Kufa Journal of Arts

The Andalusian city of Qayjata is located to the east of the Jaén district and is one of its districts. It was distinguished by the abundance of forests whose wood was used in home industries that were exported to parts of Andalusia and Morocco. It was conquered by Muslims under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad in 92 AH/710 AD, and was inhabited by many Arab tribes. Its people had a presence in some of the events of Andalusia until its fall at the hands of the Christians of Castile in 622 AH/1225 AD after Muslims had ruled it for more than five centuries. Its people also contributed to building the Islamic civilization in Andalusia in various fields, and supported the intellectual movement there, especially in the sciences of the Qur’an, Hadith, language and literature. Many scholars emerged from them, whose works the Arab-Islamic library is proud of to this day.

This study briefly introduces the Algerian novelist \"Yasmina Khadra\" (1955), who wrote his novels in French although he was born in Algeria. His famous novel \"The Night is Better than the Day\" (2008) depicts the events that took place during World War II. In this novel, the novelist mixes characters related to different cultures, whether Arab or European, to show us the radical difference between cultures. In this regard, he pays great attention to drawing the features of the characters in their external and internal descriptions. In addition, he pays great attention to naming, as he may employ religious names such as Younes in contrast to European names such as Andre. From here, the importance of naming as a signifier that indicates the signified appears. There is a correspondence between some names and their names, as we saw in the name \"Younes\" as a Muslim character who abstains from drinking alcohol and has never committed a sin. In this study, we relied on the semiotic approach through which we try to reveal the structure of the novelistic character and the manifestations of the signifier and the signified. This research sheds light on the most prominent features of semiotics as a critical vision, and reveals the following results: 1- There is a match between the naming of the characters and the novel. 2- Choosing names from different cultures, whether Algerian or French, tells about their own beliefs and religious affiliation as believers or atheists. 3- The characters in the novel \"The Preference of Night over Day\" are divided into characters with a religious, historical, metaphorical and social reference, indicative characters and memorial characters.

This research deals with the direct intervention of the United States of America in the internal affairs of the Republic of Nicaragua during the period 1909-1912. This intervention was supported and fueled by motives and justifications related to the policy that the then American President William Howard Taft decided to adopt and made it a course for his foreign policy, which is the dollar diplomacy that aimed to ensure the rule of friendly governments that protect the economic, commercial and strategic interests in the region "Central America". These interests were endangered by the actions of the Nicaraguan President José Zelaya, especially when he decided to open the doors of Nicaragua to European investors and companies, not American investors or companies. This raised the concern and resentment of the United States of America, which sought to isolate him and remove him from power, taking advantage of the enemies he had acquired during his rule and the outbreak of the revolution in Nicaragua, which the United States of America found as an opportunity to overthrow him, and this is what happened in 1910. After him, the conservative Estrada, governor of the far eastern region of Nicaragua, took power, so the United States agreed to support Estrada, on the condition that a constituent assembly be elected to write the constitution. After agreeing to this condition, the United States recognized the conservative-liberal coalition regime headed by Estrada for the period 1911-1912.

The study dealt with the morphometric characteristics of the floods of the western plateau of Najaf Governorate, as the number of floods in the study area reached (48) floods, with an area of ​​(271,908679) km2 and a percentage of (1)% of the total area of ​​the study area, which is (25860,274602) km2, most of them are located from the middle of the region to the border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and some floods are located on faults in the region and others are near them, in addition to being located at the ends of valleys or the confluence of river levels that flow into a higher level (Map 1). The area, length and perimeter of the floods were divided into five categories, through the morphological characteristics it was concluded that there are (15) floods approaching the rectangular shape and (13) floods approaching the triangular shape, while there are (20) floods located between the triangular and circular shapes.

The detective novel has recently been a source of inspiration for many novelists, as the detective novel relies on three elements: the killer, the victim, and the investigator. These poles are considered the basic elements in forming the focus of the detective novel text. In general, this study dealt with the emergence of the detective novel, and identified its historical roots, then discussed its late appearance among Arabs by mentioning a group of reasons for many critics and novelists, and relied on clarifying the concepts specific to this modern literary genre. In this study, the researcher relied on the historical method in revealing the history of the detective novel in world literature on the one hand, and on the other hand, Arabic literature, then the research reached a conclusion that the detective novel with its artistic characteristics appeared at the hands of the American writer Edgar Allan Poe.

The study aimed to identify the level of insistence on life and the level of its components among university students, and to identify the differences in insistence on life, according to the variables (gender and specialization) and the interaction between them. The sample consisted of 400 male and female students from the University of Kufa (Iraq), who were selected by the stratified random method. To achieve the objectives of the research, a tool was built according to Carl Rogers' theory, consisting of (46) paragraphs, and five alternatives for answering, and the scale provided psychometric properties. The most important results were: - University students enjoyed a high level of insistence on life and the level of its components. - There are no statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 in insistence on life among university students according to the variable of gender, and the interaction between gender and specialization. - There are statistically significant differences at the level of 0.05 in the level of insistence on life between students of scientific specialization and students of humanities specialization, in favor of humanities specialization

The forms of vocatives in the Arabic language vary according to the person being called, the situation in which the person is being called, and the circumstances requiring this call. This variety in the construction of this style leads to specific meanings required by the situation and the statement. In this regard, what was mentioned in the visits to Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) regarding the difference in the forms of vocatives; as the vocatives varied according to the change in the addressee, the change in the context, the change in the time, and the change in the psychological state of the visitor. The author changes the vocative styles according to what the context requires and the meanings he seeks in his text. Sometimes he intends to magnify and glorify, and other times he intends to care and pay attention, and other times he indicates confirmation and confirmation of the title being called. This is what the research undertook to indicate, as it began by defining vocatives, enumerating its tools, then the reasons for its use, to then move on to the applied study in the texts of the honorable visits to reveal the meanings of vocatives in them.

The lives of Andalusian poets during the Taifa era, and the events, disturbances and radical transformations that took place, based on contradiction and opposition, formed a rich material for paradox, which cast its shadow on the subject of the closed space. Paradox in that era also became an aspect of the revolution and rebellion that carried within it a rejection of the current reality and aspiration for a better tomorrow. This is what the researcher senses while dealing with the subject of the closed space.

The research imposes that time is manifested by techniques that contribute to the narrative structure, and covers a literary space written by the Egyptian Abdel Rahman Al-Sharqawi in the style of the play, and its fame has filled the horizons, which is the play Al-Hussein the Rebel, and we will search in it for the effect of time on the narrative formation, as an element of the literary structure, and we paved the way for that by defining time in narrative criticism, then stating its concepts in the cognitive spaces adjacent to criticism, especially philosophy, then applying the categories of time to the selected play, which are: the two types of time: external and internal, then the temporal paradox through flashback (memorial narration), external and internal flashback, then the category of narrative anticipation, as an introduction and announcement, and finally the category of accelerating the narrative, using the technique of summary, deletion, and slowing down.

Antithesis and contrast are a source of beauty by drawing attention to the idea, and awakening the feeling of balancing between the thing and its opposite. In this, artistic enjoyment is achieved, the meaning is clarified and confirmed, and it settles in the souls, and the style becomes more beautiful and clear. It is from the contrast, which is the combination of two or more compatible things, then what is opposite to them in order. Mentioning the thing and its opposite gives the speech beauty, and expands the scope of knowledge in education, and then the ability to distinguish between right and wrong, and things are distinguished by their opposite. Due to the energies of contrast, many poets have used it, including Ali bin al-Jahm. Modern studies have given great importance to contrastive and antagonistic relationships, due to their importance in revealing the meaning and creating artistic aesthetics. Therefore, this research undertook to study the poetry of Ibn al-Jahm and revealed the phenomenon of rhetorical contrast in his poetry and analyzed its models according to the descriptive analytical method. We found a prominent manifestation of the art of contrast in its two types, antithesis and contrast, in the poet until it dominated his poetry and colored it with his dye. The reason for this is due to the state of contradiction latent in the poet’s society and the psychological conflict between what he aspires to and what is happening in reality. The poet looks forward to the world of enjoyment and amusement in a state of

The analytical study of Ubaid bin Al-Abras Al-Asadi’s poetry attracts the themes of moral compromise and wise advice, with the aim of identifying the ideal model in the system of pre-Islamic ethics, with its individual and collective manifestations, as a cradle for the advancement of wisdom and purity of spirit, within the frameworks of conduct and existence. The sequential titles are arranged in the approach of the two research theses, with an introductory introduction to the two concepts: (linguistic and technical; of morality and wisdom), as an introduction to the interrogation of the poetic text; Within the two topics: (Moral Moderation: Individual and Collective), and (Wise Advice: Behavioral and Existential), with the foundation of their circumstances, and the condensation of their conclusions. The scientific methodology lies in adopting the descriptive approach to illuminate concepts, the deductive approach to the proximity of poetry, and the inductive approach to internalize the indicators of contents, and the effects of styles. This study concluded that the poetic discourse of Obeid is distinguished by the striking statement of social, intellectual and cultural ideals; within the scope of: ethics, and wisdom; and according to the approach of: Moderation, and advice; and within the levels of: the individual, and the group; In pursuit of the sublimity of morals in dealings, and the elevation of thought in belief; in a manner consistent with the ideal system, in pre-Islamic social thought, with the emergence of the close stylistic connection between meanings and structures.

This research aims to stand with what the scholars of the nation contributed to in composing and documenting their sciences since early times, and since these sciences were followed by eminent scholars of different backgrounds and specializations, who spent their lives reading, scrutinizing sciences and writing about them, so the sciences of Arabic in all its dimensions between grammar, morphology, literature, rhetoric, and prosody were a field of creativity for these scholars, so they excelled in composing and classifying. Since these had a position in the development of the civilization of the nation and its sciences, some scholars were keen to shed light on important aspects of their lives, their scientific formation, and scrutinize what they wrote in a series of books known as the classes of scholars or ranks of scholars, or the biography of the notables. Imam Abu al-Tayyib al-Lughawi (d. 315 AH) was one of the first scholars who were keen to document the movement of science and scholars in historical sequence until his era, so he highlighted a group of scholars with different specializations between language, grammar and morphology; In addition to the important issues that the book contains, such as grammatical schools, the issue of reciters’ intonation, the linguistic dictionary, and other important scientific notes in this book, which indicates the importance of this book as an important link in the books of biographies, especially grammarians and linguists.

The Al-Joudiyat competitions for classical poetry in honor of Aba Al-Fadl Al-Abbas, which are held over six years coinciding with the anniversary of the death of the noble lady Umm Al-Baneen, peace be upon her, are to spread the principles that guarantee human happiness in this life and the hereafter and to perform for some of those heroes who watered the tree of Islam with their pure blood and carried the torch of freedom and dignity in order for justice and noble values ​​to prevail among people. It is the best praise to the best praised one, which is Aba Al-Fadl Al-Abbas. This research seeks to identify the types of artistic and rhetorical images that distinguished the winning texts in the international Al-Joud competition held by the Al-Abbas's (p) Holy Shrine. We divided the research into several topics. We first addressed the concept of the image linguistically and mentioned the opinions of the ancients and moderns, and we analyzed the poems to identify the types of rhetorical images that led them to win. And how they presented the generosity of Al-Abbas (PBUH) by examining the language of poetic texts and their eloquence. In this research, poets of generosity from different countries and with different cultures gathered and depicted for us the Karbala incident and Al-Abbas (PBUH) his presence and actions in a solid metaphorical language and various images of simile, metaphor and allegory. This research dealt with the types of rhetorical images in these poems and how they were employed by poets of generosity. In the end, we mentioned the results of the research, and the research relied on the descriptive analytical method.

We live in a period of information overflow, and we witness many transformations that confuse ideas, and transformations in the way of living and thinking due to the rapid spread of new technologies and their dominance over our daily lives, which have changed our relationships and work. While this new space has had tremendous impacts on the transfer of data and the facilitation of activities, in addition to these cases, attention should not be neglected to the negative cultural effects of this space. One of the clearest examples of bad events in cyberspace is the acts of immorality and licentiousness, which means any type of behavior, conduct and speech that conflicts with the values ​​and integrity of society. Some of these events have occurred in the cyber environment with the emergence of the Internet. Pornography and online prostitution are the clearest examples of this in cyberspace. Engaging in these acts has harmful effects on society in this world and the hereafter. It has been shown by studying the narrations and verses that revolve around acts of immorality and permissiveness that these acts have many harmful and destructive social effects in this religion, such as: the collapse of the family foundation, the wrong upbringing of illegitimate children, the interruption of generations, the disorder of society, relative problems, quarrels over inheritance, killing oneself, and the corruption of urban development of cities, etc. As for the effects of these acts in the afterlife, they are: involvement in divine punishment, and being cursed by people on the Day of Judgment.

The press played a major role in spreading cultural and political awareness during the intellectual renaissance witnessed by the Islamic world in the early twentieth century. Najaf, the center of the religious seminary and religious authority, was not isolated from this trend in the field of social and political change as a result of the accelerating events, especially the Persian constitutional revolutions of 1905-1911 and the Ottoman revolutions of 1908. The Persian magazine Durrat al-Najaf appeared in 1328/1910 by order of the supreme religious and political authority in Najaf, represented by the authority of Sheikh Muhammad Kazim al-Khorasani (Akhund), in order to express its point of view on the reasons for the deviation of the Persian constitutional revolution and to respond to the suspicions of secularists by addressing the Iranian people directly to refute the false propaganda spread by the religious authority in the corridors of the council and the media and cultural forums controlled by secularists. The magazine issued eight issues by its founder, Sheikh Muhammad al-Mahalati, and then stopped publication. The researcher (after translating it) divided its activities into axes.

The research topic is based on showing the effect of expansion in the book of At-Takmilah, Ad-Dhayl, and As-Silah by Al-Sagani, because expansion is one of the linguistic phenomena that has captured the attention of scholars, linguists, grammarians, and others, and because the book of At-Takmilah is one of the important books that added, corrected, and supplemented the dictionary of As-Sihah; the research came under the title (The effect of expansion in the book of At-Takmilah, Ad-Dhayl, and As-Silah by Al-Sagani). The study included an introduction and two requirements. The introduction was devoted to talking about the concept of listening, then the first requirement came to talk about Al-Sagani and his book, and the second requirement included talking about expansion and its forms in At-Takmilah, Ad-Dhayl, and As-Silah, then the results.

"Shahnameh of Ferdowsi" is a complete mirror of Iranian culture that originated from ancient Iranian myths and history, and "Mu'allaqat Ibn Kulthum" - one of the pre-Islamic Arab poets - is a reflection of the thought, vision and ambitions of the Bedouin Arabs. These two poets used elements and techniques known as story elements in creating their stories. The use of these elements gave coherence and connection to their stories and led to their enjoyment of the logic of storytelling. This study aims to clarify and analyze the most important story elements used in "Shahnameh and Mu'allaqat Ibn Kulthum" using a descriptive-analytical approach. The results showed that the most important story elements, which are elements such as characters, plot, environment, space, narration, dialogue, etc., were prominently used in these two works, and were widely manifested in them in a manner that suits the subject. These techniques were represented in an artistic and theoretical way in them, and the chain of causes wrapped the events in a way that convinces the mind of the current addressee about the modern concept of storytelling.

The provisions of marriage are important jurisprudential issues that relate to the lives of Muslims, and which regulate the relationship between the sexes within a legal framework that protects rights, preserves human offspring, and meets physical needs, and accordingly, it has arranged rights and duties for both spouses. Marriage is a contract on which the foundation of the world depends; because Allah Almighty created man in need of women, and did not leave him in vain to do as he wished by his choice, so every Muslim should learn from it what he needs. Among these rights is what He arranged for her in terms of financial compensation for what was permitted of what was forbidden before it for both spouses, which is known as the dowry, and many provisions relate to the dowry, which the Muslim should be familiar with, especially those that are urgently needed. Among them is the issue of postponing or delaying the dowry, as a number of provisions are related to it that many people are ignorant of, or they understood it incorrectly due to being influenced by common customs and traditions, and they thought it was the correct legal ruling. The results I reached in this research are: 1. The dowry is a financial right that a man owes his wife by concluding a marriage contract with her or consummating the marriage. 2. It is permissible to defer the dowry or part of it and to resort to custom in this regard. 3. Zakat is not obligatory on the woman’s deferred dowry, which is a right owed by the woman to her husband. However, if it reaches the minimum amount and a year has passed since she received it, then she must pay zakat on it for this year. And Allah is the guide to the right path.

In modern times, many studies have appeared in psychology that explore the significance of color, its importance, and its psychological and aesthetic role in understanding human thoughts and intentions. Especially when color is used by a genius writer with a fine sense; at that time, color was no less important than words, musical structure, and style, and was considered one of the most important ways to reveal the intentions and purposes of the text. However, when a blind poet uses color in his poetry, this employment has another novelty and great importance, because despite his blindness, he uses color with his perception and mind, as color is more important and closely related to his mental perceptions and the most important way to understand his idea and style. Among these colors is black, the color with which the blind see the world, and it is more important and frequent in blind poetry. Among the prominent Arab poets who have great genius in Arabic poetry is Abu Al-Ala Al-Maari. Despite his blindness, he received matters and affairs and understood major human issues with a deep and radical understanding. So there is no doubt that he uses colors with their subtleties and important connotations in his poetry, especially the black color, which the poet dealt with repeatedly throughout his life. So this study, in view of the importance of employing color in Ma'arri's poetry, especially the importance of the black color and its connotations, seeks to study the aesthetics of this color and its functions in his poetry collection through the descriptive-analytical method. The result concluded that the poet used this color in different forms such as the color of the raven, the eye, the blackbird, etc., and presented negative and positive dual aesthetics from it.