Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

The experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, where 112 laying hens were used, which extended from 2/1/2024 until 15/4/2024, including the preliminary period, which lasted 14 days. The birds were divided into (7) Treatments / 4 replicates / 4 birds, according to the following treatments: T1: It was the comparison group and free of additives, T2: 0.06 ml of clove oil/kg of feed was added to it, T3: The third treatment was added to 0.08 ml of clove oil/kg of feed, T4: Add 0.1 ml clove oil/kg feed, T5: Add 0.06 ml clove oil/kg + 0.05 zinc oxide. T6: Add 0.08 ml clove oil/kg feed + 0.05 zinc oxide, T7: Add 0.1 ml clove oil/kg feed + 0.05 zinc oxide. The results obtained from the experiment were: In the qualitative characteristics of eggs, it is observed that there are no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) for most of the qualitative characteristics, including the thickness of the shell, the Yolk index, alone, the Albumin high. As for the percentage of weight of the yolk, a significant superiority of (p ≤ 0.05) is observed for all addition treatments over the control treatment. As for the percentage of weight of the shell, it is noted There are no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), in all periods except the fifth period, where it is noted that the addition treatments are superior to the control treatment. As for the weight, it is noted that the relative Albumin weight is significantly lower, (p ≤ 0.05) in all addition treatments compared to the control treatment.

Organic fertilizers play a significant role in organic systems and sustainable soil management. In general, organic fertilizers increase soil
fertilization and can reduce the negative effects of the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and synthetic man-made fertilizers. This study
designed aimed to check the comparable effect between Organic and chemical fertilizer NPK on growth traits of Dedonia viscosa L. the
experiment conducted in Agriculture college forestry department in plastic house during October to April 2024. RCBD full factorial, two
fertilizers used humic acid, NPK and control .in April the seedlings harvested, the biometric traits height and diameter measured. The results
show highly significancy about effect of plastic house conditions temperature and light on biometric growth of seedlings were p value ≤0.001
during the 6 months of experiment with increment 53 cm in height of seedling. And the results show significance between fertilizers effect
on biometric and biomass growth traits (shoot biomass and root biomass) and seedling diameter if the p value were p value ≤0.05.so the data
p value for the growth trait (Shoot biomass) for the seedlings showed significant P value ≤0.05 and ≤0.001 during the experiment duration
between NPK, Humic acid and control. and the p value of anova table were ≥0.05 between NPK and Control and ≤0.001 between Control
and humic acid. Cording to these results we recommend to propagate Dedonia viscosa L. inside the plastic house to keep him from winter
low temperature and wind outside and even we recommend to use organic humic acid fertilizer 10ml/ltr conc, even the NPK chemical can
be used in 800 ppm conc and it give good results but less than humic acid which is get better growth traits biometric and biomass

The sanadin experiment was carried out in the agricultural season of 2023 at the site of the faculty of agriculture - anbar university. For the purpose of studying the effect of spraying with glycine betaine acid on the growth and yield of sesame under conditions of salt stress, according to the design of complete random sectors.R.C.B.D in the order of splinter plates and with three repeaters. The experiment included two factors, the first factor was the levels of salt stress with three salt concentrations of sodium chloride (nacl): 1.5, 3 and 4.5 decisimens m-1, as well as the measurement treatment (distilled water) and a code for these coefficients in the codes s1, s2, s3 and s0 respectively, the main panels were switched on. The second factor was spraying with three concentrations of glycine betaine acid: 50, 100 and 150 mg l-1, as well as the metering treatment (distilled water) and its code gb1, gb2, gb3 and gb0 in succession, which occupied the secondary plates.the results showed the superiority of salt stress treatment (S0) in most of the studied attributes: plant height, leaf area, The number of capsules weighing 1000 seeds, seed yield, biological yield, harvest guide. The values were as follows: 96.42 cm, 1020.0 cm2, 122.39 plant capsules-1, 4.48 g, 76.41 g Pot-1, 177.75 g Pot-1, 41.73 %. On the relay The results also showed the superiority of the spray treatment with glycine betiane gb3 acid in all the studied qualities mentioned above. The results also recorded the presence of significant differences between the interference coefficients conclude from this study that irrigation of plants with high levels of salt stress has reduced the seed yield of the Sesame crop and the addition of high concentrations of glycine Betaine acid has somewhat mitigated the effect of salt stress, especially at low levels of salinity, and therefore it is possible to use water with low salt concentrations in the irrigation of Sesame crop and using Glycine irrigate it with low-salinity water.

The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of orange and pomegranate fermented juice with probiotics Lactobacillus plantaram, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus in weight gain and the balance of the natural intestinal flora in experimental rats. 21 male rats (Albino Sprague- Dawley) were used and were divided into seven groups with three replicates. The duration of the e experiment was 28 days. The results of the statistical analysis showed, with probability (P<0.05), that oral administration of various types of fermented juices led to a decrease in the weights animals. As for the fermented orange juice, the treatment supplemented with the probiotic L .plantarum was superior. The amount of weight gain was 65 grams, and the initial and final weight were (173 and 238) grams, respectively. As for pomegranate juice, the group of rats the fermented with the probiotic L .acidophilus, outperformed , the amount of weight gain was 54 grams, and the initial and final weight were (184 and 238.5) grams, respectively.As for the balance of microflora of the intestine, the results of the statistical analysis showed, with probability (P<0.05), the effect of fermented juices on the microflora balance of the intestines, as it caused a significant decrease in the total of coliform, Salmonella and Shigella, and a significant increase in the total count of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) compared to the control groups.

The present study aimed to evaluate the bioremediation effectiveness of Dracaena sanderiana in treating greywater (untreated and treated) at various dilutions (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% undiluted) over incubation periods of 15 and 30 days. (electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids) , (pH, total alkalinity, potassium ions, sodium ions, calcium ions, magnesium ions, chloride ion, total nitrogen, total phosphorus) were assessed along with certain primary metabolites of Dracaena sanderiana plant to determine the irrigation water quality index (IWQI). The highest IWQI value of 67.91 was recorded for the 100% undiluted treated greywater after 30 days of incubation, while the remaining treatments exhibited values ranging from 8.30 to 37.45. The study highlights the potential of Dracaena as a sustainable and eco-friendly bioremediation agent for enhancing greywater quality for irrigation purposes. The study revealed an initial decline in carbohydrate content in plants irrigated with filtered greywater due to nutrient deficiency. However, over time, nutrient ion levels increased, stimulating carbohydrate formation. This was positively correlated with chlorophyll a and b levels in the filtered water. A significant increase in metabolism rates was also observed in both filtered and unfiltered greywater. The utilization of treated greywater for irrigation enhances plant growth and productivity by increasing leaf chlorophyll content, improving water quality, and boosting photosynthetic efficiency.

Microorganisms are the primary source of industrial enzymes, with Bacillus and Aspergillus species being the leading producers. Bacillus strains have historically been used to synthesize commercially significant enzymes due to their status as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) and their extensive distribution in the natural environment. Yeast, particularly Saccharomyces, may provide many significant enzymes in industry. Primary and secondary screening techniques identify microorganisms that are enabled to produce the target enzyme. Modern genetic engineering techniques have increased yields, such as new recombinant DNA and genetic mutations. The thermophilic microorganisms are used to obtain enzymes with enhanced stability, and they are highly active at temperatures over 80°C. These thermostable enzymes enable several industrial processes that rely on enzyme catalysis to be conducted at higher temperatures, enabling more excellent response rates. However, most thermophiles have not undergone thorough characterization and are not included in the GRAS list. Global sales of "Bulk Enzymes" are approximately US $600 million annually, with 66% attributed to different proteolytic preparations. Isomerases, particularly isomerases, generate around 550 million in yearly sales. Lipases now represent a small portion of overall enzyme sales, but the need for lipases is expected to increase. Massive quantities of degrading enzymes are used in various biotechnological procedures, such as brewing, winemaking, and cheese manufacturing. Enzymatic preparations are used in the brewing, bread-making, and cheese-making sectors. They have made it easier to design other biotechnological methods that generate diverse, commercially significant products to improve the taste, flavor, and appearance characteristics of food items, age meat, clarify juices, and are included in various detergent formulations.

During their life cycle, plants are always exposed to multiple abiotic stresses that negatively affect their growth and development. Based on this fact, plants developed many mechanisms to reduce or tolerate those stresses. Plants undergo a wide range of morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in response to environmental stresses. However, drought is one of many other environmental stresses which is considered to be the most significant environmental issues that affect the lives of organisms on the planet of Earth. With the recent increase in the severity of climate change, researchers have devoted their efforts to a deeper understanding of the effects of drought on the level of plant response from a physiological and biochemical standpoint. With the recent increase in the severity of climate changes, the problem of drought has gotten worse, thus researchers have focused their efforts on developing a deeper knowledge of how drought affects plant response at the physiological and biochemical levels. The plant undergoes several significant changes, one of which is an alteration in its hormonal balance. Specific hormones become more effective and assist the plant in sustaining a tolerable level of free radicals, while other hormones become less active under non-growth-promoting environments. Abscisic acid, sometimes referred to as the stress hormone, is one of these plant hormones. Its function under stress is to slow down the plant's growth to keep it at an acceptable level of growth. The hormones ascorbic acid, glycine betaine, alpha-tocopherol, melatonin, and Jasmonic are known to be growth-stimulating substances as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants that help suppress eliminated free radical formation. Focusing on this, this review highlighted the function of several plant hormones and the processes that accompany them in reducing the harm caused to plants by drought stress.

The experiment was conducted on 112 Lohmann Brown hens at the Poultry Farm / Kirkuk University / College of Agriculture, for 70 field days, from 10/2/2023 until 11/28/2023,with 14 days as a preparatory period. The birds were distributed to (7 ) treatments, (4) replicate, and (4) birds/replicate, as follows: - T1: Adding BHT, standard company recommendations, 250 mg/kgdiet, T2,T3 and T4 Adding lycopene for 1, 1.5 and 2 gm/kg-diet, T5: Add lycopene of 1 g/kg diet + BHT colorant 250 mg/kg diet, T6: Add lycopene of 1.5 g/kg diet + BHT 250 mg/kg diet, T7 add lycopene of 2 gm/kg diet + BHT 250 mg/kg diet. . The results from the experiment were: At a significant level with regard to the average of productive traits, the seventh treatment recorded the highest egg production rate (90.25%), with all addition treatments outperforming the control treatment, which recorded the lowest measured percentages (77.22%), and the highest egg mass. Eggs weight in the fourth treatment, which recorded (57.37) grams, with all treatments exceeding the control treatment (48.60) grams. As for the food conversion ratio in the fourth treatment, A significant improvement in the food conversion factor in all addition treatments compared to the control, as the best improvement was recorded (2.01) compared to the control treatment, which was recorded (2.36).

A field study was conducted to evaluate groundwater pollution and determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes in the districts of Shawan , Alton Kopre and Dibis district in Kirkuk Governorate. Samples were collected from fifty-two wells during the September 2023. The chemical concentration of groundwater ( pH, EC, TDS, T.H,Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Na+ SO4-2, CO3-2, HCO3-, NO3-, PO4-3, Cl-) were analyzed, also mathematical model WQI was measured to evaluate Water quality for irrigation and drinking. ArcGIS 10.4.1 software was used for figure spatial distribution of parameters. The results showed that the chemical characteristics of the well waters are within the permissible limits except of total hardness (T.H.) and electrical conductivity (EC), as 50.02% and 2.13% of the water in the study wells exceeded the permissible limits for drinking and irrigation in terms of hardness and electrical conductivity, respectively. Concerning dissolved cations, 13.67% of the total area exceeded the permissible limits for drinking only for calcium ions, and 25.71% exceeded the permissible limits for drinking and irrigation to magnesium ions, as for potassium ions, 4.35% of the study wells exceeded the permissible limits for irrigation. While the dissolved (Anions) ions for all well water were within the permissible limits, with the exception of sulphate, phosphate, and nitrate ions, as 99.89% of the study well water was within the permissible limits for drinking, with the exception of wells W3 and W31, but all of them are suitable for irrigation with regard to sulphate ions. As for phosphate ions, 99.96% of the study well water exceeded the permissible limits for drinking only, while 46.82% was not suitable for irrigation regarding to nitrates.

The study was conducted to monitor the changes in Shwan-Altun kopre from Kirkuk governorate –Iraq.The study area is located between Longtitude (44 ̊ 38ʹ 22ʺ-44 ̊ 22ʹ 29ʺ)E, Latitude (35 ̊ 43ʹ 53ʺ-35 ̊ 42ʹ 16ʺ) N with an area of 117683.96 ha.Sattelite image was collected for years ,1997,2014,2020 and 2023 from land sat 5, MSS and land sat 8 OLI.Maximum likelihood supervised classification, the following classes were found (Drainage and Channels, Bult-up land, Grain crops, Plowed agricuitural land, Abandoned agricuitural land, Transformation zones) was applied to classify these image.Obvious changes in land cover areas was occurred during study time from 1997 to 2023 especially fir bult up land wich was increased from 3.33% to 13.77%, followed by Abondoned agriculture land from 12.5% to 17.39%, but transformation zones was decreased from 61.14% to 40.37%.In order to reveal the final changes occurring during the study period it was found that the26 areas of the Drainage and Channels and bult-up land classes increased by 4% and 313%, with a difference of 27.45 hectares and 12287.51 hectares, respectively .As for the grain crops, they decreased by 28% with a difference of 1183.63 hectares.The Plowed agricultural land and Abandoned agricultural land classes have increased the areas of these two class by 34% and 39%, respectively .As for the sixth category Transformation zones, the area of this class decreased by 66% with a difference of 47,506.66 hectares. This is evidence of changes to all types of land covers in the study area during twenty-six years, as the areas of built-up land, factories and villages increased and were exploited at the expense of agricultural land, as their areas declined during that period. The aim of this research was to study the current status of land use and the changes it has obtained during previous years.

Included determining the dimensions and measurements required for the manufacture of excavator weapons, determining the appropriate type of metal, and manufacturing the plow weapons according to the dimensions and measurements. The field evaluation of competence took place. Manufacture of locally manufactured excavator plow weapons and compare them with traditional plow weapons and study some field performance indicators by conducting a practical experiment in which the following factors were adopted: The first factor is the use of the forward speed of the plow at the two levels (3.56 and 5.11) km h-1and the second factor is the use of the type of metal. For excavator plow shanks. on two levels (traditional plow shanks and locally manufactured plow shanks). a study of the extent of the influence of these factors on the studied characteristics, which included: tillage appearance (the number of dirt blocks with a diameter of more than 5 cm/m2), the work width utilization factor, and performance. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plate system and three replications was used. The following are the most important results: The front plowing speed was (3.56) km h-1significantly superior in giving higher values for the plowing appearance, while the front speed was (5.11) ) km h-1and was significantly superior in giving higher values for each of the parameters.( Exploitation. Job offer and performance efficiency). As for the plow, the manufactured plow weapons were significantly superior in recording higher values for both the labor supply utilization factor and performance efficiency, while the traditional plow weapons were significantly superior in recording higher values for the plow appearance. The bilateral interaction between the forward speed of plowing and the type of plow weapons was superior. Locally manufactured excavator plow weapons with a forward speed of (5.11) km h-1give significantly higher performance efficiency values.

A global experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research and Experiments Station in the Al-Sayadah area of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, Iraq, for the period from March 2023 until December 2023, to study the effect of sources of organic fertilizers on the growth of three varieties of young palm trees (Shwaithi Yellow, green, and green) The organic fertilization was at four levels (poultry waste 2 kg tree-1, poultry waste 4 kg tree-1, sheep waste 4 kg tree-1, sheep waste 8 kg tree-1) as well as the comparison treatment. The experiment was conducted on 45 young trees that were as homogeneous in vegetative growth as possible, four years old, and planted with dimensions of 8 x 8 m. The experiment was carried out according to a random plot design with a split plot design system. Varieties were counted within the main plot and organic fertilization treatments were included within the secondary plots (sup plot). The experimental unit was represented by one tree.The results can be summarized as follows:
In organic fertilization treatments, it is noted that poultry waste is superior to sheep waste when these two fertilizers are added, with an average of 4 kg tree-1, but sheep waste at a level of (8) kg tree-1 gives superiority to all, increasing plant height by 21.88 cm and increasing frond length by 24.54 cm. 10.04 palm fronds-1, the increase in frond length is 4.75 cm, the increase in frond width is 9.51 cm, and the percentage of dry matter is 51.43%. Varieties differed in their response to treatments. The Khadrawi variety excelled in increasing plant height and the concentration of nitrogen and protein in the fronds, with an average of 16.60 cm, 1.59%, and 9.93%, respectively. The Khastawi variety gave significant superiority in the characteristics of increase in frond length, increase in frond length, and increase in width. The average thickness of fronds was 21.48 cm, 3.76 cm, and 7.54 cm, and the percentage of dry matter was 49.03%.

Factorial experiment carried out in 2024 in southern Baghdad, for the aim of evaluation the performance of heavy disc harrow offset with tractor engine 120 horse power under different moisture soil (14 % and 8 %), depth of pulverization (8 and15 cm) speed of tractor (4.7 and 8.2 km.h-1) in medium texture soil which was silty clay loam, after soil tilted at 20 cm by used moldboard plow width 1.05 cm as a primary tillage. Pulverization the soil under moisture 8 % gave higher (best) soil pulverization rate was 70.49 %, productivity 1.5824 ha.h-1, specific productivity 5273 m.h-1, least number of clods < 0.05 was 7.83 clods.m-2 and fuel consumption 12.40 L. ha-1. Depth pulverization 8 cm gave on the best pulverization soil rate 71.51 %, number of clods < 0.05 was 5.08 clods.m-2, productivity 1.5992 ha.h-1 and least fuel consumption 12.04 L. ha-1. Speed of the tractor8.2 km.h-1 gave better soil pulverization rate 70.57 %, productivity 2.0151 ha.h-1, specific productivity 6715 m.h-1, least number of clods< 0.05 was 7 clods.m-2 and fuel consumption 11.81 L. ha-1. All interaction among the treatments was significant difference. Correlation were direct and inverse, significantly and non-significant. Concluded the most effected factors in the study was tractor speed then depth of tillage and both of them more than influent from moisture of soil, pulverization soil at low moisture level 8 % and used higher speed tractor 8.2 km.h1 and pulverize depth 8 cm gave a better results comparing with the rest of the factors in this field experiment.

The study of groundwater quality is important as one of the main freshwater resources that are used for various purposes, including irrigation of agricultural crops. The study aims to identify the chemical composition of groundwater in Kirkuk Governorate, and evaluate its quality for irrigation purposes. irrigation water quality index (IWQI)Method [1] is one of the most important indicators of irrigation water quality, which is mainly used in the evaluation of water for agricultural purposes on the technique of analyzing multiple variables. The study area is located between two latitudes (35 ̊ 23′51″-35 ̊ 29′ 50″) N and longitude (44 ̊ 12′47″-44 ̊ 27′81″)E and has a total area of about (305158.41) hectares .Samples were collected during September (2023), where sixty wells randomly distributed in the study area were selected, chemical and physical analyzes were conducted, GIS technology was used to perform spatial analysis using (Arc GIS v,10.4.1), IWQI irrigation water quality index was determined with five parameters including, electrical conductivity EC, sodium Na, chlorides Cl , bicarbonate HCO3 ions and Sodium absorption ratio SAR. The values of the irrigation water quality index IWQI ranged between (46.37-86.59).The spatial distribution map of the irrigation water quality index showed that 0.02% of the study area was classified as excellent restrictions and determinants for irrigation purposes, and that 88.97% of them were classified as having low restrictions and determinants, while 10.98% of them were classified as having moderate restrictions and 0.02% occupied a small area of the west of the study area within high use restrictions.

This experiment was carried out in the Plant Cells and Tissue Culture Laboratory of Horticulture and Landscaping Design Department/College of Agriculture/ University of Kirkuk-IRAQ, to study the effect of auxin’s in different concentrations and MS media (full and ½) salt strength on rooting response of Petunia hybrida. The regenerated shoots explants from the multiplication stage were transferred to the rooting stage cultured on MS media (full and ½) salts strength supplemented with different concentrations of IBA at (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0) mg L-1, and NAA at (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0) mg L-1. After 6 weeks of transforming, data showed that the response percentage was (100%) for MS media (full and ½) salt strength supplemented with different concentrations of IBA and NAA beside control treatment. The best number of roots (29.70 root.part-1) and the length of the longest root (7.44 cm) were recorded by MS ½ strength supplemented with IBA 1.0 mg L-1 compared with other concentrations, and it was the highest results compared with MS full strength supplemented with different concentration of IBA. Moreover, results obtained that MS ½ strength supplemented with NAA 1.0 mg L-1 recorded the best number of roots (18.70 root.part-1) and the length of the longest root (2.97 cm) compared with the other concentrations, while it was the best result compared with MS full strength supplemented with different concentrations of NAA.

To reduce the addition of chemical fertilizer to agricultural soils, this research has been conducted to assess the impact of three types pre-decomposed organic manures (chicken, sheep, and alfalfa green manure) on productivity of wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.). after composting process of selected manures, the pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of inoculated and decomposed manures at three rates (0.5%,1%,2% w/w) on wheat growth. Essential growth parameters such as number of seeds and spikes, weight and protein of seeds, length of shoot and root, Concentration of N, P and K in wheat plant under the effect of local manures were studied. The results shows that chicken manure at rate of 2% had greatest result in weight and number (25.96g ,683.33) of seeds also protein percent (16.72) compare to other treatments, while sheep manure at rate of 2% recorded high result in number of spikes parameter. Number, weight of seeds and root length gets low result (101.00cm ,3.84cm ,25.73cm) with adding 0.5% alfalfa green manure. Also, Number of spikes, seed protein and shoot length gets low result (2.93 ,12.69 ,81.40) with 0.5%sheep manure. The growth parameter of length of shoot and root reveled maximum (101.06cm, 50.06cm) with chicken manure2% and minimum (81.40cm, 25.73cm) with sheep manure0.5% and alfalfa green manure0.5% respectively. Macro nutrients of N and K gets high value (3.89%, 2.90%) in chicken treatments2% respectively and P gets high amount (0.90%) in alfalfa green manure2%. Lowest result of N, P and K (2.24%, 0.14%, 2.23%) recorded at 0.5% rate in alfalfa green manure and chicken manure respectively. The study tells that decomposed chicken manure2% generally have great effect on growth and yield of wheat plant compare to other manures and rates.

Today, the world and the agricultural sector face great challenges, and agricultural development systems are subject to increasing pressure due to the challenges of food security, climate change, climate adaptation, and market fluctuations. One of the most important of these vital systems is agricultural extension and its workers. Agricultural extension work does not rise to the level required to meet these challenges. Traditional work is no longer an appropriate option to meet these challenges and achieve an effective response to the needs of farmers and improve their livelihoods. These challenges require the presence of effective systems that help accelerate and expand the transition to sustainable and smart agricultural systems. The role of agricultural extension in the process of converting to agricultural systems is important and necessary because transformation is a process of change, and change means moving from one situation to another. This requires effective extension services, as the farmer may stop from applying some technologies or stopping the transition to sustainable systems, here the role of agricultural extension is focuses on encouraging the farmer to continue and transition to sustainable agricultural systems. The performance of agricultural extension is affected by a group of internal and external factors, and capacities are a vital factor influencing the performance and effectiveness of vital development systems in the agricultural sector, including the agricultural extension system. Therefore, developing these capacities is a basic condition for achieving effective performance of these organizations. In the past two decades, many programs and projects have emerged, and there is a growing interest by international organizations to develop agricultural extension capacities, such as the FAO, the United States Agency for International Development, the United Nations, Tropical Agriculture Platform, and others. The current paper discusses the contemporary concept of agricultural extension, capacity and capacity development, and the reasons and global trends for its capacity development.

The article discusses the role of green belts in reducing pollutants in cities. A green belt is a strip of land surrounding a city or industrial area that is designed to reduce air pollution by intercepting pollutants before they can spread further. The import of green belts in reducing air pollution, improving air quality, and promoting a healthy environment. the design and management of green belts, including the selection of plant species, planting patterns, and maintenance practices. It emphasizes the importance of choosing plants that are tolerant of air pollution and can effectively absorb pollutants. the importance of meteorological conditions in regulating the transport and dispersion of pollutants in the atmosphere. It needs for a comprehensive approach to air pollution control, including the use of green belts, emission reduction technologies, and pollution monitoring systems. Overall, the import of green belts in reducing air pollution and promoting a healthy environment. It needs for a comprehensive approach to air pollution control and the importance of choosing the right plant species and design for effective pollution reduction.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of thyme powder (Thymus vulgaris) on growth performance, biochemical parameters, biological traits and hematology of common carp fingerlings. For this purpose, (108) fingerlings of cyprinus carpio were randomly distributed into four treatment groups and thier weights ranged between 75.18 -75.36 g. Fish were fed with different thyme levels: 1% (T2), 1.5% (T3) and 2% (T4).The first group (T1) was a control group without any addition of thyme. The experiment was conducted at animal sceicne department/ college of agricultural engineering sceinces/university of Sulaimani. The experiement was continued for 8 weeks, at the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from caudal vien for determination of hematological and biochemical parameters. Results of feeding trail in treated groups with thyme supplementation showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the weight gain, highest value was treatment (T3), also, food conversion ratio was improved and there was a significant difference among (T3,T4) compare to (T1, T2).For fish health indicator such liver enzymes there were no significant differeneces among treatments (P<0.05). Hematological parameters were analuzed and significant difference was observed for (mch) among control treatment compare to with other treatments, for rest of other hematological parametres no significant differences were noted.There were no signifcant differences for hepatosomatic index, meat wieght index and fish wieght indext for other biological traits significant diffreneces were seen among treatments. Highest condition factor value was observed in trreatment (2) and significant difference was seen among treatment 3 and 4. On the basis of our data, the dietary supplementation of T. vulgaris improved the growth rate, hematological, biochemical parameters of common carp fingerlings.

This review aimed to identify, shed light on, from a chemical and medicinal perspective and identify its secondary metabolites, tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus), a culinary herb used as a food supplement and in many dishes, and also medicinally. Essential oils, coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic carbonic acids, and various mineral and vitamin combinations are among its physiologically active secondary metabolites. It is known to possess antimicrobial activity against a wide range of bacterial species, including Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli (RSHI, ATCC 25922). It has bactericidal activity against Helicobacter pylori and treats digestive problems, poor appetite, water retention, and toothache. Its therapeutic digestive actions include appetite stimulation, spasm relief, and laxative properties. It also has diuretic and choleretic properties. It is used as an antioxidant due to its chemical content that protects cells from free radicals.

This research study included evaluating the effect of patterns of distribution of chisel plow tines on field performance at different operating factors by studying three factors. The first is patterns of distribution of the chisel plow tines at three levels (3-4-4), (2-4-5) and (2-5-4) and the second factor is the depth of tillage at two levels (10-12) cm and (15-17) cm and third factor is the speed of work at two levels (3.21) km/h and (4.72) Km h-1. and the effect of this is on the following characteristics (drawbar power, slip ratio, actual productivity, energy consumed, specific resistance to traction, specific energy). Used randomized completely block design (RCBD) with the split – split plot Designs system in implementing the experiment, Duncan's multiple range test was used to find significant differences between the averages of the treatments at the probability level (0.05). The results showed that the second distribution pattern was significantly superior, as it recorded the lowest values for the drawbar power , slip ratio, and energy consumed, while the third distribution pattern was significantly superior in achieving the lowest values for the characteristics of specific resistance to traction and specific energy, and achieved a plowing depth of (10-12) cm significant superiority by recording the lowest values for the characteristics of drawbar power , slip ratio, and energy consumed, and the highest values for actual productivity, while the depth (15-17) cm was significantly superior by recording the lowest values for the characteristics of specific resistance to traction and specific energy and the speed (3.21) km/h was significantly superior by achieving the lowest values for the characteristics of drawbar power, slip ratio, energy consumed, specific resistance to traction, and specific energy, while the speed (4.72) km/h was significantly superior by achieving the highest values for the value characteristic of actual productivity.
Keywords: distribution patterns of plow tines, drawbar power, slippage, actual productivity, consumed energy, specific resistance to traction and specific energy.

Three sites were selected to assess the impact of irrigation water quality and soil fertility on primary metabolites and maize crop productivity in Hawija district, Kirkuk governorate, for the summer of 2023. Irrigation water quality index values documented unsuitable values for irrigation in all used wells. Its values ranged from 27.5-59.13, while the soil fertility values were poor in all locations and ranged from 0.46-0.5. These values affected the yield of the maize crop in different ways at the selected sites, where the effect of irrigation water quality index and soil fertility on carbohydrate values recorded a range of values of 50.5-68.6 ppm, proteins 4.02-57 ppm, fatty acids 68.54-84.34 ppm, total chlorophyll 25.8433.71 ppm. The study also included the studied characteristics and included physical characteristics in the soil of the sites (soil texture, which in the first site is Seltieh Lomia, and in the second site is Seltieh Lomia, and in the third site is sandy loamy clay, and the values of total dissolved solids (230-467.8) parts per million andsusceptibility Electrical conductivity (0.51-2.73) ppm, irrigation water values for dissolved solids (315-3170) ppm, electrical conductivity (1315-6241) ppm, and soil chemical values at sites pH (7-8.7) ppm, potassium (79.4-264.8) ppm, nitrogen (0.02-0.05) ppm, irrigation water values (pH (6.4-7.8), total alkalinity (126-162) ppm, and potassium (79.4-482.9) , While the weight of 100 grains the highest weight was recorded in the first and third sties at 75and the lowest value was recorded in the second site 65, and the harvest index were recorded gradually in the study sites the highest value recorded in the first location was 0.0421% and the lowest value recorded in the third location was 0.283%. the biological outcome explains that the least productive sites are the second site and the highest is the first site.

From October 23, 2022, to June 4, 2023, the study was done in the Lath house of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape design at the University of Kirkuk/Agricultural Research and Experimentation Station/Al-Sayadah. The aim was to find out the Physiological role of the growth regulator thiamine was sprayed at (0, 150, and 300) mg. l-1 In terms of the percentages of effective chemical compounds in petunia flowers, the factorial experiment was designed according to R.C.B.D. Using organic solvents, the soxolite method was used to extract the effective chemical compounds from the flowers. A rotary evaporator was used under vacuum pressure to evaporate the solvent and obtain the essential oils. Then the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer device is used to detect the basic chemical components and estimate their percentage in plant flowers. The results for extracting and finding chemical compounds showed that the amounts of common substances in plant flower samples changed depending on the treatments. For example, 300 mg of thiamine was sprayed on the flowers. l-1 gave the best results in terms of the percentages of active chemicals in the plant flowers compared to the control treatment flowers.

A field experiment was carried out in the fall agricultural season 2023 in the village of Tal Hussein, affiliated to the Hawija District in Kirkuk Governorate, and after preparing the soil by plowing and fertilizing and according to recommendations, planting was carried out on 7/14/2023 with the RAYAL (NEVADA) variety that was obtained from the markets. Local. A two-factor experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.), with three sectors, each sector containing (20) experimental units. The matches between the parameters were randomly distributed, and the area of the experimental unit was (4x4) m. Each experimental unit contains (5) lines, and the space between one line and another is 75 cm, between one plant and another is 15 cm, one experimental unit and another is 50 cm, and between one repeat and another is 1.5 m. The experiment was under a sprinkler irrigation system, and the following results were obtained: The herbicides had a clear significant effect on the total number of bushes for all periods, where the Rimisulfuron + Atrazine mixture gave the lowest average on the bush number characteristic and amounted to 7.58, which did not differ from the Rimisulfuron pesticide alone, as well as a decrease in the dry weight of the bush, whether due to individual factors or interaction between the two factors, as it was recorded Rimisulfuron herbicide had the lowest average dry weight after the weedless treatment, reaching 13.50 and 0.00, respectively. As for the yield characteristics and its components, herbicides had a significant effect on most traits, especially the number of grains. A head and a weight of 300 Grain and grain yield gave the highest averages for the Rimisulfuron herbicide treatments, reaching 17.46, 644.75, and 185.00, respectively, except for grain yield, where the Atrazine pesticide treatment was superior, giving 2652.67, and these treatments were close to the weed-free treatment. As for the periods factor, there were no significant differences for most of these traits except grain yield, as the period 30 days after germination gave the highest average, amounting to 2478.93, which did not differ significantly from the periods 15 days and 60 days after germination.

The experiment was carried out at the research station north Ramadi city in GPS location (33.459387,43.317831) of the College of Agriculture – University Of Anbar to study the effect of shading and spraying with sugar alcohols (sorbitol) on the physiological lifespan of celery seeds (Apium graveolens L.). The experiment included two levels of shading (0 without shading and 50%) and spraying with sugar alcohols (sorbitol) at three levels (spraying with distilled water only, 10 and 20 mg L-1). The characteristics of plant height, stem diameter, chlorophyll content of leaves, number of days from planting to flowering, number of days required for complete flowering and number of days required for seed maturation were studied.
The results showed that the percentage of shading S1 (50%) led to a significant increase in stem diameter and the chlorophyll content of the leaves, while the level of shading S0 (with out shading) significantly increased the height of the plant, the number of days from planting to flowering, the number of days required for full flowering, and the number of days required for seed maturity. As for the spraying factor with alcoholic sugars, the spraying level K3 (20mg L-1) was significantly superior in stem diameter and the chlorophyll content of the leaves. As for spraying with distilled water only, it was significantly superior in the number of days from planting to flowering, the number of days required for complete flowering, and the number of days required for seed maturity.

This research aimed to study the life cycle and duration of each biological stage of the blow fly Calliphora vicina. Adult specimens were collected from various locations in the Erbil province and reared on decaying chicken meat. Each female fly produced between 440 to 620 eggs during her lifetime, laying them in clusters of up to 180 eggs at a time. The larvae feed for three to four days under warm, optimal conditions, with the puparium forming two to three days later. The entire life cycle of this insect is completed in approximately 15 days. Morphologically, the adult fly is robust, dark black-blue in color, about 5-12 mm in length, while the immature stages (1st , 2nd , and 3rd larval instars) are vermiform, creamy-white, and feature a distinct cephaloskeleton and varying body lengths, while the Larva 1: Vermiform, pale yellow, length 1.7-3.4 mm. the slits of posterior spiracles were conducted to gather slightly appeared as one part. Larva 11 Vermiform, Milky white –pale yellow, length 4.7-7.8 mm. and sometimes absent dorsally, the slits of the posterior spiracles were clearly found and separated in to two lines; . Larva III: The mature larva milky white, reaches a length 14-19 mm. Female: resembles the male but differs by the eyes are an holoptic separated from one another by board frons. The slits of the posterior spiracles were distinctly observed and divided into three lines.
Another part of the study focused on identifying molecular identification by studying the sequences of the CO1 gene nitrogenous bases, which included 425bp, and comparing them with the information available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information. It was identified as Calliphora vicina and registered with strain SM-1 by accession number PP733158.1 in the NCBI database.

A study was conducted in the district of Rawah, which is located 224 km away from the city of Ramadi, on the pomegranate trees of the seedless Rawa cv. The trees were 8 years old. The study investigated the effect of fruit Packaging and calcium spray on some fruit traits. Two factors were studied during the research: the first factor involved using different types of bags to cover the fruits, including (uncovered control, double-layer muslin cloths, saran, and white paper bags). The second factor included calcium spraying at concentrations of 0, 1, and 2 g L-1. Calcium was sprayed three times (the first at the beginning of the flower buds opening, the second a month after the first spray, and the third a month after the second spray). Using two factors (3 x 4), a factorial experiment was conducted in accordance with the RCBD. There were 36 trees utilized in total for the experiment because there were 12 treatments, 3 replications, and one tree for each experimental unit. The Genstat statistical program was used to statistically analyze the data and compare the averages using (L.S.D.) test at a probability level of 5%. The results indicated that fruit bagging treatments had a significant effect on all studied characteristics except for the percentage of calcium in the fruit peels. Saran bagging contributed to achieving the best results for characteristics (fruit weight and yield) at 407.04 g and 23.27 kg tree-1, respectively. Furthermore, the above treatment resulted in the lowest percentage of cracked fruits at 13.43%. Conversely, the treatment of bagging with white paper bags achieved the highest value for the fruit firmness characteristic at 2.43 kg cm2. As for the calcium spray, it showed a significant effect on all studied characteristics. The high concentration (2 g L-1) achieved the best values for fruit weight, fruit firmness and yield, at 415.72 gm, 2.49 kg cm2 and 24.03 kg tree-1) respectively. Additionally, the above treatment resulted in the lowest percentage of cracked fruits at 15.24%, While, the treatment (1 g L-1) achieved the best value for percentage of calcium in the fruit peels at 1.32%. The interaction between the two study factors reached a significant level of influence on all studied characteristics. The interaction treatment
(B2C2) excelled in achieving the best values for most of the studied characteristics, while the control treatment (B0C0) showed the lowest values for the studied characteristics.

The partnership between the government and private sectors is an important issue, as it is one of the topics that has received and continues to receive the attention of researchers, international and global organizations, and national development plans in the country to benefit from it as an experiment within the process of building the national economy and improving the reality of the agricultural sector in the country and its compatibility with the sustainable development goals that the government seeks in At the present time, it is also considered one of the ways through which risks can be shared between the public and private sectors, and work efficiency can be increased and the exchange of experiences and knowledge and other benefits, opportunities and common interests that can be achieved through partnership between the two sectors. This partnership is an important source and one of the components of the system. Disseminating agricultural technologies, as the practice of partnership means the efficient and effective use of available resources. In addition, it is a major challenge in coordination and cooperation between the governmental and non-governmental sectors in order to unify the extension services provided and avoid duplication and waste of agricultural resources and supplies. It is also considered a successful and effective approach to development. Sustainable agricultural and rural areas, and in reforming agricultural extension systems and improving the quality of extension service. Therefore, this article aims to identify the concept of the government sector, the private sector, and the partnership between the two sectors, its importance, the reasons for it, its advantages, goals, principles, and problems of partnership, as well as identifying the most important factors affecting and related to the effectiveness of the partnership between The public and private sectors in the field of meeting the needs of farmers in agricultural technologies.

The experiment was conducted in the animal production field of the College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for the period from (21/8/2023 until 3/12/2023). Fifteen Awassi lambs were used in this experiment, their ages ranged between 4-5 months, with an average initial weight of (24.42 ± 0.2) kg. The lambs were divided into three groups (five lambs for each group) and their average weights were similar (24.34, 24.40, 24.54) kg, and the treatments were randomly distributed. On three treatments, a mass feeding system was adopted, and on one feed of concentrated feed at a rate of (3) % of the animal’s live weigh. The results indicated the following:
1- Dosing (0.0015) % of apricot oil led to significant differences (P≤0.05) in percentage of (Neutrophilic white blood cells, corpuscular volume rate, corpuscular hemoglobin rate, corpuscular hemoglobin concentration rate). There were no significant differences in the number of white blood cells.
While the dose (0.0020) % of apricot oil led to a significant increase (P<0.05) in the percentage (white blood cell rate, red blood cell number and red blood cell size) and there were no significant differences in the rest of samples Physical blood characteristics for all treatments.
2- There was a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the percentage (blood urea, insulin) in the lambs of first treatment compared to the second and third treatments, and there were no significant differences in the rest of the biochemical characteristics in the blood of all treatments.
3- The results of a study showed that dosing animals with different percentages of apricot oil (0.0015, 0.0020) % led to changes in the liver tissue of the third and second treatment animals compared to the first treatment animals, which led to the expansion of the hepatic portal vein in the portal region and the infiltration of white blood cells and blood cells Lymphatic.
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different levels of apricot seed oil on the put physical, biochemical blood characteristics and liver tissue changes in Awassi lambs.

The study aims to measure the impact of macro shocks (internal & external) on the Iraqi economy in general and on the agricultural sector in particular, by measuring the impact of some macro variables on the gross domestic product and then the agricultural output through the use of two-stage least squares, as the results of estimating the relationship showed In the long term, all economic variables addressed in this research have significant effects on the gross domestic product through joint integration. The most influential of these variables is government spending, , then the exchange rate taxes, and finally the inflation rate, and when the economic variables deviate in the long term Short from their long-run equilibrium values by one unit for each, 67% of this deviation is corrected per year, meaning that the GDP will take approximately a year and a half to return to its equilibrium value, as the response impulse function analysis showed that when Shocks in some economic variables, their impact appears significantly in the long term, and the study recommends paying attention to the international economic transformations affecting the agricultural sector, through adopting appropriate agricultural policies, and employing the achievements of science and technology in order to use modern agricultural techniques locally, in addition to transferring and settling them, as well as reducing Inflation rates are at low and acceptable levels, The researcher also recommends intensifying studies and scientific research on the agricultural sector to delve deeper into the problems that this sector suffers from and find appropriate solutions to them.