Kufa Journal of Arts

This research aims to identify the source areas of dust phenomena in Iraq using remote sensing technology by analyzing space images and extracting the rates of the aerosol index (AI) that were monitored by satellites, especially by the satellite (OMERUVDVOO3) OMI to identify the source areas of dust phenomena in Iraq and develop special spatial models for them using GIS technology for each month of the year for the period 2005-2018, in addition to identifying the source areas of annual dust phenomena. The research concluded that the source areas of dust phenomena in Iraq vary spatially and temporally and from one month to another, and that the source areas of dust phenomena in Iraq according to this index are in three main regions that vary monthly, one in northwestern Iraq, another in southeastern Iraq, and a third region in southwestern Iraq.

Given the role of the Ahl al-Bayt (may Allah be pleased with them) and the importance of their position in interpreting and clarifying the meaning of the Qur’anic verses, this research aims to extract the method that distinguished the Ahl al-Bayt (may Allah be pleased with them) in dealing with the Qur’anic verses; by reconsidering their interpretive opinions that provide us with the correct understanding of the verses and the text of the Qur’an. Knowing the connotations and meanings of words is considered one of the most important tools necessary to express the aims of the Qur’an and one of the necessary conditions to reveal the intentions of the words of Allah and to keep us away from misunderstanding and frightening labyrinths and to remove the mask from its secrets. On this basis, this article deals with a group of narrations in which linguistic observations were found in the first fifteen parts in Shiite interpretations such as Al-Burhan, Noor al-Thaqalayn, and Tafsir al-Durr al-Manthur of the Sunnis; The study addressed the extraction, classification, and reporting of the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (may Allah be pleased with them) about the explanation of the naming of words. This research relied on libraries to collect information and used the descriptive-analytical method to evaluate it. One of the most important results I obtained is that most of what was narrated by the people of the house (may God be pleased with them) in explaining and revealing the aspects of naming in proper names or in using Qur’anic vocabulary is justified by reasons of minor and major derivation, and they also sometimes explain the origin of the language according to their opinions of taste, and this is the style that is specific to them, and sometimes they search for the reason for naming in metaphor.

This study aims to read the miraculous event in the novel The Wonders of Baghdad - an analytical reading - as a critical means that exposes and reveals the ideological discourse behind power, regardless of the form of that power. This means benefits from the nature of the miraculous in that it knocks on doors and enters unfamiliar and illogical worlds, so that it appears as if it is a mask behind which the writer hides to reveal what he cannot reveal in reality unless he escapes into imagination, either for fear of a censor, or to intensify and deepen criticism, or to break monotony and tradition. The study has two requirements: the first is theoretical, in which we stand on the most important defining stations of the concept of the miraculous, especially the Todorov station, and the second is applied, through which we seek to track the miraculous texts in the novel and then prove that the miraculous is an effective critical means for ideological work.

The journey is a branch of ancient literature that was known in the past, and was closely linked to the places that travelers used to visit to discover a new land; therefore, the journey is defined as: everything that was written and recorded in past ages, and it is a literary genre that is distinguished by being a literary and scientific wealth that abounds with many important information that travelers used to discover and deliver to the rest of the countries of the world, and it is a rich and authentic literature, and I was attracted to working with it; because it is a virgin literature that has not been explored by ships of studies much, but rather a large part of it has remained hidden and has not been studied until now, as well as the lack of such studies in the literary field that delve into travel literature, so everything we have obtained through careful research and scrutiny in libraries and the Internet is what pertains to travel literature in the Arab world. The way of writing a travelogue varies according to the writer's culture and the literary styles he possesses that enable him to formulate his journey in a literary style that makes it smooth to the touch, melting in the ears of the readers and leaving a beautiful impression behind. What we have concluded is that description is one of the most important elements that distinguishes the journey, and the traveler relies on depicting the landmarks he sees, whether these landmarks are internal or external. The journey is considered a historical document through which the traveler aims to search for information about the countries the traveler has visited.

The current research aims to identify the effects of Internet addiction from the point of view of female students of the College of Education for Girls at the University of Kufa. The questionnaire was used as a tool to achieve the research objectives after it was built according to the original scientific steps in consultation with a group of experts in the field of educational and psychological sciences. The validity and stability of the tool were verified. Statistical methods were used (Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown corrective equation, weighted mean and percentage weight). The questionnaire was applied to a sample of (100) female students from the College of Education for Girls at the University of Kufa. The results showed that the female students whose scores ranged between (60-90) are addicted to the Internet and their number reached (74) female students, noting that the hypothetical mean is (60) degrees, considering that the alternatives are three: (agree, neutral, disagree) with their weights (1-2-3) respectively, and that the number of paragraphs of the questionnaire is (30) paragraphs, so the highest score a female student gets is (90) degrees and the lowest score she gets is (1-2-3). The student is (30) degrees, and it is also noted from the table that the students whose degrees range between (30-59) degrees believe that some of these effects may not be a factor for addiction to the Internet, and their number reached (26) students, and accordingly, the students of the research sample in general consider that there are effects resulting from Internet addiction, and after the percentage reached (74%) and the results also showed that the number of achieved paragraphs is (20) paragraphs and the unachieved (10) paragraphs, and this means that the students of the current research sample are addicted to the Internet, and in light of the results of the current research, the researchers reached a set of conclusions and proposals.

The research aims to know the reality of the transportation network in the city of Hindiya by raising problems and developing appropriate solutions, as the most important feature of the city of Hindiya is its location that connects several governorates, namely the center of Karbala city and the center of Hillah city, as well as the governorate of Najaf Ashraf, which led to an increase in traffic movement in the city, especially during religious occasions due to its proximity to the holy city of Karbala, which is considered one of the most important religious centers. The research addressed the characteristics of the street network in the city of Hindiya, so the streets were classified according to their types, patterns and functions, as the city lacked the density of main streets, and was limited to one road, which led to pressure on it, and several patterns appeared in the city, and the organic pattern was prevalent in the old neighborhoods, while the network pattern was the largest proportion among the patterns, as it appeared in the neighborhoods that were subject to prior planning by the responsible authorities, and the industrial, commercial and residential functions appeared in most of the city's streets.

The purpose of this study is for one of the most important words in the Holy Quran, which is like a drop in a deep sea of ​​meanings and connotations. If we search for the meaning of this word and the extent of its comprehensiveness and use in the Holy Quran by monitoring the blessed verses to extract that treasure which is considered as important as this sea and to know the extent of its meaning and use in multiple meanings, the word intermediate kinship means (uncles, maternal uncles and relatives) there is a difference between each one of them from the other, some of them are related from the father's side and some of them are related from the mother's side. As this study aims to monitor the meanings of each word and its relationship to its special meaning and its words and uses within the linguistic semantic field. We have relied in this research on the descriptive analytical method, and we conclude from the above that these words determine the semantic breadth in the Quranic text and stand on their use

Poetry is an artistic creation through which the poet expresses what is raging inside him, which makes fathoming its depths difficult for those who do not have knowledge of its secrets, and have not experienced its details. That is why they said: “An artist can only be criticized by an artist, and a poet can only be criticized by a poet.” There is no doubt that poets who undertake to appreciate poetry and the poets’ schools of thought in it benefit from the sum of their linguistic, prosodic, and critical culture. The poet Sheikh Jaafar Al-Hilali was not far from the atmosphere of poetry and its troubles, as the reader of his works, the poet who was described as ((a prolific poet, poetry flows from his tongue sweetly and smoothly, and the rhymes are arranged in his mind in a long string)), senses that he has, in them, critical observations and opinions on various literary issues, and this is not strange, as the poet, while composing his poetry, is practicing the work of the literary critic, to bring his production to a high artistic level, and the production of others to this level or close to it, as the poet Sheikh Jaafar Al-Hilali would reconsider his poetry, and the poetry of others, and what was said about it, to express his opinion, and confirm his critical judgment.

The phenomenon of climate extremism is of great importance in climate studies because of its significant impacts on various aspects of life. The study aims to differentiate the behaviors of the phenomenon studied in Najaf Governorate, which is characterized by the recurrence of the phenomenon of climate extremism, such as high temperatures, heat waves, low temperatures, cold waves, extreme winds, and dust phenomena, in addition to the phenomenon of frost and cold. Therefore, daily weather data and their recurrences were relied upon in the period (1997-2018), which is a sufficient period to track these phenomena, especially in the summer. It was exposed to extreme temperatures that exceeded (46°C) for (695 days), in addition to the rise in heat waves to (58 heat waves), while the minimum temperatures below (1°C) reached (59 days), while the cold waves reached (34 cold waves), while the study area was exposed to extreme winds in the hot season and transitional seasons at (848 repetitions) at different speeds, while the dust phenomena reached (112 repetitions) It increases during two seasons: spring and summer, as a result of the rise in temperatures and the increase in extreme wind speeds.

The research discussed the use of geographic information systems for industrial projects in Najaf Governorate and their evaluation. The study problem focused on: (the scarcity of industrial investment projects, their weak functional efficiency and their spatial distribution in the governorate). The study hypothesis was set: that there is (the possibility of distributing industrial investment projects and establishing them in Najaf Governorate using geographic information systems). The research relied on the descriptive and analytical approach and the use of geographic information systems in addition to relying on descriptive planning standards. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that industrial investments in the governorate were limited in number, amounting to (5) completed investment projects.

The present article is written in a descriptive-analytical methodological type and deals with patients and doctors in the end regarding these patients and the type of their responsibility and tries to answer this basic question: Which of the basics of responsibility is the responsibility of the existing doctor versus the terminally ill patient? It is assumed that the type of responsibility of the doctor should be expressed in detail regarding the topic discussed and as long as the treatment of the patient is possible, the doctor's responsibility should be assumed as a kind of error theory, but when the existing treatments are ineffective and the patient has no choice but to wait for death, the doctor's responsibility should be considered as a kind of error assumption. Thus, while a wide range of medical interventions, medical malpractice and malfunctions are also presented when dealing with a patient at the end of life stage; therefore, it is necessary to deal with the related responsibilities as well.

Metaphor, symbol, separation and connection are an example of the most important semantic foundations that characterize the letters of the starlings. They formed a stylistic axis that joins the rest of the other axes, revealing to us the style of its writers in mastering the art of sarcasm and humor, and what lies behind it of symbolism in employing the names of these birds, and what nature represents with all its details to the Andalusian writer in being an inspiration and an outlet for him.

The study aimed to identify the level of insistence on life and the level of its components among university students, and to identify the differences in insistence on life, according to the variables (gender and specialization) and the interaction between them. The sample consisted of 400 male and female students from the University of Kufa (Iraq), who were selected by the stratified random method. To achieve the objectives of the research, a tool was built according to Carl Rogers' theory, consisting of (46) paragraphs, and five alternatives for answering, and the scale provided psychometric properties. The most important results were: - University students enjoyed a high level of insistence on life and the level of its components. - There are no statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 in insistence on life among university students according to the variable of gender, and the interaction between gender and specialization. - There are statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 in the level of insistence on life between students of scientific specialization and students of humanities specialization, in favor of humanities specialization.

"Power" is one of the most prominent features of Al-Mutanabbi's personality; he praises power and sees human perfection in it. Power in Al-Mutanabbi's poetry has a very wide scope. Sometimes it is clearly evident and sometimes it is hidden, sometimes it appears in the guise of pride and sometimes it is hidden under the guise of praise or complaint about a lover or exists in the form of threatening envious peers and contempt for enemies. In this article, an attempt is made to reveal the aspects of power in Al-Mutanabbi's poetry and to determine the position of power in Al-Mutanabbi's intellectual system and his outlook on life. The results of this research show the spiritual and military fields of power of the praised, the good management of the praised, the pride and narcissism of the poet in literary and military power, the superiority of the poet, and the threat and contempt of enemies. The research is conducted in a descriptive and analytical manner and the information is collected in a library manner. Studying Al-Mutanabbi’s poems, we can see that although many researchers consider philosophy, wisdom, self-respect, narcissism, etc. to be the original purpose of Al-Mutanabbi’s poetry, the prevailing theme of his poetry is “power and authority.” The tendency towards power is the main poetic content and the center of his hopes.

This is just a drop in the ocean of the language connotations of Imam Ali bin Abi Talib (peace be upon him) in Nahjul Balagha. We have reviewed some of them and have not covered them all, but we have tried as much as possible, otherwise what the style of calling in Nahjul Balagha includes exceeds what we have mentioned many times; because the speech was not issued by an ordinary person who had reached his level of eloquence and rhetoric while enjoying a decent literary taste, but rather it was issued by the foster child of the Qur’an and the House of Prophethood, the owner of all eloquence, rhetoric and rhetoric, so how would his words and structures be?? There is no doubt that it has reached the pinnacle of semantic performance, some of which we have reached based on our limited concept. The one who contemplates Nahj al-Balagha sees that the sentences accompanying the call do not come in one form, but rather they are repeated in Nahj al-Balagha in different forms, such as the command and prohibition - and they are more - and the wish, the incitement, and the question, as well as the declarative sentences, and all of them were used in their original or metaphorical meaning, explicitly or implicitly, after the call or before it, and perhaps the call was in the middle on the basis of different semantic purposes, and some of it we leave for the days to reveal to us, and our attempt comes in the chapter of exploring some of these meanings and clarifying them, and success comes from God.

During the imposed war, the Islamic government sent some individuals to war in the form of military forces to implement its sovereignty, and some volunteered to the battlefields. These individuals suffered losses for the survival of the society and the state. According to the principle of no harm and the acceptance of the theory of compensation for losses, the state has a responsibility for these losses. Since most of the losses suffered by the sacrificers are spiritual losses, are they covered by the principle of no harm? Some jurists believe that custom is a criterion for determining cases of harm, and custom holds that the deficiency in any aspect of life is harm. Therefore, based on the general negation of harm in Islam and the phrase “no harm and no harm” which is an indefinite noun in the realm of negation, and based on the interpretation of some jurists of the principle of “the necessity of making up for harm”, it must be said that there is no rule of harm in Islam, as the one who causes harm is responsible for compensating for his losses. Therefore, all the injuries suffered by the sacrificers were evidence of harm and must be compensated based on the principle of “no harm”. The government must also compensate for the losses from its treasury that pertains to the public; Because just as all people enjoyed the work of the sacrificers, they should also share in the losses.

The novel "The Man Who Believed" is written by Najib Al-Kilani, who studied in his novel the superiority of Islamic civilization over Western civilization in the form of a man who suffers from difficult living conditions, and while striving to achieve his material goals, he learns about the religion of Islam due to a certain incident, and is guided to Islam. In this article, after comparison, the superiority of Islamic civilization and the Islamic idea over Western civilization and idea and the negative effects of Western civilization were studied. The necessity and importance of the current research lies in the fact that it provides the reader with the opportunity to better understand the Western and Islamic idea by focusing on the issues raised, and the aim of the research; comparing Western and Islamic cultures and identifying the characteristics of these two cultures. This research was examined using a descriptive and analytical approach, and the structure of the novel indicates the author's knowledge of the ideas of the Western world, as he criticized them in his work from different angles, and he preferred the Islamic thought that seeks human freedom and carries his happiness over the Western thought that is led by the usurping Zionists and the United States of America against the bearers of the first idea in their minds.

The phrases “for the sake of his love” and “for the sake of Allah” have been mentioned in several places in the Holy Quran, one of which is the eighth and ninth verses of Surat Al-Insan. Some translators have translated these phrases in Persian translations in a way that contains deficiency, weakness and defect in the spending of the Ahlul Bayt (may Allah be pleased with them). Likewise, some translations do not conform to the context of the rest of the verses and surahs of the Quran and contradict some narrations. In this article, we have divided the translations of these verses and classified them initially, then after examining and investigating these translations and the interpretations, we suggest a correct translation of these verses in order to show the best meanings of how they spent and worked.

Anyone who reads Abu Ishaq al-Ilbiri’s poetry will find a clear interest in the social aspect. He saw himself as directly responsible for addressing societal issues with true sincerity and care, and standing firmly against the plagues that were eating away at the Andalusian Islamic society at that time, because he was a jurist and had a duty to enjoin good and forbid evil. Abu Ishaq al-Ilbiri was an honest social critic who took it upon himself to monitor the imbalances and weaknesses that were exhausting Andalusian society at that time, and employed them in his poetic discourse, seeking to save society from them, or incite it to adhere to sound social values ​​and norms, and not weaken them, to contribute more to strengthening the network of social relations, or to reject values ​​and norms that are contrary to them, due to the harm they cause to its individuals. According to the aforementioned details, we can say that al-Ilbiri’s reliance on social criticism in his poetry was driven by motives that prompted him to adopt this approach, and these motives are: the destruction of the city of al-Bireh, the poor political and economic conditions, and the deteriorating social reality.

With the victory of the Islamic Revolution, Shiism has become one of the important and influential factors in the geopolitical world. The formation of the Shiite government supported by the majority of the Shiite public made the Islamic Revolution the focus of the world's attention, and this great change paved the way for the Islamic Republic of Iran to become the only Shiite state in the world that has an impact on the Shiite communities around it. Therefore, the scope of Iran's political influence has expanded after the victory of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, which was a combination of Shiite teachings and values. The world's Shiites, who mainly live in the countries neighboring Iran, have been greatly influenced by the Islamic Revolution and have gained knowledge of identity and self-awareness based on symbols such as fighting arrogance and combating injustice. Accordingly, Shiite geopolitics has led to the expansion of Iran's sphere of influence, in other words, the geopolitical climate surrounding Iran has become more open. Therefore, the main question of the research is how did the Iranian Islamic Revolution lead to the development of Shiite geopolitics? The results of the research indicate that with the Iranian Islamic Revolution and the developments resulting from it, the Shiite geopolitics in the Middle East region rose and led to self-awareness, which resulted in the expansion of Shiite activity in the form of Shiite movements and the strengthening and formation of political parties and organizations around Iran. In the end, this led to the expansion of the scope of Shiite influence in West Asia (the Middle East) in the form of the theory of resistance.

The first version of Saadi's commentary on Golestan is still in manuscript form and has not been corrected by any researcher. Libraries in Iran and the world have many copies of this work. This research critically studies the oldest version of this commentary according to the criteria of manuscript research. The version used in this research was recently found and has a transnational value. It was written during the author's lifetime and is considered the most reliable version in the world. In addition to the structural and stylistic investigation of the commentary, which deals with linguistic, literary and intellectual fields, this research deals with proving the identity of the manuscript and comparing it with the manuscripts found in Iran. It also investigates the most important spelling indicators and how this commentary was written.

The appearance of the Promised Mahdi (PBUH) at the end of time is a belief believed in by most Islamic sects, such as the Imamis, Malikis, Hanafis, Shafi'is, Hanbalis and Wahhabis, as they agree that one of the descendants of the Messenger (PBUH) will emerge at the end of time and fill the earth with justice after it has been filled with injustice. There are many Shiite and Sunni narrations transmitted from the Messenger and his family (PBUH) in this regard. This article seeks, through the descriptive and analytical method and by relying on the relational and transmitted approach, to reveal the role of man in preparing for his appearance and the reasons that he may pave the way for facilitating the process of his appearance. The study concludes that there are two types of signs: some are signs and indications that are not fixed and appear and disappear, and there are signs that appear and remain fixed until the Day of Judgment. They are characterized by a causal link with the appearance and that people have a duty towards them according to the vision of rational evidence, Quranic verses and noble narrations. The necessity of this revolution is the readiness of all people and the preparation of the ground for accepting the divine guardianship and government that is threatened by sending the honorable messengers with the aim of achieving human supremacy and the spread of justice. Therefore, the realization of the appearance is a matter dependent on the efforts of the people and the necessary preparations that must occur for the appearance of the Imam. The time of the appearance of the Imam (peace be upon him) is an era of integration in the various doctrinal, cultural, scientific, political and social dimensions in the Shiite society so that the Imam (peace be upon him) may appear from his major occultation.

Nahj al-Balagha is an eloquent book and reading it introduces the reader to the boiling eye of beautiful speech and meaning; to enjoy knowing it. Rhetoric consists of three branches: meanings, rhetoric, and rhetoric. Nahj al-Balagha is filled with words that are charged with rhetorical and rhetorical aesthetics that have been said according to the circumstances. This research dealt with the rhetorical and semantic structure of the Nahj al-Balagha’s sayings, and did so in two parts: introduction and discussion. The introduction included an introduction to the science of rhetoric and explanations of Nahj al-Balagha, and the following dealt with the science of rhetoric and its four branches. The article discussed the rhetorical and semantic structure of a number of Nahj al-Balagha’s sayings in the discussion section, and the last point is based on the available resources and the author’s vote. The library research method and in a descriptive and analytical manner. From the results obtained in this study, we can mention some of them. The mentioned sayings were in the form of simile, metaphor, and metonymy, most of which are metaphors, and they have different contents such as factors of human humiliation, the consequences of poverty, secrecy, cheerfulness, and possibility, etc. And with different types of affirmations such as the introduction of description, addition, present tense, past tense, nominal sentence, the introduction of prepositional phrase, and so on.

The short poems are a collection of Arabic poems that were composed in the Rajaz meter and the rhyme ends with the shortened alif, which is the soft, non-extended alif. These poems are distinguished by a number of other features, such as length, multiple poetic purposes, and the inclusion of strange linguistic vocabulary, wisdom and proverbs, and literary expressions; woven in the style of the famous short poem of Ibn Duraid al-Azdi (died 321 AH), which was competed by a group of poets, ancient and modern. Among the later poets who proceeded to compose a short poem is the poet Hashim bin Hardan al-Kaabi al-Dawraqi (died 1231 AH), the author of the famous Husseini elegies. Al-Kaabi was able to fulfill in his short poem, which amounted to 360 verses, the most important features of the Duridi short poem in terms of style and purposes without falling into the trap of imitation, as this short poem can be considered one of the distinctive poetic works worthy of study and analysis; which is what we aim for through this artistic and objective study in which we adhered to the descriptive and introductory approach and we aim from During which he learned about this poetic work and its author.

Industrial necessities of countries where energy needs for industries and some medicines can only be met through this energy. Along with the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, there are non-peaceful uses that are considered the most dangerous, most dangerous, destructive and controversial tool of war, as well as the most important weapons of mass destruction and the most important strategic weapon for humanity. Regarding the non-peaceful uses of nuclear energy, the basic question arises about the manufacture and storage of nuclear weapons for military use, and this research seeks to answer this question. Therefore, the opinions of jurisprudents in this regard have been reviewed, and the verses, narrations and biographies of the infallible Imams (peace be upon them) have been carefully examined. The results of this study indicate that the jurisprudential ruling on the manufacture and storage of nuclear weapons indicates the prohibition of using nuclear weapons in war for several reasons, including: the narration of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him) on the prohibition of industries in which there is no peace, the necessity of fulfilling the covenant in the Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty (NPT), and the need to eliminate potential losses in the storage of nuclear weapons.

The era of Al-Ma'mun and Al-Mu'tasim Al-Abbasi represents one of the golden ages of the Abbasid Caliphate and Islamic civilization. Abdullah bin Tahir is considered one of the most prominent men who paved the way for this golden age. During the lifetime of his father Tahir, Abdullah joined the government of Al-Ma'mun and after the death of Tahir and Talha bin Tahir, he took over the reins of government in Khorasan. The most important results of Abdullah's steps were: 1. Suppressing the enemies of Al-Ma'mun Al-Abbasi in Iraq, Syria and Egypt before taking over the government of Khorasan. 2. Fighting the enemies of the Abbasid Caliphate from the Alawites, Kharijites and non-Muslims in Tabaristan during his rule of Khorasan. 3. Accompanying Abdullah bin Tahir in the partial and general politics of the Abbasid Caliphate. 4. Spreading the doctrine of the Abbasid Caliphate, which led to the inclination of the people of Greater Khorasan and Sistan towards the Sunni doctrine. 5. The common political, economic and religious interests between the Tahirids and the Abbasids in the eastern lands of the Caliphate were secured as a result of the positive rule of Abdullah bin Tahir. 6. The positive rule of Abdullah ibn Tahir in Khorasan led to the formation of the hereditary system of government in the history of post-Islamic Iran.

The research focused on the motives and reasons leading to the fall through the field of philosophy of history, addressing the opinions of the most important philosophers of history. The research began with defining the philosophy of history and its relationship to the science of history and its general objectives. Then it addressed the theories of the philosophy of history that devoted their efforts to knowing the laws or traditions controlling the movement of history and the factors that move society from one stage to another. The other part of the research is the Islamic interpretation of the movement of history and the reasons for the fall of states, starting with the Holy Quran, passing through the philosophy of Imam Ali (may God be pleased with him), which was more precise and detailed in the factors of rise and features of collapse, which he called (the fates of centuries). Then the research addressed the opinions of Muslim thinkers who preceded Ibn Khaldun in this regard.

Contrary to the prevailing belief among Shiites who consider the emergence and emergence of Shiism during the era of the Prophet (PBUH) to be consistent with the emergence of Islam, a group of Orientalists, based on their doctrinal foundations, consider Shiism a historical event after the death of the Prophet (PBUH) and consider it to have originated from the Saqifah of Banu Sa'dah. A group of them consider Shiism to be an invention of the Iranians as well as a sharp reaction of the Iranian spirit against the Arab-Islamic domination of Iran and they even declared that the Shiites' hostility to the second caliph was the reason for the Arab Muslims' invasion of Iran during their lifetime. Some Orientalists, while acknowledging the Arab origin of Shiism, believe in the influence of Iranian culture on this religion and refer to Shiism as Iranian Islam. In this article, we have tried to prove using the verses of the Qur’an, Nahjul Balagha, narrations, evidence and historical documents that the origin of Islam is Shiite and Shiism is like the blood that flows in the veins of Islam and its emergence is linked to the third year of the message of the Messenger of Allah () and also coincides with the slogan (Say there is no god but Allah and you will succeed). As we criticized in this article the works of some orientalists in an analytical-descriptive manner. The opinions of the origin of the Shiite religion revolve briefly around the verse (Say there is no god but Allah and you will succeed) or after the death of the Prophet or Abdullah bin Saba or during the caliphate of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) or after the story of the arbitration of the Khawarij or after the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) or at the hands of the Iranians or after the killing of Mukhtar or during the era of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him) or during the era of the minor caliphate or during the era of the Buyids or during the era of the Safavids

The research dealt with studying the importance of time in fasting, whether it is obligatory, disliked, or recommended, and explaining the obligatory, forbidden, and disliked times in fasting, and explaining the verses indicating its obligation, and extrapolating the opinions of jurists on that, and explaining what is the calendar adopted by jurists in deducing the obligation of fasting in the month of Ramadan, to reach a more comprehensive view of time in fasting.

Since the Imam is at the top of the pyramid of the universe and existence, and enjoys the highest degrees of perfection, the Imam is the best of God’s creation in the universe, absolutely. The mystics, philosophers, and theologians believe in the origin of the Imamate, which comprehends the secrets of existence and the universe, and nothing escapes its sight. This article seeks, through the descriptive and analytical approach and reliance on transmitted and rational evidence, to study the view of the mystics regarding the necessity of the creative guardianship. The results indicate that the perfect human being was and still is present in the universe in all ages. And that God created everything for him, and the continuation of creation came because of him, and that he is the one who will save the world at the end of time, and he is represented by the Imam al-Qa’im al-Mahdi (AS).

Khayyam, the Iranian poet, philosopher, astronomer and mathematician, is one of the controversial figures in his view of life and the universe. Along with other controversial figures such as Tarafa ibn al-Abd, Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri, al-Mutanabbi and their likes, he was able to attract the opinions of others to him due to his profound opinions on politics, society and the philosophy of existence, especially among contemporary Arab poets in Iraq. This is what made many contemporary Arab poets employ his opinions; especially about the enjoyment of the world in their poems using different methods such as evocation, symbolism and the use of frequently used vocabulary in his quatrains such as wine and cup and... to express their personal concerns, feelings, ambitions and the experience they live. In this study, in addition to knowing Khayyam without fully representing this character. It seems that they were interested in the meanings of the words used in his quatrains on the surface and ignored their realistic and metaphorical meanings. In fact, they concluded from them what Khayyam did not intend because wine in his authentic quatrains was not seen as independent in itself, but rather it is always linked to his thought or coupled with an image of the poet’s psychological reactions. Also, many critics see wine in his collection as a metaphor and a metaphor, not a vineyard wine. In this study, the researcher relied on the analytical and descriptive method.

This research presents the efforts made by Al-Ghalayini in adopting a simplified approach to grammar in his book “Jami’ Al-Durus Al-Arabiyyah”. He is one of the scholars of the modern era who devoted his efforts and knowledge to serving the “noble, lofty language” as he described it. The aim of the research is to first show the approaches that went hand in hand with the authors of grammar books and their influence on grammar books, the emergence of grammatical problems and the entry of logic and philosophy that led to the difficulty and complexity of grammar, and to shed light on Al-Ghalayini’s approach, which made great efforts in the process of facilitating grammar, far from complexity and twisting, and being satisfied with simple explanations and staying away from discussions that are useless except for complexity, and then to show the grammatical principles and how to condense the various evidences within a single issue, in establishing the grammatical material and enriching the linguistic stock of the recipient, and then to show the results, which showed that Al-Ghalayini’s style was easy and difficult in his book, and his approach in presenting the grammatical material and its influence in grammatical facilitation through the process of gradual presentation of the grammatical material, and selecting the easiest and simplest opinion from grammar books. Keywords: Al-Ghalayini, methodology, grammar, facilitation, Arabic language.