Journal of Engineering

One of the primary functions of the DC motor is exemplified in its utilization for the automated operation of irrigation gates, which involves a variety of DC motor models. The DC motor chosen was influenced by the particular operational requirements of the irrigation gate. The ability to support the massive weight of the gate as well as the extreme pressure produced by river water currents are among these requirements. The gate motor utilized functions at a sluggish pace of 20 revolutions per minute. The approach employed involves tuning utilizing the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) method. The (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) PID controller is designed to precisely manage a DC motor's position, improving the motor's overall performance. The parameters were designed to be Kp = 17, Ti = 1, and Td = 0.1. The Simulation derived from the analysis of MATLAB step response data are side by side with algorithm utilized to certain the dynamic response of the closed-loop configuration. Essential Specifications such as rise time and settling time, both measured in seconds, will be integrated into the simulation outcomes. The utilization of the (ZN) based algorithm for adjusting the gain constants of the PID control system tends to yield superior outcomes in comparison to that under a unity feedback control system .The rising time was 12.6, but when performance improved, it dropped to 0.713. This improvement is also applicable to the settling time, which decreased from 22.4 to 1.13. The holistic evaluation demonstrates that the (ZN) method yields superior performance in contrast to a system employing unity feedback control.

As a result of the rising amount of ceramic waste generated by demolition operations and the breaking down of ceramic products during transmission and production processes, the need to get rid of this waste increased. In addition to the importance of preserving natural resources, the trend has begun to utilize these wastes as a partial alternative to aggregates. In this research, it was studied to replace (30%) of the volume of coarse aggregate with crushed ceramic, replacing 10% by weight of cement with local metakaolin and Carbon fibers were added with (1%) by weight of the cementitious material in order to produce pervious concrete in terms of sustainability. Compressive strength, splitting, and density tests were performed. The results showed that the density of the mixture containing (30%) crushed ceramic decreased by (19.4 %) compared to the reference mixture. As for the results of the mixture containing (30%) crushed ceramic, (10%) metakaolin, and (1%) carbon fiber, it decreased compressive strength by (4.14%) and increased in splitting by (29.95 %) compared with the reference mixture at 28 days.

Problems with borehole instability contribute to an increase in non-productive time, mostly when drilling shale rocks. Drilling in this layer has several issues, including mud loss, tight holes, mechanically stuck pipes, caving, and large holes collapsing. The purpose of this paper is to construct a mechanical earth model (MEM) to evaluate the wellbore's stability. Through the application of MEM, the paper is focused on determining a range of mud weights that would ensure safety and optimize the drilling operation of new wells. The study of wellbore instability indicated that the main factor contributing to these complications was inadequate mud weight during the drilling process in the Tanuma shale formation. Moreover, as the wellbore inclination changed, the quantity of drilling density necessary to penetrate the Tanuma formation also changed substantially. In the Tanuma formation, wellbore angles surpassing 20° should be avoided, according to the model. The model issue that primarily refers to the shear failure in the Tanuma formation was comparatively reduced in the NW-SE direction (in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress). Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis showed that the mud window narrows when the deviation exceeds 10° and that the optimum design range for mud weight in vertical wells is between 11.2 and 14.9 ppg. The outcomes of this study can significantly contribute to the understanding of how to analyze the drilling operations and choose the appropriate mud weight parameters to maintain stability and reduce wellbore instability against shaly formations.

Concrete is globally considered the most utilized material in the world after water. Because of the increased demand for this critical material in the construction sector, researchers tend to enhance its properties by adding different additives, substituting with different pozzolanic materials (such as silica fume, glass powder, or any substance with pozzolanic activity), or changing curing methods to obtain concrete with better properties that could be employed in different applications. One of these methods is using magnetic water either by adding it to the concrete mix or by using it to cure concrete to produce concrete with improved mechanical properties. In this study, a group of articles related to the usage of magnetic water in concrete production are explained to explore the effects of magnetic water on concrete. The results showed increasing interest in this method, especially when the use of magnetic water tends to reduce the amount of cement used leading to a reduction of pollutants (indirect effect); hence, this method is considered sustainable. Also, using magnetic water could help reduce the curing time (accelerates hydration of cement). Hence, lowering both cost and time.

One of the challenges that developing countries is the necessity to properly manage the risks involved in road construction projects. For that, the present work developed a dissension method to specify effective risk factors in a wide range of approaches and protocols to achieve its objectives. The Influence of Risk Road Implementation on Performance Indicators The initial sets of outcomes were derived from computing the average risk estimate. Subsequently, the second results group was established by assessing the relative importance index (RII) effects. In the RII method and mean results the workers and machinery insurance is the most important. The identical data that had been collected from the weighted product model (WPM) methodology ultimately determined that the essential resources such as staff and equipment must be accessible through all stages of activity. In road construction, machines represent a major effective factor that can help to project success with a rank of 0.868. Also, the worker conditions and skills represent another strategy in projects with 0.547 rank. The weighted product model results yelled a more accurate and practical output.

permeability prediction is essential for reservoir characterization, especially in building three-dimensional reservoir models. However, predicting permeability in the complex Tertiary reservoir/Ajeel oil field, with its different rock types and multi-layered formations, poses significant challenges. This paper utilizes well logs and core data from cored wells to predict permeability for uncored wells and intervals, uses an approach integrating rock typing by cluster analysis techniques and the Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) method by categorizing reservoirs into hydraulic flow units(HFUs) based on a reservoir quality index(RQI). This approach includes classifying reservoir rocks and zonation based on comparable petrophysical properties in horizontal and vertical dimensions. Through cluster analysis, four distinct rock types in the Tertiary reservoir are identified, and four hydraulic flow units are defined by correlating core permeability and porosity using the FZI method. The correlation coefficient (R² = 0.81) is acceptable and supports the relationship reliability between FZI-derived permeability and core permeability. Then, four different rock types are linked to their corresponding permeability equations derived from the FZI method and the compensation of effective porosity values in these equations for permeability prediction. Ultimately, the permeability of uncored wells and intervals, depending on this approach, will be predicted using well-log data.
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Modifying asphalt cement is an effective approach to enhance the performance of asphalt concrete. This study evaluates the physical properties of lignin-modified asphalt (LMA) at various lignin percentages. The initial step involved extracting lignin from the pinus wood sawdust using the soda process. Subsequently, the extracted Soda Lignin Powder (SLP) was characterized through Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM/EDX) to examine the changes in the chemical structure of lignin after extraction by soda process. Following this, three asphalt blends containing varying amounts of SLP (2%, 4%, 6%) by weight of asphalt cement were produced to assess physical properties such as penetration, softening point, ductility, and rotational viscosity test. The findings indicate that incorporating SLP into asphalt cement increases stiffness and viscosity compared to virgin asphalt cement, with increasing SLP content. These results suggest that lignin presents significant enhancement to the performance of asphalt cement under high service temperature conditions.

This study investigates fresh and hardened self-compacting concrete properties. LECA will be used in place of coarse aggregate in (0, 20, 40, and 60) % proportions in a partial replacement. First, four SCC mixes were made based on LECA volume fraction and then the second group was made by adding 1% glass fiber by volume to group one's mixes. Hardened concrete after 7, 28, and 56 days was tested for density, water absorption, and (compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural) strengths. Results suggest that LECA increases workability. Rising LECA percentage decreases compressive strength; for 60% LECA, the decrease was (51.90, 45.34, and 41.26) % for 7, 28, and 56 days, respectively. With 60% LECA replacement, flexural strength decreased by (54.38, 33.80, and 32.78) % for 7, 28, and 56 days, respectively. Density drops significantly with LECA, reaching its lower density at (60) % of LECA. Water absorption rises with the increase of LECA. After adding glass fiber workability dropped significantly, and hardened characteristics improved. Compressive strength increased slightly compared to the same mixtures without glass fibers. At20% of LECA the compressive strength increased by (5.58%) at 28 days compared to (60%) LECA at which the compressive strength increased by (3.82%). Glass fiber addition increased flexural strength significantly compared to the same mixes without glass fibers. The mixture with (20%) LECA had the greatest increase (24.46%) in 28 days, compared to the mix with (60%) LECA (18.22%). Density increased slightly with glass fibers. Glass fibers increase water absorption compared to the same mixes without glass fiber.

Estimating the rate of penetration (ROP) for oil well drilling is essential for cost-effective and safe drilling operations; drilling companies have been aiming for ROP estimation since the industry's first decade. To achieve this goal, among numerous models, the Burgoyne and Young model (BYM), an equation-based approach, was developed and widely used to predict the ROP based on multiple linear regression (MLR). Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is a machine learning technique that analyzes drilling data and makes ROP predictions. Many studies have been conducted worldwide to employ BYM, and others have aimed to improve it for different circumstances. ANN has also shown effectiveness in these fields. This study proposes an approach that combines the benefits of Feedforward Neural Networks (FNN) from the ANN model and BYM equations to enhance ROP prediction. Integrating BYM with FNN leverages the equation-based model and harnesses the power and efficiency of machine learning. These results significantly improved accuracy and efficiency in predicting ROP in oil wells. ROP modeling input parameters include total measured and true vertical depth, Weight on Bit, Rotation Per Minute, standpipe pressure, pump flow, equivalent mud weight, bit size, nozzle size, formation pressure, and bit jet impact force, which are recalculated by BYM equations and fed to both MLR and FNN. When tested on real-time data from Al-Garraf oil field, the outcomes demonstrate higher R2, lower residuals, and zero P-value compared to MLR, which validate the approach accuracy and provide precise ROP prediction in future drilling plans.

Modern methods to improve soil must deal with sustainable and green building purposes, and precipitated calcite is the most modern bio-cementation method to improve soil sustainably. Enzyme-induced calcite precipitation and microbially-induced calcite precipitation are precipitated calcite's best branches in bio-cemented soil improvement. EICP and MICP contain calcium chloride, urea, water, urease enzyme and other chemical materials (for MICP As nutrients for bacteria) that are mixed together to precipitate calcium carbonate in the soil. The precipitated calcium carbonate was worked as a binder between soil particles, filling the void and improving the soil's properties. By utilizing this technique in the field, several researchers were able to achieve favorable outcomes in the areas of soil improvement and other engineering applications, including concrete repair and other applications, while also taking into consideration the objectives of sustainability. treatment carried out on soils with one or many cycles of the treatment solution. The treatment revealed a significant improvement in the value of unconfined compression strength, compared to untreated soils. During certain experiments, the unconfined compression strength revealed that soils treated with the enzyme approach exhibited higher values compared to soils treated with a mixture containing a certain proportion of regular Portland cement. The encouraging outcomes that were achieved through the utilization of this test in both the laboratory and the field can be utilized in large-scale operations. Till now, this method has been considered under study. In Iraq there are no any research in term of EICP treatment while there are several research about using MICP in soil treatment.

This study deals with the morphology and performance properties of a novel thin flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane; Malachite Green (MG) dye filtration behavior was evaluated in the cross-flow filtration system. The prepared membranes included the incorporation of 16 wt. % of polyether sulfone (PES)/DMF and 5 wt.% of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) via the phase inversion process. Adding PEG decreased the internal concentration polarization, improved the membrane hydrophilicity, changed pore morphologies, and enhanced membrane performance. The SEM and AFM tests were used to characterize the composition and structure of the membrane. With different casting conditions, the membrane shape changed. The effect of membrane thickness (100, 150, and 200) μm and coagulation bath properties temperature (15, 25, and 35) °C and composition DMF (10, 20, 30 %) in water on the fabricated membrane were investigated. To evaluate the membrane filtration performance, the fabricated membranes were applied in an ultrafiltration system to treat Malachite Green dye solution at a concentration of (10 ppm) as a model pollutant. Based on the obtained results, the ideal membrane parameters were150 μm in thickness, 35°C in temperature, and 10% in composition DMF; the removal efficiency was observed to be (94.5%, 93%, and 99.5%) while the permeate flux (45, 35 and 30) LMH, respectively.