AL-ANBAR University Journal of Law and Political Sciences

The concept of Administrative governance is new in the world of public Administration ,which led thinkers and scholars to disagree on the definition of a comprehensive obstacle to it, and this is what we will address in this research ,as we will study the definition of Administrative governance , its origin, goals, importance , requirements, principles, and obstacles to its application , and then its role in protecting the rights of Individuals .because of its important role in overcoming the financial crises that affected the world more than once , as well as because of its reliance on the latest and best technologies available in the world

The Impact of Turkish Regional Security Policy on Political Stability in Iraq after 2003 The objectives of Turkish regional policy towards the Middle East after 2002, especially towards the US military occupation of Iraq in 2003, and how to deal with the political and security vacuum to avoid threats and risks to Turkish security and interests, as a result of the escalation of the activities of armed factions and terrorist groups especially after 2014, where Turkey sought to develop relations with Iraq in an attempt to enhance its influence, by employing all its capabilities to strengthen its relations with the political elites in Iraq in the face of the American and Iranian challenge. Several conclusions have been reached, including the following:
1. Iraq constitutes a vital arena for Turkish regional policy towards the Middle East to achieve its national interest security after 2003.
2. Turkey sought to prevent war against Iraq and therefore refused to participate in it, in an attempt to exploit the political and security vacuum in Iraq to serve its national security interests after 2003
3. Turkey uses all its capabilities to enhance its influence in Iraq to serve its security interests in competition with Iranian influence.

Protests have erupted in a number of Arab countries since 2011, and have led to horrific effects and results on their peoples, but their effects have varied according to the nature of each country, geopolitical factors, alliances and foreign interventions according to the interests, goals and positions adopted by each party.
Syria is one of the most affected Arab countries by the protests that have developed and complicated to become a battlefield in which there are multiple fronts and parties, and conflicts between different groups, as the twelve – first century because of its effects and the destruction it caused. The conflict has led to the migration of nearly half of Syria's population, the collapse of its economy and dozens of deaths.

The Organisation of Turkish States (OTS), led by Turkey, seeks to enhance cooperation and coordination between member states in order to achieve security and stability in the region, in addition to its quest for economic and political cooperation between member states, as the OTS, through the goals it seeks to achieve, aspires to be one of the organisations that have weight in the international system and stand up to challenges and deal with them, as these countries have tried since declaring their independence in 1991, to cooperate in many fields, including economic and political, to achieve their deteriorating situation.

The constitutional judiciary plays an essential role in protecting political rights, because it is considered an essential tool for protecting those rights and works to build the foundations of the democratic state of which it is a part. This institution is considered the most effective tool of the state in protecting and promoting the political rights of individuals, against the legislative and executive authorities and as a result of the procedures that they may exercise. Or taken in their implementation, which may lead to a violation of rights, the constitutional judiciary is able to protect these rights by imposing constitutional oversight on the laws approved by the legislative authority, or by confronting any action taken by the executive authority. If it affects or violates the political rights of individuals, the role of the court is to act as a protector against the oppression of these two authorities.
In this research, we present the importance and role of the Federal Supreme Court in protecting political rights on the basis of the powers granted to it by the Constitution.

The basis of security and intelligence work at the level of the political system is collection and analysis, and the process of collecting and analyzing information as an intelligence duty has a strategic importance in maintaining security, combating terrorism, and managing security risks and crises. The current era is characterized by the phenomenon of institutions ,as the general policies of contemporary political systems are based on the continuity of state policy and the preservation of its identity, security, and development, which only comes with the presence of great efforts by these institutions to develop development plans and administrative development to establish means of growth and prosperity. Therefore, the role of these institutions is evident in drawing up general policies with future directions in order to maintain economic, social, and security stability, and this requires readiness to face all challenges and the emergence of crises that may confront this stability. Accordingly, the research was divided into three axes in addition to the introduction and conclusion.

Despite the great importance of the work, as it is the subject of copyright, and many legal actions are subject to it, the Iraqi legislator, as well as the Egyptian and French legislators, did not explicitly address the possibility of pledging the work, in contrast to what was the case when they stated the permissibility of pledging the mark. Commercial property, as it is the subject of industrial and commercial property rights, and hence the question arises about the extent to which the work can be mortgaged as security for a debt owed by the author. Within the research, we concluded that it is permissible to mortgage the work in Iraqi law, and in the face of this legislative deficiency, we presented a recommendation to the Iraqi legislator on the necessity of regulating the mortgage of the work in the Copyright Protection Law with special provisions commensurate with the intangible nature of the work, taking into account the specificity of concluding the mortgage related to it, and overcoming the problem of its possession by registering it, pawning the work in a special register with a competent authority.

There is no doubt - we have - that the criminal law plays a major and effective role - as the authority of legislation - in protecting the social system and what this protection achieves is the development of the members of society, and since criminal behaviors represent a violation of the social norm, throw sparks at it, and undermine the security of society and its entity, the function of the criminal law appears - As a fortified fence - to protect public and private rights and freedoms, and saying this - obviously means - that the contribution of the criminal law in combating attacks in the form of defamation on the right to private life achieves a social aspect, which means preserving the individual’s secrets from being spread by force, and it is clear that the criminal law imposes criminalization on an act. Defaming someone who is under anesthesia;In order to preserve his reputation, dignity, and the reverence that he should be held by society, and despite the seriousness of this act and the disapproval it faces from society, it was a real nucleus for investigating its details

Maritime transport at the present time is one of the most important basic pillars in the economy, as it is one of the tributaries of sustainable development, as it is one of the financial returns that generate profits for companies and countries, and it has become a very effective economic sector in the service of internal and external international trade of the countries of the world, as it generates huge funds to the economies of countries, As far as Iraq is concerned, the ports represent a strategic importance for the Iraqi economy related to the problem of limited sea view in the Iraq, which makes the development and construction of new ports an important factor for the Iraqi economy, and in this context comes the project to establish the large port of Faw and the land road as one of the large projects in the Iraq directly affecting In the possibility of advancing Iraqi society economically and politically and making Iraq within the circle of international attention..

Electronic sports are currently one of the sports that have increased demand at the present time and have received great promotion, especially during the Corona pandemic period, where freedoms were restricted due to quarantine, which led to the sports environment differing from the traditional environment that requires the presence of a stadium on the ground to play and the presence of players and physical effort, as it is done through electronic means and a virtual stadium different from the traditional reality. South Korea is the first launch of these games, but it lacks any comprehensive legal organization in Iraq, especially since the Iraqi National Olympic Committee recognized these games when approving the establishment of the Electronic Sports Federation on 6/3/2023 after the Iraqi Federations Law of 1986 did not include intellectual sports and the possibility of establishing a special federation for them, and it had recognized this sport, which is a different sport from sports that require physical effort such as football and basketball, as it relies mainly on electronic devices, digital simulation and virtual reality.

Applications of artificial intelligence are the result of the information revolution produced by the innovation of the Internet, and the second qualitative shift for humanity after the invention of the steam engine. The steady development of artificial intelligence systems has doubled its technical capabilities, and its uses have been generalized until it has entered an unlimited number of aspects of modern life. From self-driving cars, robots with their various medical, industrial, commercial, recreational and artistic uses, to drones, and the reason for the widespread use of these systems is their ability to act independently without human intervention, and the advanced capabilities they provide. However, the problems of the difficulty of controlling a section of artificial intelligence systems, and their difference from nature. Humanity, and its continued need for human control and supervision, and other practical difficulties, have made these systems real sources of risks that cause harm to other parties, which affects the ability of the civil legal system to regulate these systems successfully, such as determining who is responsible for compensating for the damage caused by these systems. intelligence towards others, and the correct legal basis for obliging this official to compensate, and therefore we are facing a development in legal liability for applications of artificial intelligence, specifically in civil liability for damages from the illegal use of artificial intelligence works, which requires research into solutions to the problem: the suitability of general rules for liability. Civil law, both its contractual and tortious aspects, are stipulated in the majority of contemporary civil laws to apply to damages caused by artificial intelligence systems. Are the classical rules of liability capable of managing the regulation of this responsibility, or has the time actually come - for a new rooting of this responsibility, keeping pace with the developments it raises? In general, the civil legal system? And explain this precise modern rooting? Can it be successful when it is approved or not? What are the requirements for that success?

The mind is the site of cognition and awareness, with the latter being the basis for assessment. This innate inclination is what empowers an individual to grasp the sciences. Without mental clarity, there is a lack of responsibility or obligation. An individual with a mental disease loses the ability to differentiate between reality and fantasy, resulting in a complete loss of perception. Nevertheless, the patient may encounter a partial impairment that does not have a substantial effect on their social function. Both cases involved the legal recognition of certain rights for mentally handicapped individuals and offered criminal protection over their pregnancy. Therefore, it is crucial that regular folks comply with these rights, and no one is allowed to ignore or violate them. The rights to life, personal privacy, and human dignity are demonstrated by the ban of infringing upon her bodily safety. Scientific progress has led to the formation of several legal concerns in the criminal law system that relate to the pregnancy of a mentally impaired person. These topics encompass the termination of an individual's pregnancy in cases of sexual assault, the commercialisation of their uterus, the disposal of their reproductive cells, or the unnecessary performance of surgical procedures. Furthermore, there is a concern regarding the use of injections or other medical drugs for the purpose of preventing pregnancy

Water scarcity contributes to security and political instability and conflict. Conflict can be triggered by water scarcity itself, or by an actor who manipulates water supplies in a way that turns them into a weapon for use in conflict, effectively known as “weaponizing water.” Water resources have become one of the main inputs that parties to internal conflicts use to confront each other.

The international community witnessed, during the era of former President Donald Trump, a series of US withdrawal measures from most international sites and agreements. The agreement concluded by Trump with the Taliban movement to withdraw from Afghanistan was one of the most important international events, as it was expected that the new administration would back down from withdrawing from Afghanistan, but the current President Biden ordered and announced the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan, which caused political and security repercussions at the level of the Afghan interior, the regional level, and the environment surrounding Afghanistan.
The study concluded that the US withdrawal from Afghanistan had a negative impact on the Afghan interior, while it had a positive impact on the policy orientations of some regional countries, especially Turkey, which strengthened its influence and presence in the region and Afghanistan.

The administration enjoys broad powers and privileges in the field of administrative decisions, such that it can cancel, withdraw, or consider the administrative decision issued by it as if it did not exist. It also has the right to stop the implementation of the administrative decision it issued, according to what it estimates, in order to achieve the public interest, although the public rule in the enforcement of administrative decisions is that they produce their legal effects from the moment of their issuance, and that challenging them through a cancelation suit does not hinder their implementation. The principle is that filing a lawsuit to cancel the administrative decision does not result in stopping the implementation of the contested administrative decision. However, there are exceptions to this rule, which is known as the system of stopping the implementation of administrative decisions, in order to limit the serious damage that may befall the individual when the administration implements the contested administrative decision and the impossibility of returning the situation to what it was before the implementation of the decision, as well as in order to provide the necessary protection for opponents and guarantee their rights without prejudice to the public interest and obstructing the activity of the administration.

This study critically examines and compares the rights and obligations of the licensor which is the Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTAC) under fiber optic network license contracts in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), comparing them with regulatory frameworks in the UK, Qatar, and Iraq. Through comparative analysis, it evaluates MOTAC’s dual role as licensor and sector national regulator, focusing on financial entitlements, application of Communications Instructions, support to licensees, and promotion of competition. The study identifies a significant gap due to the absence of a law to regulate the communications sector in the Region, hindering the sector’s development and disadvantaging MOTAC’s regulatory framework compared to international standards. Notably, MOTAC’s practices do not effectively promote competition, contrasting with best practices observed in the UK and Qatar. The study, therefore, recommends urgent enactment of a communications law by the KRI legislator and suggests amendments to MOTAC’s regulations to foster a modern and a more competitive telecom market in the region, providing specific recommendations for enhancing MOTAC’s regulatory framework accordingly. For this end, it is recommended that MOTAC can benefit from the practice of Qatar’s CRA.

The existence of law, in general, is to regulate the behavior and actions of individuals in society. Criminal law is characterized by the dual nature of its substantive rules that determine criminal behavior, including penal and procedural laws, which are regulated by the Iraqi Law of Criminal Procedure. It organizes the procedures of prosecution of criminals, Investigation of committing crime causes, examination of the surrounding circumstances, the trial of perpetrators, and appealing judgments issued by competent courts. However, the rules of this law may sometimes shrouded in ambiguity and thus require interpretation and solution.
This is particularly true when the law does not address all facts, conditions, and assumptions, which arise in practice, or those that emerge normally due to the advancement of science and technology. Since legislation, in general, is not perfectly complete because it is made by someone who is imperfect. The court must resolve cases presented in practical reality, and the judge cannot refuse to adjudicate a case or abstain under the absence of legal text. In many cases, judges must address gaps in criminal legislation by making judgment based on the incident at hand. Additionally, the positive role granted to criminal judges, particularly their discretionary authority to form their convictions in accordance with the law, which enhances the effectiveness of legal texts by applying existing laws properly or seeking better alternatives, in case of missing legal rules, often resorts to analogical reasoning and deduction based on interpretative methods to address legislative deficiencies. This role appears in the interpretation and application of procedural laws and substantive laws, however, the latter falls outside the scope of our study. It is worth noting that when a legal text is clear in its terminology and meaning, so only linguistic interpretation is required to reach the legislator\'s intent, the judge\'s role is simply to apply legal text to the incident presented to them without the need for interpretation, in accordance with the rule \"There is no room for interpretation when the text is clear.\"
The importance of this study shows that \"if jurisprudence is the scientific aspect of the law, then the judiciary is its practical aspect. If the law is stripped of its scientific and practical aspects, little remains of it.\" The key question is: Can the judiciary effectively address these deficiencies? Judicial interpretation, alongside legislative and jurisprudential interpretation, is a critical legal tool for clarifying the meaning of the text and discerning the legislator\'s intent when the text is ambiguous or unclear. This study aims to explain the role of the criminal judiciary in addressing the deficiencies of procedural criminal legislation, whether in federal Iraq or the Kurdistan Region.
To cover all aspects of this study, Analytical, inductive, and critical approach are employed to the texts of the Iraqi Law of Criminal Procedure, concerning those that are ambiguous or deficient. These deficiencies have been addressed and rectified through decisions issued by the Iraqi criminal judiciary and the judiciary of the Kurdistan Region. Therefore, this study is divided into two main sections in addition to the introduction.

It can be said that the existence of a dispute is a basic and necessary condition for the exercise of the international judicial function, and the issue of the existence of a dispute or not is a matter of fact that is subject to objective determination by the court that is considering it. It is not based on the claims of one of the parties, nor is it bound by them, and it is the only one competent to decide. Whether there is a dispute or not.
Although the court has the final say on the issue of the existence of the dispute, this dispute must not be a mere difference of opinion. Rather, it must be a dispute resulting from a violation of the interests and legal relations of the parties, because the difference in viewpoints may remain theoretical for a short or long period and does not It results in a dispute that requires resorting to the judiciary to settle it .

This research explores strategies and techniques for preserving forensic evidence by analyzing advanced practices in developed countries. The study begins by clarifying the concept of forensic evidence and its significance within the judicial system, focusing on major challenges such as evidence contamination, tampering, and loss due to improper storage or transportation. It then moves on to the fundamental principles of evidence collection and documentation, and reviews modern techniques such as 3D imaging and digital data analysis to enhance the accuracy and reliability of evidence. The research concludes with a comparison of advanced models from the United States and the United Kingdom, and provides practical recommendations for improving forensic evidence preservation strategies and applying them in developing countries.

The research idea revolves around the principle of empowering women within the framework of the public service and the extent of their presence within the formations of the governmental administrative apparatus by reviewing the determinants and barriers that hinder their path towards participation and effective influence in advanced administrative and political positions and trying to develop a set of mechanisms and means to help achieve equality, equal opportunities and social justice that must be achieved and guaranteed if women are to enjoy empowerment, especially functional, as the issue of empowering and advancing women has become one of the most important issues that are discussed and studies revolve around in international and national forums. Since administrative law is a law characterized by flexibility and the ability to develop and keep pace with developments, which makes it a broad field for achieving administrative empowerment for women within the framework of the public service and finding ways to establish the principle of functional empowerment and support women administratively, the research showed that there is a real gap between the sexes in occupying advanced positions and decision-making positions within governmental institutions at various levels due to the presence of a set of obstacles, whether political, legal, administrative or social,

The world has witnessed significant developments on all fronts, especially those related to development, environment, and preserving life on Earth. The negative impacts caused by technological and industrial advancement and the use of traditional energy sources have affected various aspects of human life. These effects have led to many international problems, including deterioration, environmental pollution, climate change, shrinking green spaces, and depletion of natural resources such as water in oceans and rivers, as well as the spread of greenhouse gases that have turned many cities worldwide into foggy cities where living becomes challenging. All of this has drawn the attention of the international community towards establishing international legal regulations for using clean or renewable energies that preserve human life and its development, and safeguarding the Earth and its natural resources. This interest is deeply rooted in the formulation of international agreements to protect the environment and climate and in establishing specialized international bodies to invest in renewable energy resources in various aspects of life.

The potential that India possesses in terms of a large population, its possession of nuclear weapons, a large geographical area, almost complete communication with the sea, and its membership in many regional and international organizations, all of this has pushed it to raise its level by employing the tools of its soft power in its strategy, especially after 2014, to expand and prove its presence as an active force in the environment. Global strategy. The research problem is based on the following question: What tools did India employ as a soft power in its strategy after 2014 that affected its performance regionally and globally? The research was based on the assumption that: The more India is able to employ its soft power tools in its external strategic performance, the more this will help it highlight itself as an effective and influential force externally. For the breadth of the topic, the descriptive analytical approach was used to describe and analyze the tools of soft power and how they were employed in the Indian strategy. Among the conclusions reached by the researcher: India's peaceful policy in its foreign relations, strengthening its role in regional and global institutions and blocs, and following strategies based on strategic partnerships, especially economic ones, confirm India's continued rise in the international system as an international pole, if it continues to employ its soft power.

Artificial intelligence technology is one of the most prominent technologies that influence the development of the quality of medical services, these technologies have contributed to various fields of medicine. The development of this field is embodied in the invention of a smart robot to perform surgical interventions. These robots with artificial limbs perform complex surgical operations with a high level of accuracy while reducing the risks of common infection in the field of surgeries, They are called surgical robots, and this comes from the ability to perform these operations without the need to follow the traditional procedures followed in regular surgery. Technology has also produced other types of more accurate robots called nanorobots that are injected into the human body through blood or by swallowing them to perform many surgical tasks. Although legal jurisprudence agrees on the legality of performing surgical operations using artificial intelligence technologies, we see on the other hand Islamic jurisprudence and its difference in the permissibility of treatment in general, and this is connect with achieving the objectives of Sharia.

This study used the inductive and analytical methods and aims to highlight the role of legal maxims in general and the maxim \\"harm shall be removed\\" specifically in regulating contractual actions, with an emphasis on contractual freedom and its expansion by explaining the legal models related to this from the Saudi Civil Transactions Law and linking it from a foundational perspective to Islamic jurisprudence and its applied jurisprudential branches. The study clarified the most important rules for the removal of harm according to the jurists, the most important of which is that harm cannot be removed by causing similar harm, and that specific harm may be borne to prevent general harm.
The study also reached several conclusions, the most prominent of which are: the maxim \\"harm shall be removed\\" has a significant impact on the Saudi Civil Transactions Law, as evidenced by several aspects, the most important of which is that the fundamental principle in the system is to consider the removal of harm as much as possible, and that the removal of harm includes moral damages and is not limited to physical harm. Among the important findings of the study is that the exercise of a right that causes harm to others, where the intent of the action is to cause harm, mandates its removal. The impact of the maxim \\"harm must be removed\\" also appears in the issue of fraud in contracts, evidenced by several matters, including granting the option to the deceived party to annul the contract to remove the harm.

Kurdistan and Iraqi society suffers from many social problems that threaten the security and stability of the family and make it vulnerable to disintegration, due to the misuse of social networking sites or communications devices that the husband or wife resorts to, resulting in illicit and illegal relationships.
The research dealt with the issue of marital infidelity through social networking sites and the position of the judiciary towards it. It focused on defining marital infidelity through those sites, adapting it from a legal, legal and judicial perspective, and highlighting the shortcomings of the legal systems around the phenomenon of marital infidelity through social media sites in all its aspects, and the legal regulation of this phenomenon. It is dangerous at the same time, because the Kurdish and Iraqi legislators did not regulate this scourge neither in the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 nor in the special penal legislation, and the Iraqi legislator only criminalized marital adultery in the Penal Code.
The research also attempted to address this criminal phenomenon from a legislative and practical perspective by presenting the conclusions it reached, and made many recommendations, the most important of which was criminalizing and regulating the crime of marital infidelity through social networking sites, by adding an article or paragraph to Article (377) of the Penal Code. Iraq or in one of the special penal legislations so that the judiciary and courts can easily implement them better and better without hesitation, and limit the spread of this dangerous phenomenon that causes the disintegration of our families and our society

The research aimed to study and analyze the role of economic sanctions adopted by the United States of America as part of its foreign policy during the period of President Donald Trump, as it focused on the orientations of US foreign policy adopted by Trump, led by economic orientations, which were the focus of Trump's electoral program at the time, Trump's economic policies were clear from the moment he took office, when he raised the slogan (America First) opposing economic globalization, The results showed that the United States under the Trump administration repeatedly used economic sanctions as a means to achieve its goals at the international level, as the impact of economic sanctions on the targeted countries and economic sectors was tangible, It has sparked considerable controversy domestically and internationally, and the Trump administration's unique approach to sanctions has exposed those risks.

In the absence of a clear direction to confront cybercrimes, especially in Iraq, which has not yet taken the initiative to develop a sustainable legislative policy, in order to combat this type of crime, which has become a threat to the security of society, the security of the state, and stability; Because it is characterized by rapid development and uses the latest technologies that ensure going beyond traditional legal models in the face of new crime، This requires the Iraqi legislator to approve the cybercrime law, which is still sitting on the shelves, and to adopt a serious formulation characterized by its accuracy and legal plot, and to stay away from broad and broad expressions that carry more than one useless meaning, and in light of the legislative vacuum that relates to the inadequacy of Traditional rules, whether objective or procedural, in Iraqi criminal legislation to confront cybercrimes، It has become necessary for the Iraqi legislator to develop a sustainable legislative policy that regulates this type of crime.

The judicial jurisdiction of the State Council is one of the applications of the constitutionally guaranteed right to litigate, which requires establishing the foundations and controls that guarantee its exercise, which means that it is not enough for the legislator to organize this right, which we mean by the right to litigate before the State Council courts, but rather it is necessary to be precise in this organization, as the existence of a deficiency in the legislative organization of this right is considered a violation of a right guaranteed by the Constitution, and we have shown how the legislative deficiency in the State Council Law affects the effectiveness of the judicial oversight exercised by the Council in its various courts, and this is due to the fact that the legislation must respond to the requirements of practical reality, which requires the existence of precision in the organization while taking into account the nature of administrative disputes and their difference from civil disputes. The State Council Law, in various aspects, did not take into account the difference in the nature of administrative disputes from civil disputes. The law referred the issue of organizing procedural matters to the Civil Procedure Law and the Criminal Procedure Law. In other words, the law did not organize the formal procedures that must be followed to appeal before its courts. In addition, there are many administrative disputes that the legislator removed from the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary. We have shown the aspects of this deficiency by stating its substantive and procedural aspects and comparing them with Egyptian legislation

The Iraqi and Kurdistan Investment Law is the most important commercial and financial law as it has a significant impact on the development and development of society in economic, legal, political and social aspects.
The enactment of the investment law in Iraq and the Kurdistan region since 2006 represents the importance of issuing a special law regulating investment rights and the investment sector, and from a legal point of view, the investment law is the legal and legal framework for attracting investment in any country or region.
He tries to find out the calendar of Iraqi and Kurdistan laws and compare them with each other and find out the problems of the lack of success of the laws in economic development.
As he tries to answer some of the problems related to the discussion, where is the statement, are the Iraqi and Kurdish legislators successful in drafting the texts of this law? Which of the laws is more precise and durable in terms of drafting? Are the laws at the required level and suitable for contemporary reality?
The research is divided into two sections, each section into two requirements. The first section is devoted to defining the two laws: Kurdistan Region Investment Law No. (4) of 2006 and Iraqi Investment Law No. (13) of 2006 in the first requirement. The second requirement was devoted to comparing the theory between Iraqi Investment Law No. (13) of 2006 and Kurdistan Region Investment Law No. (4) of 2006. The second section was devoted to evaluating the Iraqi Investment Law and the Kurdistan Investment Law. The section was divided into two requirements. The first requirement addressed the evaluation of Iraqi Investment Law No. (13) of 2006. The second requirement was devoted to the defects of Kurdistan Region Investment Law No. (4) of 2006.

Since 2019, the Iraqi judiciary has decided to award one-time compensation instead of the equivalent rent determined by law, and it was considered as a fixed principle to work on, especially in the decisions issued by the Federal Court of Cassation in cases in which the illegitimate owner is one of the official departments for implementing their projects, which it is technically described by its extension across the real estate and lands of others over small areas and relatively long distances, which can be called projects with a strip extension, without basing its rulings and verdicts on the law or justifications consistent with sound legal logic, which raised many issues that cannot be solved. We concluded from this matter that this approach of the Iraqi judiciary does not achieve what the Iraqi Constitution required of the sanctity and maintenance of private real estate property, nor is it consistent with what the laws required of the obligation to award an equivalent wage, which is equivalent to the benefits of the property lost to its owner. We have recommended the necessity of legislative intervention to address this case with the hope that the esteemed Federal Court of Cassation will reverse that approach.

The purpose of starting to prove freedom of trade in disputes is to prove the reasons by all means of proof without restriction until the approval is exceeded to take approval for civil commercial dealings, except what is excluded by a special text of this and other things, and we find many justifications for this, including supporting trustworthiness and speed that are based in In this case, the requirements for dealing with this vary between being commercial merchants or the subject of proof being an act carried out by the merchant during his commercial practice, whether the second party is a merchant or not.

The temporary executive power of judicial rulings is an executive effect attached to the ruling that makes it subject to obligatory execution, with the possibility of appealing it through one of the methods of appeal that could lead to its refinement or cancellation, and whose review essentially requires delaying its implementation. In order not to lose the justifications of the legislation of the general principle of implementing judicial rulings, and in order to create a fair balance between the interest of the convicted person and the interest of the litigant in not implementing judgments except those that have acquired the degree of ordinary, irrevocable executive force. The legislation has excluded some provisions and made them temporarily enforceable subject to the outcome of the appeal.
The temporary executive power for judgments is the implementation of the ruling before the usual time for its implementation, and it is a temporary implementation that depends on the outcome of the appeal filed. If the court competent to hear the appeal upholds the ruling covered by the temporary executive power, the implementation procedures that have been taken are proven and stabilized, as it is transformed into a regular executive force, even if the ruling is not upheld that this force and all the procedures resulting from it have been cancelled. Therefore, this power is an exception to the rule. It finds its basis in the legislative texts regulating expedited enforcement. Its philosophical structure is based on the idea of temporary protection. Since it is an exception to the general rule of implementation, certain conditions must be met for its implementation. Its application is limited to certain types of rulings

The issue of legislative inflation has recently gained great importance among legal scholars, due to the clear impact of this phenomenon on the nature of the application of legislation to endless disputes, which has been reflected in the nature of what is issued by the judiciary as the body that applies these legislations, knowing that focusing on studying this phenomenon leads to identifying the causes that lead to its occurrence, and identifying the negative effects that occur because of it, and then providing the correct treatment in order to eliminate it. The need for legislation is an urgent necessity, because it resolves disputes between people and restores rights in consideration of justice, and without these legislations, life cannot go on, because their existence leads to knowing the rights and duties of every person - what he has and what he owes - on the one hand, and makes it easier for the judge to issue the appropriate decision. The research problem is based on studying the idea of legislative inflation and explaining the effects that occur as a result of its occurrence, and a number of research questions branch out from this hypothesis. In our research, we will use an analytical and descriptive approach, as we will analyze each paragraph that we encounter in our research and give it the appropriate legal description.

The concept of gender has recently gained importance in various sectors that focus on development and progress, which have begun to define their strategy by shifting from a women's empowerment methodology to gender equality. This approach addresses society as a whole rather than targeting a specific group of women, which leads to improving social and political conditions. As a result, both woman and man can participate in economic and social development, improve women's conditions, and empower them by strengthening social relations. In addition, this shift will increase women’s political influence, enabling them to participate in economic and legal decision-making, not just political and social ones. Ultimately, this approach emphasizes the importance of gender equality in all aspects of life, which are diverse and different.
Based on this, it is necessary to adopt and promote the culture of gender, which means equality between women and men in rights and duties and achieving justice between them in positions and practices. The concept of gender has spread significantly in Iraqi society, gaining prominence across sectors focused on development, population, family planning, equality, fairness, and women's empowerment. Efforts are being made to mainstream gender into all areas of life—political, parliamentary, legal, and legislative—to foster a sound culture about gender.
This requires us to take an introductory, methodological, and analytical stand to know its content, framework, and applications in women's issues in general.

The problem of water security is one of the most prominent real crises in Iraq, because any defect in the aspect of water security will lead to a similar defect in the aspect of food security, and then the national security will be in great danger.
The term water security was put forward by international bodies and organizations and adopted by governments to come along with other terms such as food security, economic security and social security, which aims to address the dangers that threaten society in order to take the necessary legal measures to mitigate their effects or remove the damages resulting from them.
The reality of the situation in Iraq prompted us to think about the necessity of preserving water rights towards Turkey and Iran. Several agreements were concluded in application of the principle of good neighborliness and in implementation of the rules of general international law in the field of water security. However, the problem lies in the weakness of the application of legal mechanisms to make the best use of water in order to use fair division as well as taking into account the water rights of the riparian countries. The nature of the national legal methods for maintaining water security.

Sustainable development has become of a global nature through international interest in it, because it aims to promote and protect the rights of all humanity, and preserve resources for current and future generations. In Iraq, the interest of the Iraqi political parties after 2014 in sustainable development is almost very weak or non-existent in their electoral or electoral programs. In the practical application of sustainable development at the level of developed countries, and therefore this affects the level of economic, social and political security in Iraq, The importance of social development through its impact on people in producing their livelihoods and fulfilling their requirements, including the quality of the environment in which they live. The goals continuously cover a wide range of social and economic development issues (poverty - hunger - society - education - change Climate - Water - Sanitation - Social Justice(.
Therefore, political parties, through their accession to power, are the ones who bear the main responsibilities for reporting and reviewing the required progress, which requires increased efforts in order to achieve sustainable development

The research discusses the phenomenon of politicization in unstable societies, which witness cases of politicization of issues and topics that are by nature non-political, so that most of the issues of society, if not all of them, become related in one way or another to the intentions and goals of the ruling political elites, who practice the process of politicization, which results in structural and functional imbalances among diverse social groups, leading to the phenomenon of societal instability and may expose the unity and security of society to continuous threats. This problem is suffered by Lebanese society, whose social structure has been extended by those distinctions imposed by considerations of quotas in the Lebanese political system, so that Lebanese society becomes inclusive of social circles that are almost closed to the sect, and the severity of this closure increases, under the pressure of politicization, with the emergence of crises that the Lebanese political system is exposed to in general.

The relationship between the political regime and the Sunni religious establishment in Syria during the time of Hafez al-Assad until now has witnessed major turning points and historical eras and has gone through periods of ebb and flow. One of these stages is the era of the Syrian revolution within the Arab Spring of 2011 in the region. Within the framework of the regime's battle to confront the rebellion against it, which in part took on a religious character, the regime used its religious tools to garner legitimate support for it and its practices against those who were considered to be outside it. The post-war political regime also took several administrative measures, such as abolishing the position of General Mufti and sub-Mufti positions in November 2021, restructuring the "Scientific Jurisprudence Council" affiliated with the Ministry of Endowments in the regime's government, and expanding the tasks and powers of the council to include fatwas, due to the regime's interference in a religious symbolism linked to the Syrian identity.

Anbar Governorate faced one of the fiercest extremist attacks in its history in 2014، and state institutions collapsed in the face of ISIS، with the exception of some areas، which prompted the province’s residents to leave as displaced persons to other Iraqi cities. This wave was not born of its historical moment، but rather came as a result of a major failure in state administration، and an almost complete absence of the foundations of governance and good governance، along with political، economic، cultural and social circumstances that contributed to the birth of this organization. However، Iraqi efforts combined with the international coalition to eliminate this organization، but the problem of extremism remains unless the problem is addressed from its roots. Therefore، the responsibility of addressing the causes of this phenomenon on the political، economic and cultural levels falls on the local government and all segments of society.

Artificial intelligence is one of the most important developments facing the international community at the present time, as this technology carries many advantages that it can offer to human civilization. However, it is accompanied by a great deal of risks that may undermine legal systems and human rights and freedoms, which creates a need to highlight Shedding light on the legal status of this technology within the framework of the rules of public international law, and accordingly, we will begin the research by explaining the dual nature of peaceful and non-peaceful applications of artificial intelligence, then moving on to address the international legal status of this technology while highlighting the most prominent trends of international law jurists in this context, and finally The most important implications that the rules of public international law may face in the age of artificial intelligence will be explained.

The protection of children's rights today has not been given sufficient attention by criminal legislation, and if it exists, it is characterized by weakness, lack of clarity and ambiguity, as evidenced by what reality has proven of the increase in cases of violence directed against children at the domestic and international levels and in various forms. This is what is seen through many crimes that children are exposed to and modern images that are somewhat more hideous than what we used to witness in the past. Rather, some of these crimes have taken the form of organized crimes and have become the reality of most societies, including Iraqi society, which is currently experiencing major problems in many social and legal aspects due to the events that the country has experienced. Rather, they have become familiar and widespread, striking their roots deep in Arab and Iraqi cultures as the crime of sexual exploitation and economic exploitation and what results from them, which prompted us to the necessity of not denying them and describing them and highlighting the legal aspects related to children's rights and the necessity of the intervention of the legislator and institutions to protect them.

legal and political complexities, as the region is located at a vital crossroads linking East and West, making it a point of international concern. The region witnessed several violations of international law during the conflicts that took place in it, especially human rights violations that included attacks on civilians, arbitrary arrests, and torture in some conflicts, as well as illegal military actions. The region witnessed military interventions by external forces, often without authorization from the United Nations. Or with the consent of local governments, which raises questions about the legality of these interventions under international law. Also, the case of piracy and maritime attacks has also witnessed intense maritime piracy activity, especially off the coast of Somalia. These activities represent a violation of international law, as they threaten freedom of navigation and international trade, among other things. Violations.

The antiquities represent a cultural and scientific heritage that represents the identity of civilizations for peoples. Iraq is one of the countries that is most distinguished by the abundance and diversity of archaeological sites in it and the different ancient historical eras to which it dates back, as it is a basic source for writing ancient cultural, social and economic history. Given the importance of antiquities in society, laws were enacted that regulate matters related to the possession of antiquities, their preservation and the prevention of tampering with them, as they represent a wealth for the nation. Interest in them and their protection is not limited to general provisions, but rather countries have gone to special legislation to protect them. The methods of committing antiquities crimes have developed in innovative and diverse ways, considering them a type of emerging crimes. The emerging criminal phenomena have become a security concern not only for the countries of the developed world, but also at the national and regional levels for Arab countries, because most of these criminal phenomena are not local in nature, but are by nature cross-border between countries. Therefore, it is an international phenomenon that requires a great deal of cooperation at the regional and international levels to confront it. Criminal law has become interested in provisions related to antiquities and heritage, which was an echo and response to the development of science. Antiquities and heritage, despite the many studies that dealt with the subject of antiquities and heritage, which were many and diverse in their technical and scientific aspects, the legal offender did not receive sufficient attention to keep pace with the development in the methods of committing antiquities crimes. The legislator has taken very important steps in protecting antiquities and established the Antiquities Authority and the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities as a legal entity whose mission is to implement the laws of protecting antiquities and heritage through research and excavation and issuing licenses to identify archaeological sites, and strengthening this by issuing the Iraqi Antiquities and Heritage Law No. 55 of 2002, expanding its definition of heritage, which will be the focus of our research. To understand the importance of this topic, we decided to study it and address the legislative shortcomings in it by dividing the study into two requirements: the first examines the risks of terrorism on antiquities, and the second examines organized crime and antiquities crimes.

Undisclosed information, also known as trade secrets, is information that may be legally protected from being obtained or used by others without the consent of its owner and in a manner that violates sound commercial practices. Undisclosed information provides protection for its owners, whether they are natural or legal persons, and its protection may be through a contractual method. Or not contractual.

The Federal Supreme Court in Iraq adopted two different approaches, examining the extent of its oversight over instructions. The court followed its first approach to not including instructions within constitutional oversight, in compliance with the provisions of Paragraph One of Article (93) of the Constitution, considering that instructions are administrative decisions that do not have the right to The legislative capacity, which falls within the jurisdiction of the administrative judiciary, except that the court, in a new direction through which it confirmed its jurisdiction to consider the constitutionality of the instructions, provided that the lawsuit is filed in accordance with the provisions of Article (93/Third) of the Constitution, and that the instructions are issued by the federal authorities in the country, Consequently, its acceptance to consider the instructions issued by the federal authorities in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph Three has led to violating the general rules related to the principle of hierarchy of legal rules.

This research contains the definition of divorce from its linguistic and terminological aspects from the perspective of Islamic jurists from the four schools of thought, and its definition in the Iraqi Personal Status Law, as well as an explanation of its historical roots starting with the Babylonian and Sumerian civilization in ancient Iraq and Pharaonic Egypt and among the ancient Chinese, Greeks and Romans, as well as among Jews and Christianity. As well as how it was done before Islam in the Arabian Peninsula and after the dawn of Islam, and an explanation of its types of revocable and irrevocable divorce, with its major and minor parts, as well as Khula’ divorce, zihar, and i’la, and it shed light on the negative effects of divorce on spouses and children, and it examines the concern of Iraqi law for the continuation of the marital relationship and the maintenance of marital contracts on its lists.

After 2003, bilateral relations between Iraq and China headed towards a new path, as China was opposed to the idea of an American invasion of Iraq. It also canceled 80 percent of its debts owed to Iraq, and the relationship began to develop little by little, until China revived the New Silk Road initiative, which it sees as this road. It serves many countries in the Middle East, most notably Iraq, because it is considered a starting point between the East and the West. It also possesses many natural resources, the most important of which are energy sources, which provides the opportunity for Iraq to strengthen its foreign policy towards China and benefit from its economic position in the world similar to the United States of America. To become a strategic country that connects the Eastern and Western worlds with each other in the commercial, economic, political and cultural fields. This initiative does not harm Iraq's relationship with the United States of America, but quite the opposite, as Iraq seeks a neutral relationship with the economic powers on the basis of joint cooperation in order to advance the country's reality.

The topic is of great importance in light of Russia's growing interest in the African continent after the Russian-Ukrainian war and its attempts to restore the areas of former Soviet influence. Russia recognizes that African countries make up about a third of the members of the international community and are represented in multilateral structures. They aspire to unity and solidarity within the African Union and several sub-regional integration frameworks to address terrorist organizations and the recent dominance of European countries such as France and the United States. Without the participation of African countries, the stable performance of the international system, the development of global economic relations, and the provision of a stable system for international security would be nearly impossible.
Russia is also keen to promote its theory of "multipolarity" by gaining African support in international institutions. Additionally, Russia understands that African countries have become a promising market for weapons and military equipment, exceeding 10% of the global market. It is also a significant market for raw materials, natural resources, and investment.
Most importantly, Russia cannot be a great power without military bases on the African continent, given that the United States, France, and NATO countries possess many military bases that allow them to control the most critical maritime routes linking Africa to Asia and Europe. These bases also enable them to dominate the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. In recent years, countries like China, Japan, and regional powers such as Turkey, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates have moved toward establishing military bases in Africa. Meanwhile, Russia does not have any military bases there, which has increased its interest in the continent.
The African continent is considered to be of great importance to Russia in general, and specifically since its war in Ukraine. This importance has made Africa a target of Russian propaganda recently, for several reasons, including:
Russia's desire to obtain political and diplomatic legitimacy for its war in Ukraine, especially since Moscow has faced severe international isolation since the war, and the African continent, with its limited capabilities and modest economic conditions, is considered a suitable environment for intensive Russian penetration. Consolidating relations with Russia, as it is a country almost closed in its war in Ukraine, may have been the goal of Sergei Lavrov’s extensive trips to African capitals to gain their support before the start of the recent African summit in St. Petersburg.
An attempt by Russia to find an alternative market for its oil and non-oil products away from European markets, following the sanctions imposed by European countries on all types of transactions with Russia. This is with the aim of selling its products and pumping in new revenues that it desperately needs as long as the Ukrainian war continues.
Russia obtains raw materials, especially gold, in exchange for its support for African governments, as is the case in Mali, Libya, Central Africa, and others, through the military involvement of Wagner forces, which in turn strengthens Russian influence on the African continent.

The researcher in this article presents a futuristic vision of what the world will be like fifty years from now, in 2074, and the challenges humanity will face. These challenges will unfold across diverse political contexts and with a range of technological "tools". The contemporary interest in the future may be driven by the profound and comprehensive repercussions of a world largely confronted by artificial intelligence and climate emergencies within the contexts of international politics and economics, potentially different from anything human societies have previously encountered. There is an awareness that the world often transforms due to events and trends that are not readily apparent, akin to "black swans" in the realms of security, war, and technology.
In this article, the researcher suggests that despite the risks involved in predicting specific events or the emergence of particular technologies, it is possible to outline a "blueprint" for the challenges and aspirations that may become central to political, economic, social, and ethical issues escalating in the coming years up to 2074. The researcher proposes that issues of social and political control will remain fundamental to the challenges facing humanity over the next fifty years, continuing the political and social problems of modernity but manifesting in diverse political contexts.
While societies in 2074 may face conditions that represent an escalation of "modern" political issues, there is a possibility that the impact of climate emergencies and other environmental/technological risks could lead to unprecedented global chaos, reshaping (or distorting) the fundamental materials of international politics and economics. This could confront us with problems and solutions unlike any we have encountered before.

According to recent American opinion polls, Democratic Party candidate Kamala Harris is making a remarkable - and unexpected - lead over her fierce competitor Donald Trump in the presidential race. This makes it likely that she will achieve a surprise victory to become the first woman in the history of the United States as president.
China is paying special attention to following this American race, and is already preparing plans to deal with each candidate if he wins. The winner of this race will largely determine the course and nature of the escalating conflict between the United States and China in the coming years, so limiting Chinese power is a top strategic priority for the United States agreed upon by both parties. However, China prefers Republicans in general and Trump in particular as guests of the White House, even if it appears otherwise. There are great strategic opportunities for China to enhance its international influence under the leadership of the Republicans and Trump in particular due to his isolationist approach that will lead to a large gap of estrangement between the United States and its traditional allies

Jurisprudence differed in determining the legal nature of the safe deposit contract. Some considered this contract to be a deposit contract, others considered it a custody contract for the funds deposited in the safe deposit box, and others considered it to be a custody contract for the contents of the safe deposit box. Also, since the safe deposit box rental is a contract, it imposes obligations on the client and the bank, and both parties to the contract must abide by what the contract imposes on them. The Iraqi Commercial Law specified the means of seizing the contents of the bank safe deposit box, including precautionary seizure and executive seizure. This seizure is carried out by the creditor to demand that the bank place a seizure on the contents of the safe deposit box tenant, in order to prevent the debtor from smuggling his money with the intention of harming the creditor.