JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

The increase in the internal public debt and its accumulation leads to an increase in the deficit of the public budget and pressure on the coming budgets, which leads to weak ability to repay the principal of public debt and the benefits thereof low level of debt sustainability, Which is assumed to be linked to world oil prices and the amount of Iraqi oil exports in a direct relationship. After 2003, the budget indicators began to improve compared to the public debt, as the public debt witnessed a marked decline in its levels against a significant increase in public revenues. Iraq also achieved high growth rates of the GDP, which had the most important effect in the decline of the ratio of the internal public debt to the GDP during Search duration. Therefore, a clear and rational policy of domestic borrowing should be adopted in order to maintain the positive results of the internal public debt situation and ensure the state\'s ability to repay its debts without adversely affecting the economic development process, through the pressure of public spending and the diversification of funding sources through the development of productive sectors, especially private sector projects. Contributes to balanced economic growth.

This research aims to shed light on the period after 2003 which witnessed an imbalance in the productive structure, and the effectiveness of public spending in correcting that imbalance.
In order to achieve the goal of the research was based on the deductive
approach, In light of this, it was reached the weakness of the effectiveness of public spending in correcting the imbalance of the productive structure in the Iraqi economy during the period of research, This is due to the dominance of current spending on investment spending and the almost complete cessation of the productive apparatus, which contributed to the cessation of the work of the multiplier of public spending and accelerated fully in the Iraqi economy. Accordingly, we propose the need for the government to restructure public spending in order to reduce the disparity between current and investment spending on the one hand, and to provide productive sectors with investment allocations for the purpose of improving their low reality on the other.

The access to bank loans of different types is subject to compliance with a specific lending policy characterized by its basic steps and methods of granting loans . Each bank should set up a lending policy that establishes trends and how to use the funds and the bases on which the lending decisions are based, and regulates the size, arrangement and follow-up of loans in relation to the policy, The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which is the need for the Bank to establish a lending policy that ensures that all procedures governing the granting of loans are in place at its branches and to ensure the appropriate structure for the distribution of jobs and responsibilities. In line with the requirements of the implementation and success of this policy effectively ensures the achievement of the Bank's objectives and aspirations.

Islamic banks are characterized as multi-functional banks, so they have the role of commercial and specialized banks, and do not deal in credit and do not benefit. They provide financing according to legitimate forms, such as speculation, participation, Murabaha and other means of investment. Certificates of deposit are considering products that motivate customers to save for long periods, while receiving a fair annual profit rate. This type of Islamic products is one of the modern and important tools in the field of financial transactions, and that not exist in Iraq previously. This type of Islamic instruments (Sukuk) achieves great economic feasibility, as it contributes in mobilize the development process because it emanates from real activity, and focuses on the origin of (plant, farm, Property, Trade ... etc.). Therefore, a serious attempt must be made to evaluate the developmental role of investment in Islamic certificates of deposit (Murabaha) issued by the Central Bank of Iraq in 2018 in light of its development role. After discussing the concept and types of Islamic certificates of deposits and its development role in general, the development role and the future vision the development role is clarified (Islamic certificates of deposit) in Iraq in the applied side of this research. The research hypothesis that investment in (Islamic deposit certificates), by Islamic banks in Iraq, leads to increased economic growth). and the research reached the conclusion, that increasing the investment in Islamic certificates of deposit, and the amounts invested in them lead to increase the expected profit of the bank, and thus high liquidity of the bank increasing the savings that result in increasing investment and directing it to the productive sectors. Therefore, the researchers recommend that Islamic banks should be interested in planning and supporting the economic feasibility studies of the projects expected to be finance in order to support and promote economic growth.

The issue of remediation and recycling wastes in contemporary civilization is of a paramount importance economically, this is because the human leaves behind him a huge amount of waste in various types through his consumption and his daily life practices and these wastes are handled incorrectly around the world. This has led to the destruction of many components of the environment as well as the tremendous waste of available resources in the recycling and re-processing operations of different types of wastes, such as reuse it as raw materials again or reuse it in production of electric power through flammable types.
In Iraq, especially after 2003, this problem takes serious trends, with increasing human consumption and with great economic openness, which led to a complex problem through pollution of the environment, waste of resources and lack of vision and mechanisms to deal with the huge quantities of waste and inability of the private sector to contribute in solving this problem as it fits with the size of the daily flow of inhabitants of large and small cities, as well as inhabitants of the suburbs and countryside. As this requires a clear path to activate the business sector related to recycling in an integrated way with other economic sectors, and this is can be done through backward and forward connections by creating an economic sector with the participation of governmental and private efforts that rise to the scale of the problem and find the correct way to the proper solution to this economic path in a way that provides opportunities and invests resources and limit their waste.
different types of wastes, such as reuse it as raw materials again or reuse it in production of electric power through flammable types.
In Iraq, especially after 2003, this problem takes serious trends, with increasing human consumption and with great economic openness, which led to a complex problem through pollution of the environment, waste of resources and lack of vision and mechanisms to deal with the huge quantities of waste and inability of the private sector to contribute in solving this problem as it fits with the size of the daily flow of inhabitants of large and small cities, as well as inhabitants of the suburbs and countryside. As this requires a clear path to activate the business sector related to recycling in an integrated way with other economic sectors, and this is can be done through backward and forward connections by creating an economic sector with the participation of governmental and private efforts that rise to the scale of the problem and find the correct way to the proper solution to this economic path in a way that provides opportunities and invests resources and limit their waste.

The importance of reconstructing the basic structures, which our study emphasized on its development necessities, is based on the hypothesis that the organic link between them and the diversity of sources of income and increase its growth rates. The results of the study reinforced this hypothesis. Through the study of successful development experiences, we noticed that most of the developed countries have now relied on the infrastructure sector as a leader rather than secondary poles. Based on the theory of sector debate, the third sector, Occupies the largest area of GDP generation and dominates the largest proportion of the labor force. The most important conclusions we have reached are that the effects of this sector are not confined to the local economy, but extends abroad because it is the first indicator that guides the foreign capital in the choice of places that endemic. The aim of our research is to establish the hypothesis of the priority of building the infrastructure and to determine the expected results and to link between the rates of growth and growth rates of the production base. We have reinforced our research with a set of recommendations, foremost of which is the need to look for secure sources of financing to ensure that the construction of these vital projects, which are the basis of the desired economic development, is not hindered.

The world is facing many problems and crises, especially developing countries in general and the Arab countries, including Iraq in particular, which forces governments to go abroad to seek borrowing in order to curb the problems experienced by those countries and to address their budget deficits as well as their general needs of goods, services and imports or to develop It was necessary to study and analyze the external debt of Iraq to guide it the right destination through the objectives of this study, which focused on clarifying the concepts of external debt and economic growth and development, which came in the first axis of this research as well as access to the experience of the Arab Republic of Egypt in the field of foreign debt conversion into investment projects, the third axis and then pointed to Iraq's foreign debts to find alternative solutions in order to achieve economic development.

The private banks in Iraq face many challenges, the most important of which is competition from government banks, which made the role of these banks in providing services limited despite the great development in most of their indicators during the period 2012-2018, and thus all attempts to grow and develop and provide a better role for the various sectors of the economy are discouraged, so The study aimed to analyze financial and banking indicators For private banks, based on the assumption that bank consolidation can be an important tool for reforming the Iraqi banking system because it creates large banking entities that lead to raising the indicators of the efficiency of integrated banks such as high profitability, low costs, management efficiency, increasing the number of branches, and thus increasing the market values of their shares in addition to reducing risks. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was that most private banks in Iraq have the ability to integrate because of the large capital they possess and a significant development in the growth rates of their financial and monetary indicators to become large banking entities that raise the indicators of the efficiency of these banks and reduce risks.

The unemployment problem represents one of the rooted problems that the Iraqi economy suffered and suffers from, despite the availability of the capabilities of the judiciary or limiting them through the various current and investment spending policies due to their large cosplay role on them, so this research came focusing on the role of public spending in reducing this problem, On the analytical side, the research found that the government spending policies adopted by the government and reform programs after 2003 had a major role in reducing unemployment rates, as these policies aimed to increase the number of workers in state agencies and departments by about a year and the security services by about X Yes, while the results of the standard aspect confirmed that public spending has a major role in influencing the unemployment rate in Iraq, as these results have proven a long-term complementary relationship between the two variables according to the joint integration test of the two methodologies as well as a short-term causal relationship in one direction of public spending To the unemployment rate, while the research recommended the necessity of not relying on employment policies in the public sector to reduce unemployment rates and relying on the private sector to attract employment by creating appropriate and appropriate investment conditions for it and encouraging profits and providing it with the necessary energy sources Which is the biggest factor depressor in the project after the security and military stability in the country. As well as providing soft loans to the unemployed to work for their projects with the formation of special committees to do feasibility studies for these projects before granting credit, as well as the need to restrict and reconsider the expatriate labor in the current unemployment.
Key words : public spending, unemployment, measuring the impact of public spending on unemployment rates in Iraq.

The research aims to analyze the reality of the phenomenon of economic corruption in Iraq, which is one of the most serious phenomena that stand in front of achieving development and progress because of its negative effects on the development process in the country, where despite the large financial surpluses achieved by the budget of Iraq during the first decade after 2003 as a result To the high oil prices However, most of the projects reali zed and that contribute to the development process did not live up to the required level, as corruption devoured most of the financial resources allocated to finance projects through suspicious
transactions (Alkomnations) or embezzlement of funds and tax escape .. Etc, which put Iraq rank low in the index of perceptions of corruption Global, where Iraq ranked (168) out of (180) countries for 2018, a ranking that reflects the extent of the phenomenon of economic corruption in most joints of the state

This study aims at examining the nature of the relationship between inflation represented by the relative change in the consumer price index and imported inflation represented by the relative change in import prices in Saudi Arabia. The study uses data for the period 2000-2017. From an econometric perspective, the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) is used. The results of the unit root tests shows that all the variables have a unit root except for the money supply. It also shows that there is a structural breakpoint in inflation and imported inflation in 2006 Q3 and 2012 Q3, respectively. The results shows a direct correlation between imported inflation and general inflation using ARDL and a 0.3066 elasticity coefficient, also shows an asymmetric relationship using NARDL in the long term and in the short term Between the two variables.

The oil market witnesses sudden changes in the occurrence of a sharp drop in the international oil prices, and on different periods the annual rate of crude basket price (OPEC) retreated by a number of varied and overlapping factors. This negatively affects the performance of the governmental operation in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries that depend largely on the oil commodity and its revenues.
Search problem:The problem of research lies in revealing the huge financial pressures faced by producers that affect investments, production and changing the geopolitical situation in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries as a result of the volatility in oil prices.
The importance of research: The research is concerned with studying the impact of oil price fluctuations on the level of government employment in the GCC States.
Research objectives: The research aims at the impact of oil price fluctuations on the governance of the GCC countries during the period (2012-2019).
Research hypothesis: The research is based on two hypotheses: Oil price fluctuations have a direct impact on the government operation in the GCC countries; It showed that the rise of oil prices leads to the rise of the level of governmental operation of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries.
Research methodology: The researcher employed the descriptive approach to study the relationship between research variables and to track the analytical method of determining the impact of oil price fluctuations on the level of government operation.
Most notable findings: There is an indirect correlation between oil prices and the level of government operation, which is affected by the stages of the development of oil revenues in the GCC countries.
Recommendations :The GCC countries should intensify their efforts to allocate alternative allocations for oil dependence, to diversify sources of income, to develop productive sectors and to diversify investments to provide employment opportunities.