Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences

A study was conducted on changes in phenolic compounds for seeded and parthenocarpy date palm fruit c.v. Hillawi during different growth stage ,The results showed that parthenocarpic fruits content of tannins was high in all stage except first stage of growth (at the eight week after pollination),tannins content 0.22% and 0.18% in parthenocarpic and seeded fruits respectively . were seeded fruit enter log phase of growth the tannin content percentage increased and reached maximum value Kimri stage of (0.22%) at 10th week after pollination , Then the tannin content decreases till it reached the lowest value at in Tamer stage (18th week after pollination) , As for ,parthenocarpic fruit there was appeared significantly at log phase of growth (10th week after pollination and reached maximum value at 13th weak after pollination for reach 0.44% ,then the tannin content declined rapidly and steady at 14th until 15th week after pollination ,then , decreased tannin content at entered it in Khalal stage and continue antil the Tamer stage (29th week after pollination to reach ,the lowest value o.19%.
As for polyphenol oxdase Enzyme (ppo) appeared activity at eight week after pollination in both seeded and parthenocarpic fruits and high significantly . Then ppo Enzyme gradually 13th week after pollination (end Kimri and began Khalal stage ) , at enter seeded fruits Khalal stage ppo activity increased to reached their maximum value at 14th week after pollination , Then ppo activity gradually decreased till the entered seeded fruits tamer stage . As for , parthenocapic fruit there was self action for seeded fruits in Enzyme activity beginning from 10th week after pollination because delay growth parthenocapic fruit

The activity of water and Ethanolic extracts of the fruit of Cyminum CyminumAnd their effect on the morphological characteristics of Drosopila melanogaster Has been evaluated .The results showed a mutation of curled wings .The 0.5%Concentration gives the highest percentage of curled wings which was 55.9%The mutation transfers to the following generations and the first generation Was the most affected and the percentage of curled wings were 71.7% , 69.2% and 58% in the concentrations 0.5%, 0.25% and 0.1% respectively

This paper was an attempts to isolation and identification species of Ulocladium associated with seeds, leaves ,stems ,fruits of some plants and soil samples from deferent provinces: Babylon, Karbala, Najaf ,Nassiria and Basrah in Iraq, the results were show isolation and identification 11 species of Ulocladium, 4 of 11 species were recorded for the first time, also determination the variation in cultural characters and morphological characters such as conidial types were ulocladioid conidia type or alternarioid conidia type or both and conidial morphology; obovate or spherical or elliptic , conidiophore types geneculate or not , simple or branched, and primary or secondary conidiophores and evaluated the values of these characters in species identification. The new recorded species for Iraq in this study were U.cucurbitae, U.multiforme, U. populiand U.septosporum

This paper was an attempts to isolation and identification species of Ulocladium associated with seeds, leaves ,stems ,fruits of some plants and soil samples from deferent provinces: Babylon, Karbala, Najaf ,Nassiria and Basrah in Iraq, the results were show isolation and identification 11 species of Ulocladium, 4 of 11 species were recorded for the first time, also determination the variation in cultural characters and morphological characters such as conidial types were ulocladioid conidia type or alternarioid conidia type or both and conidial morphology; obovate or spherical or elliptic , conidiophore types geneculate or not , simple or branched, and primary or secondary conidiophores and evaluated the values of these characters in species identification. The new recorded species for Iraq in this study were U.cucurbitae, U.multiforme, U. populiand U.septosporum

This study was carried out during the growing season 2010 in the laboratories of the Date Palms Research Center at the University of Basrah.The results showed that the isolated and diagnosis the fungus Alternaria radicina was considered as first record as a causal agent of leaf black spot disease on the date palm in Basrah city, It was evident that A.radicina gives leaf black spot symptoms of date palm leaves when its pathogencity was tested in laboratory, this fungus gave leaf black spot symptoms and brown color intra at the infection tissue . The study indicated that A.radicina has an ability to infect different cultivars of date palm . Zahdy and Sayer cultivar revealed highest rate of infection reached to 3.4 and 3.1cm respectively compared to Preim and Barhee which reached to 1.9 and 2.0 cm respectively. It was found that A.radicina gave abest growth at temperature of 30 C . The study also explained that A.radicina has an ability to produse enzymes such as cellulase and phenol oxidase . This study results showed was that biofungus Trichoderma harzianum has an ability to inhibit the growth of A.radicina which reached to 63.88 % and the optimal temperature to inhibit the growth of A.radicina was 40C which inhibited the radial growth in a percent of 100 % , which the lowest inhibition of the growth reached to 6.66 % in 10C .

The present study was condacted under laboratory conditions to reveal the effect of benzene and xylene on some physiological aspects of Macrobrachium nipponense such as: behaviour, survival and oxygen concumption rate. A number of changes in the behaviour were
noticed in respected to the acute toxicity experiment . These changes were different in benzene and xylene, which represented by increasing in activities of swimming, jumping,in moving around in the jar in circule, upturns on the back then become motionless and finally die . The concentration that kills half of the treated individuals LCso for benzene was 2.933 ppm and for xylene was 4.266 ppm in 22±1Cº. The results showed a decrease in the oxygen concumption rate with higher concentration. The oxygen concumption rate in 2ppm benzene reached 0.195 mg/O2/gm/h.While in the same concentration of xylene it reached 0.390 mg/O2/gm/h. Compared with the control (0.537 mg/O2/gm/h)

Seasonal variations in gonads of C.uratusahave been studied in Garmat Ali river during May 2008 - April 2009. Spermatogenesis was described as five types of testicular cells were reconeised spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes , spermatids and spermatozoa. Seven developing stages were recognized during oogenesis through histological examination of ovarian cells oogonia , chromatin nucleolar oocytes , perinucleolar oocytes,primaryvitellgenesis,secondary vitellgenesis ,tertiary vitellgenesis and hyaline oocytes .Theconclusion of using C.. Appeared to be as serial spawners with long spawning season starting during March and ending until August and the male was maturd faster than female.

Liza subviridis stocks were assessed through catch per unit of effort during the period from July 2008 to Joun 2009. The highest value of catch per unit of effort (CPUE) was 39.91kg/hr in July and the lowest (0kg/hr) in December and January. Length weight relationships were calculated for studied fish species and following equations obtained W = 0.0128 L 3.011 . Regression values (b) calculated for species significantly differ the value from 3. Relative condition factor was ranged from 0.92 in Jun to 1.06 in April. Length Cohort analysis was employed to understand L. subviridis. Catch curve total mortality rate (Z) for (2.943). Natural mortality rates (M) was also calculated (1.102). Fishing mortality rate was 1.841. Food habits were studied. The species was deprivers sex categories were encountered names Alge, inorganic detritus, organic detritus, eggs, diatoms and aquatic plant. For consisted the bulk of food items. Peek feeding activity was at August, September, February and March. Peek feeding intensity was at July

Afield experiment was conducted in silty clay soil classified as fine loamy active calcareous hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvents. The soil was planted by Alfalfa crop viriety (Medicago sativa) in the season of 2008-2009. Two irrigation water types were used, namely ; treated water by care – free water conditioners equipment and untreated water ( shatt –Al arab river water) it Ec was 7.94 ds.m-1. care – free equipment was connected in the irrigation pass line of the shatt – Alarab river water ; The diameter of the equipment was 1.5 in ( 3.81 cm). The soil properties changes due to using care- free equipment was studied after one and two months. The studied soil physical properties are saturated hydraulic conductivity , bulk density , total porosity and moisture content and its relation with sodium adsorption ratio ( SAR) for depths of 0-25 , 25-50 and 50-75 cm.
The results showed that the treated water increased the saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil total porosity and decreased SAR significantly by 50.72 , 1.22 and 20.64%,respectively, compared with saline soil ( untreated water). But the treated water did not effect significantly on the soil bulk density and moisture content values.
The Saturated hydraulic conductivity value is 0.994 m. day-1 after one month but became to 0.396 m. day-1 at the end of the experiment. The bulk density decreased while the total soil porosity increased significanthy by 4.9 and 5.33% , but they increased to 8.71 and 9.75% after two months compared with original values respectively. At the end of the experiment , SAR inereased significantly by 123.98% compared with its value of after one month of installing the equipment. The time period had no effect significant on the soil moisture content

Campylobacter bacteria were isolated from different samples of food sources included ( beef meat – minced meat –– raw chicken –– raw cow milk – locally white cheese – samples from some restaurants ( salads – shawarma- grilled chicken and swabs from worker hands and boards)) from different regions in the Basrah province . 78 isolates belong to the genus Campylobacter spp. were obtained in this study. Isolation percentage of Campylobacter in Basrah province was 26% ( in shiretowns 5% while in center city 21% ) .
The isolates were belong to biotypes C. jejuni II , C.jejuni IV and C. coli II , the most isolate rates C. jejuni II , and C. coli II in restaurants (26.08) and (8.69) respectively . The isolates rate were equal to biotype C.jejuni IV in restaurants and meat were 13.04 , while lowest rate for biotypes C.jejuni II , C.jejuni IV and C. coli II in milk and milk products were 10.86 , 4.34 and 4.34 respectively
Results showed that the isolates of C. jejuni II and C. coli II were multi-resistance to Erythromycin , Kanamycin, Metronidazole and Ampicillin , while were sensitive to the antibiotics Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin

This study includes doing chemical,physical tests on five kinds of local wheat's (Ashur, Adnania 1, Eba’e 95, Tamooz 2 and Abu Greib 3). The results of chemical and physical tests on wheat and flour showed the highest protein and fat percentage were in Ashur class 14.90% and 1.82% respectively . it was noticed the raise of dry and wet gluten 10.80% and32.50% and weight of athousand kernels 34gr and pelshanke test 165 minute in Ashur class.Simple films of manyconcentration of gluten , glycerol ,absolute ethanol and different concentration of pH were prepared from Ashur wheat flour, and they were distingwished by transparency ,lackness of taste and odour and its colour is light yellowish ,flexible ,and soft touch. The thickness of the film is between 0.09 – 0.15 mm .Water vapour permeability were different according to the concentration of the materials that make the solution of the film and it were between 2.00 – 4.43 gm· mm m2 h .k pascal .Solubility of simple gluten film in water were about 20.30 -34.39 % where as it’s solubility in 1N HCl were 24.26 – 46.64 % .The tensile strength of simple wheat gluten film were about 2.63 – 4.87 Mega pascal ,where as its percentage elongation at break were about 15.21–43.25%.
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This study aimed to assess partial biochemical characteristic of the enzyme purified from crab portunus pelagicus, some of the ion compounds inhibition the activity of lipase, in the presence of copper and iron ions when incubated of the enzyme with 1 and 5 mM and 5 mM manganese, while both of a calcium and magnesium ions increase in the activity of the enzyme at the concentration of 5 mM, and the results showed the activity of the enzyme was also affected by the presence of calcium ions, magnesium and manganese by a few at the concentration of 1 mM. There is no effect of the chelating agents and reduction as EDTA and 2-mercaptoethanol and Urea on the activity of lipase, when incubated it in 1 and 5 mM. Results showed an increase in the activity of lipase in the presence of surfactant materials such as Tween 20 and Triton X-100 at the concentration of 5 and 10 (V /V%), respectively, while the some materials at 10 and 5 (V /V%), 5 , 10 (V /V%) of Tween 80 , 0.1 (W/ V%) of SDS showed simple inhibition of lipase. Commercial detergents such as (Sana , Cleana , Bounx , Albana) at 0.1 mM were not affect on lipase activity.

Sixty fugal isolates were isolated from different agricultural soils in sacred Karbala governorate and subjected to primary and secondary screening to test their abilities for inulinase production. The highest inulinase producer isolate was identified as Aspergillus niger . The environmental conditions for enzyme production from the selected isolate
were studied. The results showed that the best conditions included incubation by shaking incubator at 30 °C with 150 rpm for 96 hrs.

An experiment was conducted during the fall seasen of 2009 to compare ten varieties of sorghum ( v1 , v2 , v3, ………v10 ) with kafier -2 as control in two locations (Shat al-Arab and Qorna) in Basrah provenance. The design was randomized complete block with three replicates in both location .The results showed that the variety V10 gave higher number of heads/ plant and plant yield (54,587)gm while the variety V5 gave the higher number of grain/head .The variety V3 gave the highest grain yield (5,52 t / h) and gave similer 1000 seed weight to variety V5. The location Al-Qorna gave higher results in most traits under the study except number of head /plant and 1000 seed weight which were not significantly different form the other location .The study also showed that there was asignificant interaction between varieties and location for the number of head /plant ,number of grain /head ,1000 seed weight ,the yield of individual plant and total grain yield/ha.

This research was conducted to evaluate the soil penetration resistance of the plowed and unplowed soil expressed by the cone index. The experiments were conducted using deep digger moldboard plow. The experiment parameters are three plowing depths (10, 15 and 25cm) two moisture content levels (16.1% and 24.5%) and five tractor-implement combination passes. The tractor-implement combination was passed vertically on the direction of the plowing once, twice, three, four and five times. The experiments were replicated twice times. The cone index measurement was taken to the soil depths 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-25cm and the measurement carried out in the middle and both sides of the tire rut. The experiments were conducted in silty clay soil. The total weight of the tractor and the moldboard plow is 31.78kN. The inflation pressure of the front and rear wheels are 2.5bar and 1.0bar respectively. The result showed that the soil penetration resistance of the unplowed soil increased from 2819.24 to 5403.55kN/m2 (91.7%) and from 1318.18 to3766.99 kN/m2 (185.8%) when the depth increased from 0-5 to 20-25cm for the moisture contents of 15% and 24.5% respectively. When the soil was plowed the soil penetration resistance decreased (average) from 4181.8 to1352.0 kN/m2 (67%) and from 2584.71 to 1239.50kN/m2 (52%) for the same moisture content levels respectively. When the tractor-implement combination passed once on the soil surface the highest soil penetration resistance (compaction) recorded for depth of 5-10 in both MC levels while the second highest values was recorded for the soil surface (0-5cm) and then decreased with depth. The highest values of the soil penetration resistances are 4742.45 and 4025.12 kN/m2 for MC of 16.1% and 24.5% respectively. For five passes the trend of soil penetration resistance remained the same as it was for one pass. But for five passes the values increased considerably, for depth of 5-10 the soil penetration resistance is
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6343.30kN/m2 and 5544.52kN/m2 for MC levels 16.1% and 24.5% respectively. The results showed that the soil penetration resistance exceeded the value of that of unplowed soil in the first pass in soil of higher MC (24.5%) but for the soil of lower MC (16.1%) it exceeded the value of the unplowed soil at third pass. The soil penetration resistance of the plowed soil decreased as the plowing depth increased for both MC levels. When the soil was passed on by the tractor-implement combination, it was severely compacted and exceeded the values before plowing. In the soil of MC of 16.1% the soil penetration Resistance increased from 1486.27, 1465.22 and 1352.02 kN/m2 to 4710.17, 4241.77 and 4607.54kN/m2 (216.9%, 189.5% and 240.8%) while for the soil of MC of 24.5% it increased from 1339.12, 1295.37 and 1239.49kN/m2 to 3808.26, 3604.34 and 3678.71kN/m2 (184.4%, 178.4% and 196.8%) for plowing depths of 10, 15 and 25cm respectively.

This research was conducted on 2WD and 4WD tractors to determine the draft force ranges at which these tractors work at their maximum traction efficiency. Massy –Ferguson tractor of 2WD and 4WD type was used in the experiments. The total weight of the tractor is 48.85kN. The weight acting on the rear and front wheels is 34.63kN and 14.22kN respectively. The rated engine power is 95kW. The experiments were conducted using four tractor forward speeds G1(0.39), G2(0.51), G3(0.72) and G4(1.20) m/sec and six operating depths (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60cm) for the plow which used to load the tractor engine.
The results showed that the maximum traction efficiency of 2WD and 4WD tractors are 0.72 and 0.79 which occurred at traction wheels slip of 12% and 7% respectively. The draft force range of 4WD was wider than that of 2WD which gives 4WD tractor superiority on 2WD tractor. These draft force ranges are 15-30kN and 12.5-32.5kN and these ranges occurred at wheels slip ranges of 10-30% and 5-19% for 2WD and 4WD tractors respectively. The optimum traction efficiencies ( the optimum tractor performance) are 0.78 and 0.85 and they occurred at wheels slip of 17% and 8% and at draft force of 22kN for 2WD and 4WD tractors respectively.
The maximum value of PF increased as the tractor forward speed increased for both tractors but this maximum PF provided lower draft force which means the tractor can not pull wider implements or machines working at greater depths but at lower forward speed the situation is better. For lower forward speed (0.39 m/sec) the draft force at which the maximum PF occurred at is 29 kN and 34 kN for 2WD and 4WD respectively. When the forward speed increased to 1.20 m/sec the draft force decreased to 23kN and 28kN for 2WD and 4WD respectively. The results showed clearly that 4WD surpassed in performance 2WD. it is more efficiently in using the power at the traction wheels as draft force increased with less power losses through the wheels slip and the rolling resistance and that can be seen from the difference between Pd and PF.
The power at the traction wheels (Pd), the weight of the tractor (Gt) and the tractor forward speed (Va) were connected in equation for 4WD and
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2WD tractors but the weight of the traction wheels (rear wheels) (Zr) was used for 2WD tractor. Both equations may be used to determine the weight required by the tractor to operate at the maximum traction efficiency.
Keywords: maximum traction efficiency, optimum traction efficiency, draft force range. Draft power, power at the traction wheels