technical surge for information, beside the spread of the internet which is one of the most important means of information technology to publish lists and reports containing financial data and non-financial information which is known as "electronic publishing". It is known that the financial lists and reports of the company are not published until being audited by the internal auditor. So, there must be an auditor familiar with the technical developments so that he can prepare his report benefiting from the internal auditor's report. Also, the external auditing standards must be reconsidered, knowing their appropriateness for the technical developments, and the need for audit methods and procedures that differ from the traditional audit represented by manual systems

During 2011, Syria witnessed a dangerous turning point in its contemporary history, resulting in what is known as the (Syrian crisis) as the policy by which the Syrian state is managed for more than fifty years has become sterile to produce democratic practices, a peaceful transfer of power، as well as a great deficit in achieving progress in economic and social aspects appropriate for the Syrian state, especially as it has passed the second decade of the new millennium and influenced by the Arab Spring that stormed both (Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya), which succeeded in both (Tunisia and Egypt) and brought relative stability after it entered more than a page in the change field.
As for Syria, it is because of the Syrian regime’s inability to contain the crisis from the very beginning, and Syria has become an arena for many regional and international countries looking for a foothold in it, including Britain, which entered the front line of the Syrian regime from the very first moment during the term of (David Cameron and Theresa May) as prime ministers in Britain through pressuring Syria at the start diplomatically, held the regime responsible for what was going on, then soon exceeded that by directing military strikes to the strategic sites of the Syrian regime, and other strikes against the most extremist factions fighting the regime.

The study is an attempt to shed light on the shifts in the US strategy of Obama's administration, shifting from the Iraq, which was the focus of attention of previous US administrations, towards the Asia-Pacific region "Rebalance Strategy", and how this shift contributed to the deterioration of the security situation in Iraq and paved the way for the emergence of "ISIS" in Iraq. The study also shows the main features of this strategy and why Obama decided to withdraw from Iraq and the Middle East region and leaving it in chaos. By investigating and analyzing data, the study concluded that the withdrawal of the US forces from Iraq led to the suspension of training and equipping programs for Iraqi security forces, disruption of the US operational efforts in combating terrorism and insurgency, and led to the growth of Iranian influence in Iraq, which had negative consequences on the security and stability of Iraq and the region. In addition, the withdrawal also led to the absence of the US's role and influence on striking the right balance among the three main components of the Iraqi people.