Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences

Benzene is one of the most environmental contaminants, absorbed by inhalation, oral and dermal exposure. Forty adult male rats ( Rattus norvigicas) were divided into two equal groups: control and treated group, the treated group were housed near the source of exhaust, 2 litters of benzene were used in generator (23 Am) daily for 4 hours for 30 days, then rats were sacrificed, body weight was measured and blood samples collected for Hb, RBC, WBC, Blood Urea, Cholesterol, Creatinine, Protein and Albumin assessment as well as histological study for liver and kidneys. The results showed decrease in body weight. Hb, RBC, WBC and blood urea were significantly increased, whereas serum cholesterol, creatinine, protein and albumin concentrations showed slight increase as compare to treated group, as well as congestion in liver and kidney. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that benzene emission exhaust resulted in sever change to the liver, nephropathy and blood picture

This study was conducted on thirty four cows and twenty five buffaloes aged between 3.5- 7 years old in Abu-grab and White gold village at Baghdad suburban. Clinical diagnosis of inactive ovaries was performed by rectal palpation and accomplished by a history of anestrum for at least 3 months postpartum. The cows and buffaloes were randomly divided into 4 groups and treated as follows, G1: 12 cow and 7 buffaloes injected with 1000 I.U eCG (Folligon, Intervet) I.M, G2: 7 cows and 5 buffaloes injected with o.5 mg GnRH analogue I.M (Fertagyl, Intervet). G3: 8 cows and 7 buffaloes injected with 1000 I.U. eCG and o.5 mg GnRH analogue I.M. , G4 : 7 cows and 6 buffaloes injected with 1000 I.U. eCG I.M. and 1500 I.U. hCG (Chorulon, Intervet) I.M. All the treated animals were left free with males to ensure mating.
Results of cows responded to various treatments and showed signs of estrus were 9/12 (75%), 3/7 (42.85%), 7/8 (87.5%), and 6/7 (85.71) in G1, G2, G3, and G4 respectively, While the durations of response were 4.12 ±2.1 days, 6.48±2.9 days, 4.89 ±2.8 days and 4.11 ±2.6 days in the same sequence of groups. The number of cows which subsequently became pregnant were G1: 5/9 (55.55%), G2: 1/3 (33.33%), G3: 4/7 (57.14%) and G4: 3/6 (50%). While the number of buffaloes responded to the same treatments and showed signs of estrus were 5/7 (71.42%), 2/5 (40%), 6/7 (85.71%), and 5/6 (83.33%) in G1, G2, G3, and G4 respectively. The durations of response were 4.66 ±2.25 days, 6.1 ±2.82 days, 3.92±1.9 days and 3.5±1.3 days. The number of buffaloes which subsequently became pregnant were G1: 3/5 (60%), G2: ½ (50%), G3: 3/6 (50%), G4: 3/5(60%). It was concluded that the use of GnRH alone gave a significantly lower effect in treating cases of inactive ovaries and also the use of GnRH or hCG with eCG as a combination did not give an additional improvement in results of treating the same cases in both types of animals.

The study was aimed at antibacterial activities of propolis against (gram+ve), (gram-ve) bacteria. Propolis extract was obtained by 70% ethanol and serial dilutions of 10.96, 5.48, 2.74, 1.37, 0.68, 0.34, 0.17, 0.085, 0.043, and 0.0215 mg/ml prepared using disc diffusion method and MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimal Bactericidal Concentration). The chemical composition of the propolis was also investigated using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Bioautography analysis of the TLC plates identified fractions with inhibitory activity. Ethanol extract of propolis showed more activity against Gram-positives (S. aureus , S. epidermidis , B. subtilis , B. cereus) than Gram-negatives (E.coli , S. enteritidis , K. pneumoniae, P.vulgaris). Thin layer chromatography screening revealed the presence of bactericidal flavonol galangin, kaempferol, naringenin, apigenin and caffeic acid in propolis. The total flavonoid and phenolic contents were 23.87% and 31.25 %, respectively, The findings suggest that propolis is a very effective antimicrobial agent may be due to high levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds

The study conducted to compute the morbidity rate of clinical and subclinical ovine bacterial mastitis in pre- and postpartum periods; isolation and identification of these bacteria, estimation of specificity and sensitivity of California Mastitis Test and White Side Test for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in 400 samples of mammary secretions collected from104 adult ewes; 200 milk samples obtained 2- 3 weeks before parturition and other 200 milk samples collected from the same ewes during the first week after parturition; in Al-Anbar province, in addition to study of efficiency of dry period therapy with slow releasing intramammary tubes contain benzathine penicillin and streptomycin sulfate for control of postpartum mastitis. The sensitivity and specificity of California Mastitis Test in pre- partum period reached to 69.70% and 49.44% respectively, whereas reached to 54.84% and 38.82% in postpartum period respectively, while, the sensitivity and specificity of White Side Test were 63.64% and 42.70 % in pre- partum period, and 40% and 52.25% in postpartum period respectively. In pre-partum period, The clinical mastitis due to gram negative bacteria appeared in 13 (6.5%) infected halves, where pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, proteus vulgaris, and Serratia marcescens isolated from 4 (30.77%), 3(23.8%), 2(15.38%), 2(15.38%), 1 (7.69%) and 1 (7.69%) halves respectively. The subclinical mastitis due to gram negative bacteria appeared 13 (6.5%) infected halves where Mannheimia haemolytica, Proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginosa,Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, and Histophillus ovis isolated from 3 (23.8%), 3 (23.8%), 2(15.38%), 2 (15.38%), 1 (7.69%), 1 (7.69%) and 1(7.69%) halves respectively. From these 26 halves infected with gram negative bacteria, 8 halves were treated with intramammary tubes 2-3 weeks before parturition, thus in postpartum period 7 (87.5%) halves cured from mastitis after parturition while, one (12.5%) half remain infected. In non- treated group 10 (55.56%) out of 18 halves cured from mastitis in post partum period without treatment while, 8 (44.44%) halves remain infected, in addition to 13 newly infected halves in non- treated group. In post partum period, the clinical cases due to gram negative bacteria appeared in 10 halves where Mannheimia haemolytica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pasteurella multocida and E.coli isolated from 5 (50%), 3 (30 %),1 (10%) and 1 (10%) halves respectively. Subclinical mastitis due to gram negative bacteria appeared in 22 (11%) halves, where Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolytica and Histophillus ovis isolated from 5 (22.72%), 5 (22.72%), 4 (18.18%), 3 (13.64%), 2 (9.09 %), 1 (4.55%), 1 (4.55%) and 1 (4.55%) halves respectively. It is concluded that the gram negative bacteria are important causative agents of mastitis even in dry period, and they have specific importance in postpartum period in ewes and the pre- partum therapy is an efficient practice for control of postpartum mastitis in ewes.

550 fecal samples were collected from sheep with different age and sex, around Sulamani province from, Rania, Arbat, Qaradach, Said sadeq and Wana, during the period from September 2009 to June 2010. Direct flotation and microscopic fetal examination was the criteria of diagnosis. The prevalence of GIT parasite was 34.36% (189/550). 5% were showed multiple infestation. The most common type of infestation was Nematodirus spp. Were to alesser extent type was Trichuris ovis. The parasitic infestation was observed includes; Nematodirus, Strongylus, Marshalagia, Trichuris and Coccidia with a percentage of 29.8%, 19.8%, 9.9%, 6% and 21.8% respectively. It was concluded from this study that parasitic infestation of GIT tract in sheep in Sulamani province is high. However, farther studies was required.

This study aimed to investigate the histochemical effect of black seed oil extract on liver tissue in fat feeding rabbits. The study included fifty rabbit males were divided equally into 5 groups:
1. Control group which treated with normal saline as control (C), and fed normal diet.
2. The second group (ch) was fed normal diet with 1% cholesterol for 90 days.
3. The third group (chn) was treated with oil extract of Black seed as 500 mg/ kg of body weight for each animal by oral tube, in addition to 1% cholesterol for 90 days.
4. The fourth group (Nch) was treated with oil extracts of Black seeds as 500 mg/kg by gastric tube for 30 days, and then fed cholesterol only for 60 days.
5. The fifth group (N) was treated with oil extracts of Black seeds as 500 mg/kg by gastric tube mixed with normal diet for 90 days.
The animals dissected in regular times to get the liver samples for histological and histochemical study by use special stains. Histopathological study was revealed fibrosis in liver tissue and the proliferation of bile ducts in (ch) group while the group Nch and N did not show any tissue changes significantly. The chn group was show simple changes which returned to normal at the end of experiment. These results were detected to role of black seed oil extract in reduced the harmful effect of cholesterol. This study shows the role of black seed oil in reduced influence of cholesterol on the tissues.

The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of the graduated concentrations from the alcoholic extract of oak (Quercus acuta). (25, 50, 100, 200 mg/ml) were tested against the growth and multiplication of some pathogenic bacteria causing yolk sac infection in broiler chicks (S. aureus, Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and E. coli) were compared with the effectiveness of ampicillin (10µg), gentamicin (30 µg) and neomycin (30 µg) in culture media, in the same time we also investigate the effect of incubated temperature on the growth inhibition zone of the oak extract through conservation of culture media in two different temperature (25°, 37°C) for 24 hrs with the helping of incubator. The result revealed that the mentioned bacteria showed high sensitivity toward different concentrations of alcoholic extract of oak and this result were close, often, especially at high concentrations. Our result revealed that the activity increased with increase concentration of extract, in the same time we observed that the incubation temperature factor showed significant effects on the results especially with the growth of salmonella and E. coli in culture media.

The prevalence of Theileria hirci and Babesia motasi was studied in goats in the Duhok area of Iraq from April to September 2010. A total of 500 local black breed goats represent 35 flocks of different localities were clinically and then in laboratory examined for the presence of piroplasmosis in blood smears. The study revealed that 20.8% of the goats infected with T. hirci and 4% infected with Babesia motasi. Prevalence of piroplasms infection between male and female and between different age groups of goats was statistically significant. Hematological findings, showed a significant decrease in red blood cell, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume beside the significant increase in the mean corpuscular volume. No changes in mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration values were noted. Macrocytic and normochromic type of anemia was found.

Two types of single-layer closure techniques were investigated on experimentally induced cystotomy in eight dogs divided equally and randomly into two groups (A and B). In animals of both groups, cystotomy was created experimentally on the ventral aspect of the urinary bladder (U. B.) wall through conventional midline ventral laparotomy. In group A, the cystotomy wound was closed by single-layer, full thickness, simple continuous (FTSC) pattern, whereas in group B, the closure was performed by single-layer continuous Cushing (CC) pattern, using polyglactin-910 (3/0) in both groups. The efficiency of cystotomy wound healing and a urine-tight seal of the reconstructed U. B. were explored at 14th and 28th post-operative (P.O.) days by general urine exam, contrast X-ray visualization by negative air media, postmortem inspection and histological interpretation.
In both groups (A and B), the general urine exam showed no precipitation of oxalate and struvit crystals. A strong urine-tight seal of the reconstructed U. B. was also evident in either group as indicated by the X-ray images. The postmortem inspection revealed optimal healing at the site of cystomy wound closure on the 14th P. O. day, however slight to moderate adhesions were observed in two dogs (one in either group). The histological examination of the U. B. biopsies showed that the morphological appearance of the healing process of the cystotomy wound was similar in both groups. Normal epithelization of the mucosal layer and normal structural appearance of the muscularis and serosal layers at the site of cystomy closure were apparent in animals of both groups on the 14th P. O. day. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that the efficiency of the FTSC was equal to that of the CC in all comparison parameters.

The well diffusion method, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were implemented to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Ocimum basilicum against Staphylococcus aureus. The growth of S.aureus was inhibited after application of Ocimum basilicum at concentrations of 0.34 to10.96 mg/ ml in the test of MIC and MBC. The greater inhibition zones (12.2 ± 0.3 to 20.0 ± 0.2 mm) were observed due to O. basilicum at concentrations of 20 to 100 mg/ml in the well diffusion test respectively. Ocimum basilicum. Extract enhanced wound healing and disappearance of inflammation signs with regrowth of hair at the site of the experimentally made incision inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial activity of Ocimum basilicum extract could be attributed to some active ingredients having the ability to complex with extra cellular and soluble protein and to complex with bacterial cell wall disrupting microbial membranes

In order to known the antilisterial, immune stimulating effects of crud Listeria Lipids (CLE) on Listeria monocytogene. crud Lipid Extract (CLE) were prepare, sensitivity test was don of this extract as antilisteria effect and comparing with antibiotics E15, C LR15, RA5, AM10, DO30, PY100 the result showed that the CLE of LM affect growth of LM and the inhibition zone 21.33±0.34 mm. comparing with antibiotics E15, C LR15, RA5, AM10, DO30, PY 10020.3±0.89, 19.66±0.33, 10.66±0.67, 23.33±0.89, 17.66±0.68, 24.66±0.34 respectively. The statical analysis has showed that there was asignifacans differences (p<0.05) between the antibiotics groups comparing with CLE and low with RA and highly with PY100. Also in order to known the effect of this crud Lipid on Listeria infection, 10 mice were immunized with CLE I/P (0.05 mg/0.5 ml) a twice dose with antervales period 14 days, after 10 days from second dose Delyed type hyper sensitivity test was done by skin test on foot pad with CLE 0.1 ml, then the thickening of foot pad measuring after 24 and 48h. then after 27 dayes of 1st dose mice were challenged with infected Lm, the result showed that the mean thickening of foot pad was, 1.6±0.048, 1.2±0.056 after 24,48 h. respectively. Result also showed decreased mortality rate 30% of immunized mice, while 100% of control and isolation of LM Liver, spleen and heart from the three immunized mice and all control which are died after 4-10 dayes that’s indicated the crud Lipid stimulate immune response that protect the mice.

Ornamental fish species showed mucous hyperscretion, signs of irritation, slight shedding of scales and large areas of skin hyperaemia. They included brood Goldfish (Carassius auratus; varieties: Common, Fantail, Ryukin, Veiltail and Moor), Black molly (Poecilia sphenops), Gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus), Swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri), Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) and brood Suckermouth Algae Eater (Hypostomus plecostomus). They were subjected to gross observation followed by microscopic examination of mucous scrapes from both sides of the body and from the fins. All the examined fish suffered mixed parasitic infestation. Four species of parasites were detected in mucous scrapes of Carassius auratus, Poecilia sphenops, and Trichogaster trichopterus, three of these parasites species in mucus scrapes of Xiphophorus helleri, whereas mucus scrapes of Poecilia reticulata, Pterophyllum scalare and Hypostomus plecostomus contained only two species of these ectoparasites. The results have indicated that three of the encountered parasites, namely Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Gyrodactylus species and Copepoda: Lernaeidae species were recorded for the first time in Iraq. The binomial name of the fourth species could not be identified. The higher incidence percentage of infection 100% was for Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and the unidentified species, followed by 45.45% for Gyrodactylus species and then 36.36% for Copepoda: Lernaeidae species.

Three species of protozoa: Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica and Iodamoeba sp. and nematode eggs belong to four species: Ascaris lumbrecoides, Ascaridia sp, Strongyloides sp and Habronema sp. were reported in this study for the first time in Iraq, that transmitted mechanically by Musca demostica. Three species of protozoa were showed from tested of 170 Musca demostica fly after stained with Zeal Nelson: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium muris, Cyclospora cayetanensis, after appearance of their oocysts. The results were discussed with ratios of prevalence of these parasites in Baghdad.

This study involved investigation on the toxic effects of Ochratoxin A in various internal organs of chicks (brain, heart and lung). The study showed histopathological effect of Ochratoxin A in group 1 (which were given crude Ochratoxin A orally) and in group 2 (which were fed contaminated feed with toxigenic Aspergillus ochraceus). The histopathological sections of the brain especially cerebrum showed perivascular and perineuronal edema and shrinkage of many neurons due to degeneration with central chromatolysis of the others with massive sub meningeal hemorrhage. Cerebellum tissue sections showed degeneration of purkinge cells. The histopathological sections of heart showed edema and infiltration of heterophils between the muscle fibers and the blood vessels of myocardium undergo hypertrophy of tunica media with proliferation of endothelial cells. Other sections of heart showed thickening of pericardium, edema and infiltration of inflammatory cells and congestion. The histopathological sections of the lung showed severe dilation and congestion of pulmonary arteries with large areas of emphysema.

Prevalence of hypodermosis (warble fly infestation, WFI) in cattle was recorded in Babylon province in middle of Iraq. The cattle were clinically examined for the presence of warbles by manual palpation from December 2008 to June 2009. One hundred eighty seven 22.21% out of 842 animals were found to be clinically positive for hypodermosis. The infestation was highest in March and lowest in June, in females versus males and in old versus young animals.

The aim of this study was concerned on the evaluation of microbial load of imported UHT milk sold in different markets and stores in Baghdad. A total of 50 milk samples were collected, analyzed and processed during February till March 2011. A methylene blue reduction time, resazurin reduction time and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction test were used for detection and enumeration of microbial loadaccording to the standard protocols of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) with some modifications.In this study, TTC was added to Plate Count Agar (PCA) for enumeration of microorganisms in UHT milk samples, with the aim to verify the frequency of microorganisms that are unable to reduce TTC.Milk samples were decimally diluted in phosphate buffered saline and pour-plated in PCA plus 0.015% TTC. Colonies were counted after 24h and 48h of incubation at 35oC. From a total of 50 samples, a 7 (14%) were contaminated with many types of bacteria according to results of tests used in this study especially gram negative rods such as Escherichiacoli as well as high percentage of microorganisms unable to reduce TTC in UHT milk, which cannot be detected by laboratory procedures based on the formation of red colonies. These findings suggest presence of high microbial load that contaminates some UHT or sterilized milk samples in Baghdad city, so it is strongly recommended that these imported products are monitored carefully.

The present study was designed to evaluate the toxic effect alcoholic extract for Citrullus Coloncynthis fruits in mice. Four treatment groups, each consist of 6 mice divided according to daily treatment with alcoholic extract for Citrullus Colonocynthis fruits to T1, T2, T3 and Crepresenting dosing orally with 30, 60,120 mg/kg respectively the fourth group act as control and treated with distilled water in 30 day. The result showed significant (P<0.01) elevation in their serum clinical enzyme Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) positively proportional with the dose of the plant extract. Yellow of spots was noticed in the liver in T2 and T3 groups at the end of experiment. All treated group T1,T2,T3 show no gross lesion on kidney compares control group. Toxic signs were also noticed increase proportionally with the dose of treated group including: depression, change in stool color and increase in respiration with decrease in weight. Histopathological changes shows the lesion which increased proportionally with the dose that lesion as inflammation and necrosis appear more in high dose T3= (120 mg/kg) in both liver and kidney in addition for the presence of multiple cast in urinary tubules and less at the other doses. The results of this study reveal that the alcoholic extract for Citrullus Colonocynthis fruits toxic effect in dose T3= (120 mg/kg) and less effect in T2= (60 mg/kg). Because of the popularity of this plant in traditional medicine for treatment of some diseases such as diabetes mellitus therefore must careful when uses.

Plants are used to treat many conditions of diseases but have many side effects which lead to deleterious effect for several systems in the body. The objectives of this Study are to investigate effective role for steroidal extract of fenugreek on ICSH and SSH in male mice hormones. The steroidal extract of fenugreek was prepared by hydrolyzing the grinded powder of fenugreek seeds with HCl (2N) in water bath, then filtered and air-dried and put in soxhlet apparatus for 16 hrs with addition of chloroform as a solvent; the solution was condensed in the incubator and preserved in refrigerator until use. Thirty (30) adult Albino male mice of 8-10 weeks old, their weight ranged between 25-35 gms. they were randomly divided into 3 equal groups, 10 mice for each group. The steroidal extract of fenugreek seeds administered at dose (100, 200) mg/kg B.Wt. to first 2 groups (G1 and G2) respectively orally for 34 days, while the third group (Control) administered daily ethyl acetate 20% orally. The results of the present study demonstrated significant decrement (P<0.05) in both G1 and G2 mice in all parameters measured (ICSH and SSH hormones) as compared with G3 (control group). It was concluded that the steroidal extract of fenugreek seeds has a significant antifertility effects on male reproductive mice and this effect increase with increasing in dose of this extract.

Fifty serum and buffy coat samples were collected from bovine from illegal abattoirs around Baghdad. RNA extraction was performed on buffy coat samples. These samples were subjected to conventional RT-PCR for the detection of BVDV. The result showed that the BVDV was detected by RT-PCR in three samples only. A comparison study was also conducted on the sensitivity of RNA extracted and non-extracted buffy coat and serum samples in conventional RT-PCR. The result showed that RNA extraction is the method of choice when conventional RT-PCR was performed on blood samples from BVDV infected animals. In a final conclusion, BVDV was detected by RT-PCR in local bovine. The findings suggested and proposed epidemiological studies on BVDV in Iraq in conjunction with isolation of the virus and identification of its genotype and biotype

Mn(II), Mn(III), and Mn (IV) complexes with two Schiff base ligands derived from salicylic acid hydrazide with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde have been prepared and characterized by several techniques, including, infrared and electronic spectra, magnetic measurements, molar conductance measurements, and the metal content in complexes were estimated by gravimetric analysis. Based on these studies square pyramidal structure for Mn (III) complexes and octahedral structure for the Mn (II) and Mn (IV) complexes were proposed. The antimicrobial activity against two Strain Gram +ve bacteria (Staphalococcus auras, Enterococcus) and two Strain Gram -ve bacteria (E.coli, P.aeruginosa) and yeast Candida albicans to assess their inhibiting potential, the results showed all ligands and their complexes inactive against Staphalococcus auras and they have moderate activity against the rest microorganisms.

In this study we show the effect of some of biocides on Acinetobacter baumannii and reflection of this effect on resistance of bacteria to both biocides and antibiotics at the same time. We have Used inorganic biocide which represent Sodium hypochlorite compound (NaOCl). Exposure of bacteria to this compound in sub-lethal concentrations are 400 µg\ml (0.04%) and 500 µg\ml (0.05%). Also bacteria are exposed to organic biocide which represent Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) exposure of bacteria to concentrations 2000 µg\ml (0.2%) and 3000 µg\ml (0.3%), after that we observe the appearance of bacterial strains resistant to biocides by observation of increase in Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values for biocides to inhibit the bacteria after exposure it to biocides in the concentration which are mentioned above. We observed from this study that clear differences in bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics before and after exposure by observation increase in the level of bacterial resistance to antibiotics after exposure to biocides. We conclude from this study we must know the appropriate concentrations for these biocides (Sodium hypochlorite and Povidone iodine) because if we use these biocides in sub-lethal concentration lead to appearance of bacterial strains resistant to both biocides and antibiotics and that lead to failure in the treatment.

This experiment was designed to study the effect of flavonoid extracted from Hawthorn (crataegus oxyacantha) on some hematological parameters in female mice. The experiment was performed on fifteen female mice which were divided randomly into three equal groups (5/group) and were treated daily as follows for four weeks: the first group was received distilled water and served as control, mice of the second group (T1) was administrated 9 mg /kg B.W. flavonoids and the third group (T2) was administrated 18 mg /kg B.W. flavonoids for four weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment to study the following parameters:-RBCs count, PCV ratio, Hb concentration, differential leukocytes count, MCV, MCH and MCHC. The results showed that animals treated with flavonoids extracted from Hawthorn (T1 and T2) have not significant differences (P>0.05) in RBC count, MCV and MCH, as compared to control. There was significant decrease in packed cell volume in both treated groups as compared to control but there was significant increment (P<0.05) in Hb concentration of third group (T2) as compared to second (T1) and control groups. The results also showed marked increased of the MCHC percentage in both second and third treated group as compared to control. The effect of flavonoids extracted from hawthorn showed significant decrease of neutrophil percentage and significant increase of lymphocyte percentage in treated groups as compared to control, while there was no significant increase in the percentage of monocytes and eosinophils.

Starting from 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole a variety of new cyclic imides linked to 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety were synthesized via following different methods. The first method involved synthesis of a series of amic acids containing 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring via reaction of different cyclic anhydrides with 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole, then the resulted amic acids were dehydrated by using acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate as dehydrating agent to produce the corresponding cyclic imides. The strategy used in performing the second method involved reaction of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole with (bis naphthalic anhydride, 2,3-pyridinic anhydride and 1,8-naphthalic anhydride) in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The present work involved also synthesis of six new cyclic imides linked to 1,3,4-thiadizole ring and containing six-membered (phthalazine, 4-methyl pyridazine, pyridazine and tetrahydropyridazine)-3,6-dione moiety. Synthesis of four of these imides based on introducing 2-amino-5-hydrazino-1,3,4-thiadiazole on reaction with different cyclic anhydrides producing the corresponding bis amic acids which were subsequently introduced in dehydration reaction producing the desirable new compounds while the other two imides were prepared via direct reaction of 2-(N-maleimidyl)-5-hydrazino-1,3,4-thiadiazole with cyclic anhydride in glacial acetic acid under reflux conditions. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity and were found to exhibit good to moderate antimicrobial activity against the tested organisms.

This present study was undertaken to search out the effect of coffee containing caffeine on some physiological parameters in adult male rabbits. Ten adult male rabbits were randomly divided into two equale groups, control group (C): rabbits of this group were allowed to ad libitum supply of drinking water, treated group (T): rabbits of this group were allowed to ad libitum supply of drinking water containing 100 mg/kg b.w of coffee, blood samples were collected at 15 and 30 days of the experiment, Blood was drawn by cardiac puncture technique for measuring the following parameters: blood glucose concentration, total cholesterol (TC), blood urea concentration and haemoglobin concentration, section from kidney and liver were taken at the end of the experiment for histological study. The results revealed that coffee consumption at dose 100 mg/kg b.w in drinking water for 30 days cause a significant decrees (p<0.05) in blood glucose concentration and a significant increase (p<0.05) in total cholesterol and blood urea concentration in addition to non significant reduction (p>0.05) in haemoglobin concentration. No histological changes in kidney and liver tissue in the treated group as compared to control group .Results of this study showed that the coffee consumption negatively effected the total cholesterol ,blood urea, and haemoglobin concentration in conclusion the regular consumption of coffee negatively effect on health of both human and animals.

This study was assigned to evaluate the sedative effect of intranasal administration of xylazine or diazepam (with or without Chitosan) in budgerigar. A pilot study conducted to determine the effective dose of each drug that cause adequate sedation in these birds and on which the experiment 2 was built. It involved slowly administration of various increasing doses with equal volumes of each drug into each nostril. The dose va1ued 26 and 12 mg/kg. BW. for xylazine and diazepam respectively. In experiment 2, the onset of action, duration of sedation, and duration of dorsal recumbency induced by administratIon of each drug at its effective dose were studied. The combined intranasal administration of chitosan with xylazine or diazepam on sedation quality also was investigated. Intranasal administration of xylazine or diazepam at their effective dose caused adequate sedation in budgerigar where xylazine caused significant prolongation (P<0.05) in duration of sedation than that induced by diazepam, although xylazine failed to induce dorsal recumbency as that induced by diazepam. A combined administration of chitosan with xylazine or diazepam caused significant prolongation (P<0.05) in both duration of sedation induced by xylazine and duration of sedation and dorsal recumbency induced by diazepam compared to each agent when given alone indicating an obvious absorption enhancer effect of chitosan The best results were obtained after administration of diazepam- chitosan formulation. It was concluded that intranasal administration of xylazine or diazepam produce rapid and adequate sedation, also chitosan enhance the absorption of both xylazine or diazepam when administered in conjunction.

The study was conducted to know the effect of collection techniques on recovery and on in vitro maturation of goat oocytes. Oocytes were collected by two techniques aspiration and slicing of goat ovaries obtained from slaughter house. It was observed that aspiration showed a recovery rate of 76.94% (1401/1821) while slicing method showed a recovery rate of 69.93% (884/1264). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between the two methods. Aspiration method showed a maturation rate of 40.68% of the recovered oocytes of good quality (1297/1401), While the slicing method showed a maturation rate of 30.84% of the recovered oocytes (198/642). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in maturation rate between the aspiration and slicing methods.
It was concluded from this study that the method of collection oocytes from ovaries in slaughter house effect on recovery and the maturation of oocyte in Black Iraqi Goat.

Two groups of hydatid cysts were collected, the first one contained 206 cattle specimens while the second one contained 150 sheep specimens. Nine (7 female and 2 males) from cattle and 5 (4 female and 1 male) of sheep found to be infected. The specimens were collected from different ages, sexes and weight. The most infected organ was the liver followed by (liver and lung) and pancreas. In addition to studied the effect of some factors on the volume and fertility of these cysts. The cyst infertility in cattle male was more than female, while in sheep all cases showed infertility of cysts.