Journal of Al-Farahidis Arts

The writer Rashid al-Din al-Watwat is one of the most important writers of the sixth century AH. He wrote for the kings of the Khwarazm Shah state in the east of the Islamic Caliphate until his death. He is one of the most prominent figures in Arabic prose and poetry in that century. He contributed with his prose to leave his mark in Arabic prose. The research included a pause in his biography, his name and his surname. And his death, he was “Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Abdul Jalil... The research dealt with the study of the poetic texts in his prose letters. It touched on his prose texts and the poems he wrote during these letters, in addition to the fact that some of his letters were complete poetic poems and others were verses that appeared in folds. His prose letters, and Al-Watt has citations of other people’s poetry that he uses in his submissions, referring to the name of their author at times and at times not referring to them, in addition to poetry that he composed, so the use was the most important characteristic that characterizes him. Poets send writers in poetic uses in their correspondences, and the benefit of this appears to be in strengthening the creative text. The research was organized under the name Poetic employment in the prose of the Bat. The research was divided into three demands. The first was organized under the title of comprehensive and explicit employment, and it was intended to bring poetry backing its idea and inserting it in the context of the meaning of its message, conforming to it and explicitly referring to its speaker. The second demand was labeled with non-explicit employment and is called (blind), which is the inclusion of the poetic text. He includes it in his letters without attributing it to its writer, as if he composed it to agree with the meanings he narrates. The third requirement came under the title of self-employment, which is a type of employment carried out by the poet-writer in his use of his poetry in his correspondences, so poetry and prose overlap in official or Brotherhood correspondences in one literary artistic painting.

The rhetorical and critical arena was filled with many works and books that constituted a great cultural and intellectual heritage, including the book Criticism of Poetry by Qudama ibn Jaafar (d. 337 AH) and the Book of Mediation by Al-Qadi al-Jurjani (d. 392 AH), which contained within them the scents of philosophy and logic emanating through their ideas. And their theories, and on this basis, Qudamah and Judge Al-Jurjani received extensive studies that differed and varied according to the efforts of the researchers in the issues that they dealt with. We, despite having preceded you with many studies on the two aforementioned critics, chose to focus on one issue of their common issues, which is the issue of religion and morals, and to achieve our goal through their aforementioned books. And comparison between them.

This research is an applied, analytical study that aims to reveal the secrets of the phonetic characteristics contained in Surah Al-Fatihah, which gave it the aspect of eloquence on the one hand and semantic compatibility on the other hand, by analyzing its sounds, exits, adjectives, and phonetic syllables, and the extent of compatibility between those aspects with the topics of each of its three sections that include praise. And monotheism and supplication, and the impact of this on their Qur’anic and devotional characteristics, and embodying this with results that combine what the research has expanded to find.

Praise be to God, by whose grace good deeds are completed, and peace be upon the final Prophet with whom God sealed the messages, and upon his family and companions and those who follow them in righteousness until the Day of Resurrection, and after:
This research focused on the abnormal readings of Al-A'mash mentioned in the interpretation of Al-Muharrar Al-Wajez fi Tafsir Al-Kitab Al-Aziz, by Abu Muhammad bin Atiya Al-Andalusi (D: 542 AH), in Surahs Al Imran and Al-Nisa. In this research, I defined the correct and abnormal readings with a brief translation of Al-A'mash and presented Ibn's sayings. Attiya, in which he mentioned the recitation of Al-A'mash, along with directing the recitation that may have problems, and mentioning the frequent recitations.

The book (Jewels of Literature and Relics of Poets and Writers) by Ibn al-Sarraj al-Andalusi is considered an important cultural and encyclopedic reference in literature and criticism, because it contains within it literary, intellectual, linguistic, stylistic, critical and other issues, which prompted us to try to identify the critical standards that contributed In forming this authorial creativity, What is its role in bringing concepts and visions closer together? The religious, social, literary, and artistic standards were the best aid for Ibn al-Sarraj to identify important cognitive issues and address them in regular ways, due to the standards being regular, strong, and directed to the set goals.

The clue is considered a broad field for linguistic studies, because it contains many linguistic rules and laws, where the clues become clear in the contextual relationships that connect the parts of the sentence. The idea of this research was based on dealing with the moral clues as an important axis that the sentence relies on in directing its meaning, and Surat Al-Muddaththir was the model.
The applied research that was taken as a field of study; This is to demonstrate the effect of these clues in directing the meaning.

The meaning is produced within the text in light of the syntactic (grammatical) and contextual structure, as well as the linguistic meaning of the transformer (the signifier) itself, so the structure controls the orientation, so that it is appropriate to the general context of the text, and the Qur’anic text is precise in the process of construction, as the overall constructions are operative in determining its message.
The word (inclination) appears in the Qur’anic text three times, each time with a meaning different from the meaning in the other verses, but it is associated with a unified meaning between the three verses, as there are areas of convergence and divergence, and what we will do in this research is to identify the areas of convergence and divergence, because they are a factor in directing The appropriate meaning for the context, and then determining the effect of composition on the difference, through the central question: What made the meaning of the word different?
Let us work to define the word when it comes devoid of synthetic additions, and when functional additions are added to it, to clarify the meaning that is intended to be conveyed, relying on the descriptive method in defining the word and its contextual connotations.

My research entitled (What Abu Hayyan attributed to the claim in grammatical issues to some Andalusian grammarians) is based on extracting the grammatical issues that contain the word (alleged), and I have worked to root it in the language books and explained the aspects and meanings on which this word appeared, as it came in four aspects, namely : Doubt and disbelief, the second aspect is taking care of something, the other is the meaning of saying, and the fourth aspect is greed.
My study in this research was to examine the first meaning, which is (lack of belief and validity), while mentioning the evidence that Abu Hayyan used in his response to the grammarians and the way in which he responded to them.

The research deals with the study of the sayings of Ibn al-Qatta' al-Siqilli, d. 515 AH, transmitted in the Taj al-Arous by al-Zubaydi, d. 1205 AH. The researcher chose Ibn al-Qatta's sayings selectively, which, according to him, were influential in Ibn al-Qatta's contribution to the collection of language. The research included buildings and meanings in general, such as the structures of sources, plurals, and the doors of the triple verb, as well as meanings such as antithesis and synonymy that Al-Zubaidi transmitted on the authority of Ibn Al-Qatta'. In his research, the researcher relied heavily on Arabic dictionaries, as well as morphological books, as Ibn al-Qatta' was an imam in this art. The reason for choosing this study is to highlight the merit of Ibn al-Qatta' in linguistic history so that students and researchers can get more knowledge about it.

The Egyptian peasant is known to not accept injustice, does not sleep on injustice, and does not live submissive and humble before those who hold power, just as the British occupier believes. The best evidence of this is the participation of the Egyptian peasant in revolutions and uprisings, which at least removes from them the stigma of submission and submissiveness and proves that the peasant is patient, but he revolts against injustice. In the end, tyranny is that the superstition of agriculture taught the Egyptian farmer to be patient, and the flat land of Egypt helped the government control the farmer, but willingly, and not under occupation by the coloniser. The Denshawai incident was the best representative of the farmers’ position against injustice and persecution by the Western occupation.

The historical period extending between the years 1547-1555 AD is considered one of the important eras in the history of the Ottoman and Safavid states, as this period witnessed a crisis in relations between the two states. This crisis turned into a political and military conflict that many factors played in provoking, the most prominent of which were the internal armed movements, which It had the most prominent role in the renewal of the military conflict between the two countries, as each country began working to support and fuel these movements in order to benefit from them to weaken the other party and achieve military gains.
On the other hand, this period witnessed the emergence of strong leaders, namely Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (926-974 AH / 1520-1566 AD) at the head of the Ottoman Empire, who is considered one of the most powerful Ottoman sultans, as the Ottoman Empire reached the height of its power during his reign. Likewise, at the head of the Safavid state was also a leader. Shah Tahmasp I (930-984 AH / 1524-1576 AD) was endowed with strength and military intelligence, as each of them wanted to impose himself as a leader on the Islamic world.
Although this period was characterized by war and many military campaigns launched by both parties, it is considered one of the distinctive historical periods in the history of the two countries at the political and military levels because it witnessed the first agreement that ended the conflict between the two parties, even for a period of time, which was the Amasya Agreement of 1555 AD.

The research showed the importance of the role played by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I since he assumed power in the Ottoman Empire, following the martyrdom of his father, Sultan Murad I, in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 AD, where Bayezid I followed a new policy represented by eliminating the Turkmen emirates in Anatolia and annexing them by force to the possessions of the Ottoman Empire. These emirates often caused problems and strife before the Ottoman Empire during its wars on the European front, and Bayezid succeeded in what he sought.
The Turkmen princes were waiting for the appropriate opportunity to return to their emirates and be liberated from the grip of the Ottoman Empire. The loss of the Ottomans to Tamerlane in the Battle of Ankara in 1402 was the appropriate opportunity that the Turkmen princes were waiting for. Tamerlane revived the Turkmen emirates, whose political independence had previously been destroyed by Bayezid.
After the Battle of Ankara, the Ottoman Empire entered into a civil war, as the four sons of Bayezid competed for monopoly over the rule of the state. After eleven years of war, Mehmed Çelebi bin Bayezid was able to kill his three brothers and gain monopoly over the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and it fell upon him to unify Anatolia and eliminate the Turkmen emirates again. He succeeded in including some of them, but his death in 1421 AD prevented the completion of his project.
Sultan Murad II assumed power to succeed his father, Sultan Mehmet Çelebi, who was able to eliminate most of the Turkmen emirates and annex them to the possessions of the Ottoman Empire, thus reuniting Anatolia once again, as it had been unified during the reign of his grandfather, Sultan Bayezid I.

It is known that the Jews are an ethnic and religious group alien to the Arab society on the peninsula, as their presence in the Arabian Peninsula preceded the emergence of Islam by several centuries, and they played a major role in the cultural, economic, commercial and social life in the region, especially in the period that preceded the spread of Islam.
The study concluded that the Jews lived as an independent bloc, and their rabbis sought to spread their beliefs in Arab society. They were able to influence the beliefs of the Arabs before Islam, and despite their attempts to spread their beliefs, they directed their attention to the economic aspects, so they became professional in trade, industry, and agriculture, in addition to banking and lending. usury, as these activities enabled them to gain economic control over the Arabian Peninsula region for long periods of time, and this led to repeated confrontations with the Arabs who sought to destroy that control, which was the result of support for the Persians who tried to weaken Byzantine influence in the region, but the Byzantine state contributed to The weakening and decline of the political role of the Jews by supporting the Arab powers allied with them, especially in the last century before the emergence of Islam.

The research dealt with a study of estimating the volume of surface runoff and flood risks for the Wadi Shall basin and its (32) secondary basins, which are located within the administrative borders of Makhmour District, affiliated with the Nineveh Governorate, from the east and north, and are bordered by the Qayyara district from the west, affiliated with the Nineveh Governorate, and it is confined between the Great and Little Zab. Its area is (138.6) km2 and its length is (25.7) km. These risks were determined by studying some of the hydrological parameters of the basins of the study area that are directly related to torrential flow processes and the occurrence of flood risks on the Earth’s surface, as reliance was placed on the American soil conservation hypothesis, which is known as (SCS-CN) to estimate the volume of surface runoff and the remote sensing technique to determine the type of hydrological soil, determine the type of land cover, the type of ground detectors of rocks and soil, and detect linear structures. As the depths of surface runoff (Q) in the basin extend from (148.2-360) mm, we conclude that: The total number of values expressing (CN) values in the valley basins studied was (85.6), ranging between (100) for the most permeable areas and least capable of generating surface runoff, and (68) for the impermeable areas.

There is no doubt that poverty is one of the most important social problems that the population of Iraq suffers from, which today has a clear geopolitical dimension through its impact on the security dimension of the state and its population, especially since a large segment of the Iraqi population suffers from the growing problem of poverty and its indicators of the size of poverty, the severity of poverty, and the poverty gap. Poverty, as well as human development indicators such as education, health, and income, which today are considered one of the most important indicators for measuring the strength of the state and the recovery and well-being of its population from the perspective of modern geopolitics, as today Iraq is ranked (120) for the year 2018.

This study aims to cover the phenomenon of transformations in the social system and the emergence of the digital family in the virtual communication society, where a new generation has emerged that no longer interacts with traditional media as much as it interacts with electronic media, called the online generation or the Internet generation, and there have become social networking networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, and others are characterized by elements of immediacy, interactivity, multimedia, and modernization. Hence, the research problem is determined and the current survey study seeks to identify the limits and nature of the influence of social sites on the moral value system of the Arab citizen and the impact of that on the Arab family in an effort to evaluate that influence and determine the future proposal for the role of the new media during the coming period.
The researcher relied on the survey method, specifically “a media audience survey that aims to identify opinions, ideas, concepts, trends, values, motives, beliefs, impressions, and various influences among newspaper readers, radio listeners, television viewers, and users of online media sites and new media.” A sample was drawn. A simple random sample consisting of (24,552) individuals. A questionnaire was distributed to them through random selection for the period from 7/1/2021 to 7/1/2022 in (19) Arab countries representing the study sample.

Most of the efforts related to developing the television work environment to keep pace with modernity in technical development lie towards integrating the exposure process with everything that is new, which has resulted in the emergence of multiple generations relying in one way or another on mixing multimedia with each other, leading to the augmented reality technology that is now used in Television channels are an urgent necessity and an element of competition and strength that are compatible with the needs and requirements of the audience in order to achieve the desired exposure goals. Augmented reality technology is one of the new technologies that researchers seek to delve into its details and learn about the areas of its use in television, as well as the mechanisms for employing it. It has become necessary to understand the role played by this technology and its impact on gaining cognitive awareness of the information from the sender to the receiver.
The problem of the study is related to the nature of the impact resulting from employing augmented reality technology on television in users of the medium gaining varying levels of cognitive awareness of the information that is presented. This study is a model of the intersection between psychological sciences, as it relies primarily on the factors affecting perception for the television audience, which has become Its contents are linked to modern technical methods that include various elements of multimedia, based on an approach derived from cognitive psychology, which is the limited capacity approach. Despite the multiplicity of studies conducting special measures of perception or approaches to cognitive psychology from different aspects, this study gains Its importance lies in the importance of choosing a topic that combines a new technical method and measuring the impact of perception specifically within the fields of cognitive psychology. In this study, we look at the most prominent forms, patterns and methods of presenting television content using augmented reality technology and stand on the stages that the audience goes through. Television to reach the desired level of awareness, and this is what distinguishes the study from its predecessors.
The study aimed to find out the impact of using augmented reality technology in measuring the impact of television content in its various audio and visual formats on enhancing the level of perception for the receiving audience. To achieve the objectives of the study, a quasi-experimental approach was used based on a design with two control and experimental groups, as well as conducting pre-tests and The study sample consisted of 48 people exposed to television content that included augmented reality technology. The study also used Bloom’s cognitive pyramid to measure the level of perception with a reliability coefficient of 0.99 using the Alpha-Cronbach method. The results of the study showed that there were important differences at the level of 0.05 in the perception of those exposed, and the study recommends The necessity of using augmented reality technology in creating television content, adding artistic value that develops the recipient’s awareness.

Society in general has been greatly influenced by the new media, in various positive and negative directions. Many studies have studied this influence. Young people are the first to be affected and use the most social networks. Our research community is part of them, and they are middle school students. The Internet takes a large part of their time, so it has a major role in All areas of life, especially social media networks. Through observation and previous studies, we find that most students use social media networks, so this study came as a complement to previous studies.
The study aims mainly to know the advantages of social networking and the possibility of investing in scientific communication among middle school students, by studying the most important social networking that can have a role in education, while knowing the most important pros and cons of these networks, and the role of these networks in education. Specialists in this aspect know these three things before starting to use these networks. This study addressed the answer to the three research questions, which seek to know the most important social networking networks used for educational communication, what are their most important negatives and positives of these networks, and what is the role of these networks in education.

The research content is summarized as follows:
1. Clarifying the legal concept of ignorant asabiyyah, which is: (all advocacy and partisanship towards the general condition of the people before the mission of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, or some of their characteristics, such as pride in lineages and slandering them).
2. Statement of the slanderous legal evidence of pre-Islamic fanaticism.
3. Statement of the responsibility of the callers to God towards the issue of (pre-Islamic asabiyyah) and how to deal with it in practice.

For the actor, silence represents a performative language that carries signs that generate meaning in the mind of the recipient, as gestures, movements, and signals are still means of social communication between people, to express the inside of the human soul. That silence and divided it into four chapters. In the first chapter, the researcher dealt with the research problem, which was formulated by the researcher in the following question (what is the functioning of the performing silence of the contemporary theatrical actor) and the importance of the research, as well as defining the goal of the research (disclosing the functioning of the performing silence of the contemporary theatrical actor) as well as the limits of the research (2010) and defining the terms that were mentioned in the title of the research, and in the second chapter the theoretical framework, and the researcher divided it into two sections. theatrical) and how to perform the theatrical silence between the actors on stage, and then the researcher concluded the chapter with the most prominent indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework, and in the third chapter he included the research community and his sample through the analysis of the play (Ice) according to the indicators, and then the fourth chapter as the researcher reached the most important Results, conclusions, proposals, recommendations, proven sources and references, and a summary of the research in Arabic and English.

The first topic the problem of educational policy and its development function is one of the major challenges that were and still are facing countries. Educational systems and approved curricula can be considered, usually governed by visions of reduction, imitation and reproduction, and may disrupt the desired wheel of development.
The problem of the study was to identify the quality standards of university education, a study from the perspective of social work at the University of Kirkuk. In light of the observed reality, the problem of the study can be identified in the following main question: What are the standards of education quality in the faculties of the Kirkuk University Center? And the importance of the study lies in the increase of international and local interest in programs to achieve comprehensive quality in education services because of their fundamental role in the life of societies, as the importance of universities in the life of societies is in the development and preparation of the human element and for the role they play in education and socialization in building a conscious generation that possesses knowledge And culture through awareness of successful work that achieves competition in the labor markets.
The second topic dealt with previous studies (Iraqi, Arab, and foreign) and the theories that explain the study of the functional theory, the theory of social action (action pattern) from the concepts and implications of this theory as a complex of activities directed to satisfy the needs of the pattern. Each system, in order to continue and maintain its balance, must fulfill four functional conditions: adaptation, goal achievement, integration, and latency.
The third topic dealt with the emergence of quality standards and obstacles.
The fourth topic is the field aspect of the study. It lies in identifying the role of the university, the procedures it undertakes, the extent of its commitment to comprehensive quality standards, confronting its obstacles, and identifying proposals to overcome them.
The study concluded that there is weakness in some roles and procedures, lack of adherence to comprehensive quality standards, and the existence of obstacles, including routine, and the restriction of the administrative system to well-established traditional work.

Critics differed in the meaning of their saying: (The most correct thing is in the chapter), so a group of people held that what was meant was absolute validity, and among them were those who said that what was meant by that was relative validity, meaning that the hadith that came in this chapter was the most correct hadith mentioned in it, and it may be good, or Weak, but it is the best hadith on the subject, and it is the most correct opinion.

The research aimed to reveal the effectiveness of an educational program based on the visual approach in acquiring sociology concepts among fourth-grade literary students. The research community included fourth-grade literary students in secondary and middle schools affiliated with the displaced in Erbil for the academic year (2022-2023). The researchers chose a sample. It is Siwan Secondary School for Girls because it includes two sections of the fourth literary grade. After excluding the failing students, who numbered (5), the number of students in the experimental group was (31) and the number of students in the control group was (30). The researchers were keen before starting to implement the experiment to equate the groups. To investigate the variables that might have an impact on the results of the experiment, the researchers prepared a test for the acquisition of social concepts, consisting of (30) items. It was verified for its veracity, distinctiveness, difficulty of its items, and stability. The following results showed: The group outperformed the experimental test in the test for the acquisition of social concepts.

The current study aims to identify (the effectiveness of two proposed strategies based on strategic thinking skills in developing serious creativity among female students of the literary fourth). The number of members of the study sample was (86) female students, distributed as follows: (26) female students for the first experimental group and (31) female students. For the second experimental group and (29) students for the control group, setting behavioral goals and developing teaching plans for the three research groups, and then constructing two achievement tests consisting of (52) items, and a serious creativity test consisting of (25) items. The researchers themselves applied the experiment to the three groups, which took a full semester (second course) of the academic year (2020-2021).
After the end of the experiment, the posttest for serious creativity was applied to the three research groups. After collecting the data and analyzing it statistically using the statistical package (SPSS), it is clear from the following results that the two experimental groups that were taught according to the two proposed strategies were superior in serious creativity to the control group that was taught according to the method. Ordinary.

The current research aims to reveal (the effectiveness of an educational program based on the theory of cognitive flexibility in developing citizenship values among fourth-grade literary students). The researchers chose Al-Qabas Girls’ and Al-Kharja Girls’ High Schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Salah al-Din Education - Science Education Department as a field to experiment with, and the research sample consisted of (56 ) female students, where the number of students in the experimental group was (28) students in Al-Qabas Secondary School for Girls and they were taught with the educational program based on the theory of cognitive flexibility, and the number of students in the control group was (28) students in Al-Kharjah Secondary School for Girls and they were taught in the usual way.
The researchers prepared the necessary tool for the research. The researchers prepared a measure of citizenship values consisting of (42) items. After completing the experiment, the data was collected and treated statistically using the statistical package (SPSS). The results showed that there were statistically significant differences at the level of (0.5). And in favor of the experimental group that studied the educational program in the citizenship values scale.

The current research aims to understand the structural impact of tribal intolerance on society and the individual in the city of Tikrit, Iraq. The research was divided into an introduction and three sections to achieve its main goal.
The first section deals with the methodological framework of the research and begins by presenting the problem and some questions related to the subject of the study, while presenting the most prominent previous studies related to the research variables.
In the second section, the focus is on the concept of tribal fanaticism and its definition, in addition to reviewing the most prominent manifestations of tribal fanaticism in the city of Tikrit and the reasons for its emergence.
The third and final section deals with the effects of tribal fanaticism, where its effects on society, the individual, the family, and marriage are addressed. It also highlights the various forms of tribal fanaticism and their negative effects on the community of Tikrit.
This study aims to explore the effects of tribal fanaticism on the social fabric in Tikrit. The negative effects that tribal intolerance has on various aspects of social life will be analysed, including inter-tribal cooperation, community coexistence, and the social and economic development of the individual and society. Emphasis will also be placed on the impact of tribal fanaticism on the opportunities for social and economic integration of individuals through the restrictions it imposes on joint cooperation between different tribes.

The current research aims to reveal the effectiveness of an educational program based on the conceptual thinking approach in developing the culture of dialogue among fourth-grade literary students. The researchers followed an experimental design with two equal experimental and control groups with two pre- and post-tests. The researchers chose Al-Qabas Girls’ Secondary Schools and Al-Kharja Girls Secondary Schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Salah al-Din Education. The Science Education Department was a field to experiment with, and the research sample consisted of (56) students. The number of students in the experimental group was (28) in Al-Qabas Girls’ Secondary School and they were taught the approach to conceptual thinking. The number of students in the control group was (28) in Al-Kharjah Girls’ Secondary School and they were taught using the method. The researchers prepared the necessary tools for the research. The researchers prepared the dialogue culture scale consisting of (33) items, which were treated statistically using the statistical package (SPSS). The results showed that the female students of the experimental group outperformed the female students of the control group who studied in the usual way in testing the dialogue culture scale.

According to Hemingway's own experiences, his stories reflect his hateful views toward women. So, this research attempts to prove his tendency toward masculinity rather than femininity through a stylistic study. Although considerable studies have been made in Hemingway's stories, many important issues remain unexplored like the linguistic patterns of literary text to reveal antifeminism.
This research aims at identifying the linguistic patterns of usage and meanings of literary text to show the incorporation of linguistics within literature in one hand, and his male- oriented aspect on the other hand. To achieve these aims, the following procedures are stated: 1. Certain extracts are selected from Hemingway' short story The Snows of Kilimanjaro to be analysed stylistically. 2. To reveal how gender differences are represented in Hemingway’s fiction, linguistic patterns are examined within this literary text. 3. Both quantitave and qualitative analysis on the data are done. This adopted short story is one of the literary products that reflect the woman’s marginal position so it is selected for the following reasons: 1) He is known as antagonistic toward women; 2) The distinctive roles between the two characters are well shown in this story: the man - a typically dominant, hunter, aggressive male, frustrated by the wasting of his talent, insulting his wife, whereas the woman is totally submissive, dependent character and not allowed to speak or express her own personality. Such results are obtained from adopting Sara Mills's Model concerning the word level analysis, sentence analysis and discourse analysis to show the unfair treatment of woman as the marginal.

Where English is an EFL, it is a kind of a hindering task to teach English literature. The case applies to Iraqi University level of the students where courses of English Literature are a kind of a hectic burden in some cases. The current study discusses the problems and challenges teachers face in teaching literary courses at university level. To highlight this issue the study targets teachers and learners in the departments of English in Iraqi Universities. The data is collected through a questionnaire to teachers and learners to examine how teachers face these problems and how they can address them; on the other hand, learners will be also targeted to find out how they perceive English literary courses at university specialized departments where English is contextualized through literature. According to, the study is a two-sided presentation for both teachers and learners. Language competence issues are usually an important challenge where the proficiency of the teacher and the learner of English are of high significance; hence, the case of teachers and learners of English literature in particular in Iraq is not given a high value where it sometimes does not comply with students’ abilities to take up complex descriptive language of literature that revolves around the issues of proficiency. All these issues related to the problems and challenges that teachers face in teaching literature courses will be examined briefly in this paper with reference to Iraqi University-level students.

The present study is conducted to compare the interpreting of two Arabic media channels. The two interpreters were assigned to interpret from English into Arabic in simultaneous mode. both of Al-Arabiya and Sky news Arabia were chosen and analyzed to test how they were used as a means of communicating messages in their television news channels.
The study aims to examine and figuring out the skills and strategies that TV interpreters possess, in addition to the differences, challenges, difficulties, similarities between them.
It hypothesises that a variety of linguistic challenges are encountered by TV interpreters. It also hypothesizes the absence of significant relation between written translation and oral interpretations on TV, and the clarity of TV interpretation.
The study endeavors to identify by comparison the different challenges and the omission done by the two interpreters encounter in simultaneous interpreting by applying Daniel Giles' 1989 theory of Efforts Model to ten samples taken and extracted from an official site on YouTube channels of the two broadcasting live interpreting press conference for the United State foreign minister in Kuwait and conducting a comparative study.
Finally, the study comes to some main points in the last chapter are investigated and found in chapters two and three.