The Arab Gulf

Abstract:
One of the most important features and advantages of Saudi foreign policy is that it is not multilateral. The file of foreign policy in the hands of the king, his ministers and senior princes of the royal family (the influential) and their instruments is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, if there was an intersection in the trends the final word will be of the king. Since the emergence of the two countries as two countries, Saudi foreign policy toward Iraq has gone through five basic stages, which can be classified as follows the policy of "warm and fluctuating relations" in the period (1926-1975), the policy of "positive openness" (1975-1990), the policy of "estrangement and hostility " (1990-2003), and "lingering and watching " policy ,sometimes with tension 2003-2015), thereafter the policy of "serious openness" has come for the time being. There was a radical change in the Saudi foreign policy towards Iraq in 2015. The role of the Saudi embassy in Baghdad was activated, as well as the possibility of mutual visits at the highest levels, besides some donations and joint economic projects.

الملخص:
على اثر الانسحاب البريطاني من الخليج العربي عام 1971، سعت الولايات المتحدة الى تعزيز نفوذها في المنطقة، اذ اعتقدت واشنطن ان وجودها العسكري في الخليج العربي يحافظ على مصالحها الاستراتيجية والاقتصادية، ويرسخ علاقاتها مع الدول التي استقلت حديثاً هناك. لذا عقدت الولايات المتحدة مع البحرين اتفاقية عام 1971 اقتضت باستمرار تمركز قوة الشرق الاوسط الامريكية في البحرين. وبالرغم من ان الاتفاقية كان لها دور مهم في تعزيز التواجد الامريكي وحماية مصالح واشنطن في الخليج العربي والمحيط الهندي خلال مرحلة مهمة من الصراع بين الولايات المتحدة والاتحاد السوفيتي، الا ان استمرار الاتفاقية شابه الكثير من الصعوبات، وعرض الحكومة البحرينية لضغوطات داخلية وخارجية، كان سببها رفض التواجد العسكري الامريكي في البحرين، الامر الذي ادى اخيراً الى انهاء الاتفاقية في عام 1977.

Abstract:
The importance of the study lies in analyzing the foreign policy of Yemen towards the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, especially after the unity of Yemen and the emergence of its role in the Arab and Gulf arena, and its endeavor to redraw its borders with Saudi Arabia, as well as its attempt to be an influential member in the Gulf Cooperation Council. So we find that most of the decisions Yemen made were in the interest of Iraq, and that is in its desire to banish external interference first, and to be a country with an effective decision in the Gulf Cooperation Council second.Through Yemen long relations with Iraq and Iraq's supportive stances, we find that Yemen sought to enter that war on the side of Iraq in secret, that is, its positions were supportive of Iraq, although it was confirming its endeavor not to interfere in the affairs of the Arabs.

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to look at the Iraq Liberation act 1998, which was passed by the US administration in order to support the Iraqi opposition after prior attempts by the US administration to overthrow the former regime in Iraq failed. The act for the liberation of Iraq, which was passed by the US government to support the Iraqi opposition, is one of the most well-known examples of how the US administration has attempted to rally the Iraqi opposition and provide support in order to change the former regime in Iraq.

Abstract:
This study focuses with the evidence of the roots of religious thought in the Arab societies pre-Islamic invitation. A reader of this civilization notes its maturity and evolution, and that it cannot be far from the heavenly messages, especially since there are important texts indicative of those messages, and those texts have not received adequate study. The task of this research is to provide a cognitive reading about the development of religious thought in Arab societies before the advent of Islam. As the study begins with specific facts and infers concrete evidence to highlight questions that are beginning to arise, it then seeks solutions that may reach them or turn them into a religious singer in order to develop a new technique for future research.

Abstract:
The shrines are one of the important buildings in the history of Islamic civilization, and although the idea of their appearance dates back to periods prior to the Islamic era, it took another turn in terms of the idea of construction, architectural elements and in terms of the acceptability of its construction, so there was a debate about this between Islamic sects and the tomb of Sheikh Ahmad Al-Rifai is only one of these shrines. In this research, we tried to deal with Sheikh Ahmad Al-Rifai’s biography with reference to the method that his name was employed as a reference for it, and we also discussed archaeologically the mausoleum of architecture as well as the architectural and decorative elements that it contained in this shrine despite the fact that many renovations have taken place to these elements in which the antiquity disappeared from it as a result of the renovations. One of the important motives behind this research is an attempt to draw attention to this important landmark for many reasons, including the biography of Sheikh Ahmad Al-Rifai himself, which can be considered as the subject of the great controversy in terms of lineage and the way it was attributed. Furthermore, an attempt has been done to highlight this architectural landmark to keep it from the attempts of restoration and the addendum of ill-considered.

Abstract:
Since its leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi established the caliphate in July 2014 in response to the persecution of Yazidi women and girls, members of the terrorist group ISIS have perpetrated crimes and offenses against humanity. This paper aims at explaining "the persecution of minority women in Iraq after 2014 AD as a case study" the tolerance of Islam and the misunderstanding of legal texts by the leaders and members of the terrorist organization ISIS. It consists of an introduction, two demands, a conclusion, and then recommendations. The first criterion is a declaration of some acts of persecution perpetrated by ISIS members against Yazidi women. The second need is a statement of the valid vision of Yazidi women and girls persecution followed by the study findings and recommendations.

Abstract:
The man is the basic and original pivot for the formation of the ideal society, which brings the nation together in affection, mercy, and mutual respect with all of its sects, colors, and regions without transgressing and contradicting the rights of others, which leads to a violent reaction in exchange for seeking revenge and restoring his right. Allah, praise be to Him, whom the prophets, guardians, and righteous people sought but were unable to reach because of the numerous hurdles and barriers that were in their way, and despite this, they did not quit their efforts for the sake of human enjoyment in this world and the next. One can wonder why certain people oppose others. During these centuries, did the conflict come to a halt? And it has increased in our modern time, and the conflict has become a phenomenon that may not have a solution except by referring to the sacred law, because Islam has a solid foundation in educating humanity and giving it a complete picture of how to live a good life, so it did not leave an occasion except to treat it, and given that this phenomenon is visible in our country and we suffer from it, the researcher attempted in this study to address it. The focus of the study should be on the significance of the topic and the therapies associated with it, as well as the most relevant aspects of this crucial subject.

Abstract:
This study focuses on the criterion of intertextuality in Abdul Wahab Al- Bayati's poetry, and the significance of his poems by using symbols that he functionalized to convey his suffering, as well as the sufferings of his fellow countrymen, from injustice and marginalization. This idea has been expressed by using this criterion of the heritage character and personal symbols. This study focused on two types of intertextuality: direct and indirect intertextuality.

Abstract:
This paper examines a statement from the Quranic verses in which the conjunction letter (Then) and its aesthetic secrets are mentioned. The paper is classified into three sections. The first section discussed the connotations of (then) and their meanings in Quranic verses, while the second section discussed the true meaning of the conjunction letter (then), which is laxity, and what was distinguished by this meaning as well as this signification through context. This indication is through context, so the title of the study was laxity between truth and metaphor. As for the third section, it has dealt with the allegorical connotations of (then) including the metaphor in exclusion and in arrangement and laxity as well. The researcher has taken the Quran text as a field for this application without any other text in order to be safe from plagiarism and error and to subject these semantic concepts and harness them to serve the Quran.

Abstract:
The research aims to uncover the changing climatic characteristics of the Iraqi regional water region as a result of global climate change and as a result of the lack of climatic studies on the region. All commercial and oil ports are in this region addition to that it is the point of a permanent border dispute between neighboring countries as well as its importance as the only marine fisheries for Iraq. This study based on the data got from Basra oil port and Boubyan stations for the period from 1981 to 2018 as well as from the analysis of time series and its direction as shown in the following results. There is a general trend of high temperature rise, as it recorded a positive change for all months of the study period. The presence of a general trend for the increase in the minimum temperatures in it recorded a positive change for all months of the study period. It is noted that the changes in the lower temperatures were greater than those of the great ones due to climate change in which the temperature changes. It reflects negatively on the marine environment, especially fish migration, decreasing and extinction of some species. There is a variation in the direction of wind speeds between the two stations, as Boubyan station recorded positive change rates for all months of the year, while it tended to decrease during January and April in the oil port. Despite the occurrence of stations in the study area within a coastal and water environment, it recorded its general trend of low relative humidity rates for all months, and this indicates an increase in air dryness caused by an increase in the frequency of dry northwest winds and a decrease repeated wet naughty south winds. The decrease of rainfall amounts on the stations of the region .The presence of a trend for a decrease in the frequency of dust storms within the study area, as the amount of its annual change in Boubyan Station reached storms, which is of great importance to the maritime transport sector.

Abstract:
This study aims to show the spatial patten of the concentrations of some heavy metals in the waters of the Chibayish marshes and the pollution sources that cause them. As well, it aims to conduct to an environmental assessment of pollution with these elements, their impact on the aquatic and plants life in the study area. 25 water samples were collected during the year 2019. The data were divided into 15 samples representing the sources of water pollution and 10 samples from different places of the marsh surfaces of the study area. These samples were examined in the laboratory by procedure of digestion and with an atomic absorption spectrometer. The analysis of data adopted the following heavy elements: Ni concentrations ranged between (0.0937 - 0.0136 mg / l). Pb concentrations ranged between (0.2197-0.0923 mg / l). Fe concentrations varied between (0.1201-0.003 mg / l). Cd concentrations ranged between (0.0226-0.0017 mg / l). The present study showed high concentrations of heavy elements in the sources of pollution compared to the water of the marshes. However, Pb and Cd concentrations, in particular, were recorded in the water samples of the studied marshes, which significantly exceeded the recommended environmental standards. The danger of these pollutants lies when they bio-accumulate, and their accumulation for a long period of time may lead to their transformation into carcinogens that harm human health and other organisms alike.

Abstract:
This study aims to provide a comprehensive, detailed and tracked view of the characteristics of the population distribution in Iraq in light of the mapping and statistical analysis based on population measures and indicators for distribution in addition to the (spatial statistics tool) in geographic information systems, which is the ideal method in representation and analysis processes spatial geographic phenomena. The results of the analysis of the actual population distribution maps showed that the study area is divided into two parts, one of which is inhabited and extends from the northwestern parts towards the southeastern parts with the extension of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their branches, while the other section represents the vacant or dislocated areas that appear in the western and southwestern parts. From the study area as well as a narrow strip that extends in the eastern and northeastern parts along the Iranian-Turkish borders. It was also found that the distribution is not homogeneous with the area of the spatial units, as it appears that the high concentration and high density in some areas and the population deficit in other areas, evidenced by the fact that the governorate Baghdad attracted more than (21.3%) of the total population of the governorate, while the province of Muthanna constituted only a small percentage of (2.1%) of the total population.

Abstract:
The study aims to identify the efficiency of the residential function in the city of Qurna and its problems, and to know its residential and population characteristics through the use of a number of criteria (the date of the construction of the housing unit and the ownership of the dwelling, the nature of the materials used in the construction, the area of the housing unit, the rate of housing unit works and the number of floors in addition to the presence of garages and home garden to know the efficiency of the housing unit and achieve the degree of satisfaction of the population through the availability of lighting and ventilation to create a healthy environment in the housing unit and the extent to which it conforms to the standards applicable locally Knowing the housing need and estimating the number of housing units to be available over the next 10 years, by knowing the expected population, the number of existing housing units, the rate of family size, the rate of extinction and the problems they face from infrastructure, transportation and community services, and the development of solutions and recommendations aimed at improving the housing situation in the city.

Abstract:
This paper aims to study of the quantitative analysis of the urban dominance of Qurna city via the application of some of indicators of urban dominance over the urban centers adjacent to the city indicators: It is possible to know the imbalance in the population distribution in those cities with knowledge of the dominance of the city of Qurna over those neighbouring urban centers by taking into consideration sets of procedures recommended by the researchers.

Abstract:
A group of human factors participate in crystallizing many problems that in turn negatively affected the beekeeping activity in Basra Governorate, and were represented by (agricultural policy, agricultural extension, lack of government support, and marketing problems), so this study try to clarify the human problems that the beekeeping activity faces the most important preventive procedures for it at the district and sub-district levels in Basra Governorate.